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{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par AT SUVA \par CIVIL JURISDICTION \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 CIVIL ACTION No. 598 OF 2007 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 BETWEEN:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063\charrsid2443063 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 APENISA TUIKORO NAIGULEVU \par PHILOMENA MARY NAIGULEVU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 Plaintiffs/Applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 AND: \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par NATIONAL BANK OF FIJI t/a \par COLONIAL NATIONAL BANK}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 Defendants/Respondents}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Appearances: \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Ms M. Chan for the Plaintiffs \par Mr D. Sharma for the Defendant \par \par Date of Hearing: 31 January 2008 \par Date of Judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 15 February 2008 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 1.\tab Introduction}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063\charrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 This is an application for an injunction to restrain the Defendant, National Bank of Fiji trading as Colonial National Bank (\lquote National Bank\rquote ), from further advertising land located at 18 Narain Place, Tamavu, Suva (CT 23404) (\lquote the land\rquote ) for mortgage sale, and/or calling for tenders in respect of the land until the Plaintiffs\rquote substantive action is determined. \par \par 1.1\tab The parties are in dispute as to matters ultimately going to whether or not the Plaintiffs are indebted to the National Bank under a mortgage over the land, or have indeed paid all monies properly due by them in respec t of that mortgage and, they say, more than the monies due. The dispute substantially relates to a company Ebenezer Publishing House Ltd (Ebenezer Ltd) which the Plaintiffs say (and National Bank denies) was set up by the National Bank so that the First P l aintiff could undertake completion of a project he had commenced, namely translating the Bible into the Fijian language. The Plaintiffs say that the mortgage wrongly incorporates monies owed by Ebenezer Ltd, part of which they say Ebenezer never received i n any event. The National Bank says that any and all monies said to be owed by the Plaintiffs under the mortgage are properly calculated and due by the Plaintiffs, that the Plaintiffs are in default, and hence the National Bank is fully entitled to forecl ose on the mortgage and take steps to sell the land.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 2.\tab Application for Injunction \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The substantive action was commenced by Writ of Summons of 27 December 2007, together with a Notice of Motion dated 27 December 2007 seeking the following orders: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 That t he Defendant, its servants and agents be restrained from further advertising CT 23404 located at 18 Narain Place, Tamavua, Suva for mortgagee sale, and/or calling for tenders in respect of the property and/or proceeding to sale of the property until the P laintiffs\rquote action is determined; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 That the Defendant do pay the Plaintiffs an amount offered of $25,000, together with any further amount assessed by this Honourable Court; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Costs of this action on an indemnity basis; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Any further orders as this Honourable Court deems just or necessary. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 2.1\tab The application was made under section 72 of the Property Act and Order 29 of the High Court Rules. It was supported by an Affidavit of the First Plaintiff, Apenisa }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Tuikoro Naigulevu (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Mr Naigulevu).}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 Filed also in respect of the substantive action and endorsed by the Second Plaintiff, Philomena Mary Naigulevu (see later).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par 2.2\tab The National Bank filed a Statement of Defence along with a supporting Affidavit from the General Manager of the National Bank, Vandhna Narayan (the National Bank Affidavit). \par \par 2.3\tab As for the law, the Fiji Court of Appeal has accepted as applicable to interlocutory relief the principles expressed in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 American Cyanamid v. Ethicon Ltd }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1975] AC 396. Lord Diplock\rquote s strictures as set out in that case are important to observe from the outset: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 no part of the court\rquote s function at this stage of the litigation to try to resolve conflicts of evidence on affidavit as to facts on which the claims of either party may ultimately depend nor to decide difficult questions of law which call for detailed argument and mature considerations. These are matters to be dealt with at the trial: at 407 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 2.4\tab The three matters to which the Court must address itself in accordance with }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 American Cyanamid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 are: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls27\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 is there a serious issue to be tried; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}are damages an adequate remedy; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}if not, where does the balance of convenience lie. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 3.\tab Serious Issue to be Tried \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 As is to be expected, the parties differ substantially on whether there is a serious issue to be tried. The Statement of Claim contains a number of matters said to be arguable. The Defence contests these and in particular presses the striking out of the claim with costs on an indemnity basis: Defence, para 13 \par \par 3.1\tab The National Bank focuses upon paragraph 7 of the Statement of Claim which provides: \par \par 7.\tab The Plaintiffs\rquote loss and damage were caused by the negligence and/or breach of duty of the Defendant, its servants or agents particulars of which are as follows:- \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls33\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 coercing the first named Plaintiff into becoming a director of Ebenezer Publishing House Limited, a company incorporated by the Defendant, then failing to advance or drawdown sufficient funds t o ensure that Ebenezer Publishing House Limited would continue to perform, then winding up Ebenezer Publishing House Limited, and upon winding up, failing to advise the first named Plaintiff of its actions;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls33\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 failing to separate the debts of Ebenezer Publishing House Limited with the housing loan of the Plaintiffs; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}failing to discharge the debt of Ebenezer Pulsing House limited against the Plaintiffs; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c.\tab}Applying duress to the Plaintiffs to add the debts of the wound up Ebenezer Publishing House Limited with that of the Plaintiffs\rquote housing loan; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d.\tab}Failing to advise and allow the Plaintiffs to seek independent legal advice or independent financial advice as to that transaction; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e.\tab}Admitting that its actions were wrong, but in so admitting, and offering the sum of $25,0 00 as payment, failing to make that payment to the Plaintiffs, and failing to supply details of how it made up $25,000; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 f.\tab}Failing to provide to the Plaintiffs any calculations which showed the debt was already fully written off, and that the Plaintiffs had o ver-paid their loan to the Defendant, despite requests; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 g.\tab}Failing to correspond with the Plaintiffs through their solicitors on the Plaintiffs\rquote request that the amount offered be increased to $50,000.00 or such higher amount as the Plaintiffs claimed; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 h.\tab}Failing to ensure that in all the circumstances, it was properly carrying out its fiduciary duty in the relationship. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.2\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (a)}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 claim statute barred: }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The National Bank\rquote s primary position is that Mr Naigulevu and the Second Plaintiff, Philomena Mary Naigulevu (Mrs Naigulevu)\rquote s claim is statute barred and should be struck out. Consistent with the National Bank Affidavit, by way of Written Submissions in support the National Bank says: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 the debt which the Plaintiffs now seek [to] challenge arose on 27th September 1993 when [Mr Naigulevu] signed and accepted the Loan Offer letter from the [National Bank] \'85 The signature on page 2 of the Loan Offer letter is that of [Mr Naigulevu] and the first paragraph on page 2 of the said letter states that [Mr Naigulevu] was to sign the said document if he accepted the loan offer. [Mr Naigulevu] signed the letter to show his acceptance. [Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu] now seek to challenge the components of the loan as it was in 1993. The cause of action arose in 1993 because [ M r Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu] were or ought to have been aware of the loan amount and its components in September 27, 1993. They had six years from that date to commence an action in tort if they felt that the actions of the [National Bank] were negligen t. They did not do this and only questioned the debt in 2003 when they had defaulted under their Mortgage and the [National Bank] was seeking to sell the mortgaged property: National Bank Written Submissions (NBWS), 28 January 2008, para 9 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.3\tab The Statement of Defence to the substantive action says, amongst other matters that the National Bank: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 opposes any application for an injunction and says that the Plaintiffs \rquote claim is now statute barred in light of the fact that the basis for their action is a clai m in tort and the cause of action (if any) started in 1993 thereby making this application outside the 6 year limitation period: Statement of Defence, 8 January 2008, para 3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.4\tab In Written Submissions the National Bank says that as there was no Reply to the Defence and at the date thereof had to hand no Affidavit in reply to the National Bank Affidavit: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 There is no defence by the Plaintiffs to the claim by the Defendant and as proved by the loan offer letter dated 23rd September 1993 that the Plaintiffs\rquote claim is now statute barred: NWBS, para 10 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.5\tab In support of the submission that the Court should therefore strike out the substantive action, the National Bank relies upon }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Thomas v. Murti }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [2005] FJHC 644 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Riches v. Director of Public Prosecutions }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1973] 2 All ER 935 \par \par 3.6\tab The general rule is that a claim or cause should be struck out only in \lquote the clearest case\rquote or \lquote the plainest and most obvious case\rquote . As Megarry VC said in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Gleeson v. J. Wippell & Co Ltd }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1977] 1 WLR 510, cited in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Thomas and Murti}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Fir st, there is a well-settled requirement that the jurisdiction to strike out an endorsement or pleading, whether under the rules or under the inherent jurisdiction, should be exercised with great caution, and only in plain and obvious cases that are clear beyond doubt. Second, }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [Carl]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Zeiss [Stiftung v. Rayner & Keeler Ltd and Ors] No. 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1970] Ch. 506 established that, as had previously been assumed, the jurisdiction under the rules is discretionary: at 518 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.7\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Riches v. DPP }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Davies, Stephenson and Lawton , LJ canvassed in detail the authorities on striking out where the argument is that the claim is barred by the Statue of Limitations. Reference was made to }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Dismore v. Milton }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1938] 3 All ER 762, which is authority for exceptions to the proposition that in the face of a well-founded limitations defence, courts should strike out a claim:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 that was a case which was confined to an allegation that the statement of claim disclosed no cause of action;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 it was not one of the cases where, either alone or together w ith that allegation, it was said that the action was frivolous and vexatious and an abuse of the process of the court. In his judgment, Greer LJ, as one of the reasons for the decision at which he had arrived, said this: \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 It is because a plaintiff may be a ble to show that he is entitled to bring his action, notwithstanding the expiration of the statutory period, by reason of one of the exceptions contained in the Limitation Act \'85 When the cause of action arose, he may have been an infant, or }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 non compos mentis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : at 763 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par That is perfectly true;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 but in the present instance it is not suggested that the plaintiff enjoys any of the escape clauses from the provisions of the Limitation Act 1939, and I am bound to say, for myself, that I think that the dicta in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Dismore v. Milton}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 , even though they are confined to a case where it is said that there is no cause of action, are somewhat too wide:}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 Two further cases are cited by Davie s, LJ \endash }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Hanratty v. Lord Butler of Saffron Walden }{\insrsid12127173 (1071) }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 The Times}{\insrsid12127173 , {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 5}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 13}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1973}}}13 May 1973{\*\xmlclose} per Denning, LJ }{\i\insrsid12127173 obiter}{\insrsid12127173 , and }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Wenlock v. Shimwell}{ \insrsid12127173 (unreported) \endash see }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Riches }{\insrsid12127173 at 938-39.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 per Davies, LJ, at 938 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.8\tab In addressing }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Dismore v. Milton}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 , Lawton, LJ said the case had led to \lquote much waste of time over the years which have gone by since it was decided\rquote : \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The object of RSC Ord 18 r 19, is to ensure that defendants shall not be troubled by claims against them which are bound to fail having regard to the uncontested facts. One of the uncontested sets of facts w hich arises from time to time is when on the statement of claim it is clear that the cause of action is statue-barred and the defendant tells the court that he proposes to plead the statute and, on the uncontested facts, there is no reason to think that t he plaintiff can bring himself within the exceptions set out in the Limitation Act 1939. In those circumstances it is pointless for the case to go on so that the defendant can deliver a defence. The delivery of the defence occupies time and wastes money;} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 a nd even more useless and time-consuming from the point of view of the proper administration of justice is that there should then have to be a summons for directions, and an order for an issue to be tried, and for that issue to be tried before the inevitab le result is attained. It seems to me that when that situation arises the comments of Lord Blackburn in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Metropolitan Bank Ltd v. Pooley}{ \cs16\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 (1885) 10 App Cas 210, at 221; [1881-1885] All ER Rep 949, at 954.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 are applicable. He said that a stay or even dismissal of proceedings may \lquote often be required by the very essence of justice to be done\rquote . The White Book,}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 Supreme Court Pract ice 1973, vol. 1, p. 301, para 18/19/3A.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 having called attention to that statement by Lord Blackburn, goes on to say that the object is \lquote to prevent parties being harassed and put to expense by frivolous, vexatious or hopeless litigation\rquote . It would be contrary to t he public interest that justice should be shackled by rules of procedure when the shackles will fall to the ground the moment the uncontested facts appear;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and that is just this case: at 941-42 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.9\tab In the present case, no contention can be or is made that the categories of exception listed in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Dismore v. Milton }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 apply. However, is strike out the proper outcome because the present claim is \lquote the clearest case\rquote or \lquote the plainest and most obvious case\rquote ? Does it come within this category of case? \par \par 3.10\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Thomas v. Murti }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 the High Court considered that the application for strike out was made in \lquote such a plain and obvious case that warrants the court making an order in accordance with the provision of Order 18, Rule 18\rquote and, accordingly, the \lquote Order of the Court will be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 ... that the Writ of Summons against the 1st defendant be wholly struck out\rquote : at 3 \par \par 3.11\tab There, the Writ of Summons was dated 23 February 1995, filed with the Court on that day. The Statement of Claim vis-\'e0-vis the First Defendant, said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 That on or ab out December 1985 the First Defendant fraudulently represented that he had the machine for sale and at the time of making the said presentations the First Defendant intended and well knew or ought to have known that the Plaintiff would rely on the said re presentation and would be induced thereby to enter into business arrangements or contract: at 2 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.12\tab The Court pointed out that the cause of action \lquote arose a little over 9 years prior to the Writ of Summons being filed with the court. The cause of action is clearly in breach of the statute of limitations and is statute barred\rquote : at 2 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par 3.13\tab To address this question in the present claim, it is necessary to canvass the submissions of the parties on the limitation issue. \par \par 3.14\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (b)}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 section 8(1) Limitation Act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : An Affidavit in reply to the National Bank Affidavit was filed by Mr Naigulevu on 25 January 2008. It responds to a number of matters in the National Bank Affidavit and on the limitation of actions aspect states: \lquote I am advised by my lawyer further that under the Limitation Act section 8(1) my rights subsist for 20 years.\rquote At the hearing section 8(1) was referred to, Counsel for Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu submitting it supported the proposition that their claim was not statute barred, Counsel for the National Bank contesting this. \par \par 3.15\tab Section 8(1) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Limitation Act }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (Cap. 35) is contained within that section of the Act headed: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid29493 B- ACTIONS TO RECOVER MONEY SECURED BY A MORTGAGE OR CHARGE OR TO RECOVER PROCEEDS OF SALE OF LAND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.16\tab It states: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 No act ion shall be brought to recover any principal sum of money secured by a mortgage or other charge on property, or to recover proceeds of the sale of land, after the expiration of twenty years from the date when the right to receive the money accrued \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.17\tab The National Bank\rquote s response is that this provision relates to recovery by a mortgagor of monies owning under a mortgage. The submission for Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu is that section 8(1) can be read to cover the situation pertaining here: namely, that the Statement of Claim avers, amongst other matters, loss suffered including: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls32\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 unnecessary deduction from income of $330.00 per fortnight between July 1993 to August 2001, totaling $30,977.40; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}over-payment of the sum of $50,000; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\'85 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}\'85. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}\'85 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}\'85 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}loss of interest on FNPF contributions, necessitated by an unnecessary 2nd withdrawal of $39,399 toward the housing loan; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}\'85 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}loss of opportunity to invest $30,977.40 for the Plaintiff\rquote s benefit; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (j)\tab} \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (k)\tab}unnecessary payment of interest at 12.5% per annum; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (l)\tab}\'85 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.18\tab All the above are monies and/or money issues referable to the claim that Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu have overpaid on the National Bank mortgage and, rather than being in debt under the mortgage to the National Bank, the National Bank owes them monies under it. They sa y that in recognition of this overpayment, at a meeting held on 28 February 2006 with the National Bank (Legal Counsel), an offer of $25,000 was made to them in settlement. It is further said that in a meeting on 10 March 2004 [sic] between Mr Naigulevu an d Mrs Naigulevu\rquote s lawyer and National Bank officials, the latter \lquote conceded \'85 so much\rquote insofar as the contention that \lquote calculations had exceeded $50,000 as the amount owed by [National Bank] after separation of accounts \rquote (referring to the Ebenezer Limited account and the land): Affidavit of Mr Naigulevu 31 January 2008, para 8 \par \par 3.19\tab Is the alleged over-payment of the sum of $50,000 able to be characterised as \lquote any principal sum of money secured by a mortgage or other charge on property\rquote so as to seek the appl ication of section 8(1)? Can an overpayment, being (as is alleged here) a substantial overpayment which according to Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu has accrued and been owing to them for some time under the mortgage,}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 As it is put, it is understood at this stage on the material available, from at least 2003 when the Plaintiffs ceased payments under the mortgage. }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 be characterised as \lquote principal \rquote within the meaning of \lquote any principal\rquote under section 8(1)? \par \par 3.20\tab \lquote Principal\rquote in relation to a mortgage is defined generally as the amount borrowed, or part thereof, that remains unpaid (excluding interest);}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 that part of a monthly payment that reduces the mortgage;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 the money used to pay down the balance of a loan;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 the amount of debt, not counting interest, left on a loan. What Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu are effectively arguing is that they are owed money by National Bank rather than National Bank\rquote s being con tinued to be owed money by them on the mortgage. Further they argue that the monies owed to them have been paid by them to the National Bank under the mortgage. What they assert, in fact, is that }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 they }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 therefore \lquote loaned\rquote money to the National Bank. Can it therefore be said here that as \lquote any principal\rquote includes \lquote the amount of debt, not counting interest, left on a loan\rquote \endash \lquote loan\rquote is applicable to the monies Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu say is owed to them by the National Bank, in other words, their \lquote loan\rquote to the National Bank, so bringing it within the meaning of section 8(1)? \par \par 3.21\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Strouds Legal Dictionary }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 defines \lquote principal security\rquote as \lquote principal or primary security \rquote , referring the reader to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Security for Money}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 . Of the several definitions there, the most apt appear to be \lquote \'85 the more general meaning of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 security}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 is, money secured on property (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 per}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Farwell J.);}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 but that has been termed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 its narrow, archaic, meaning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 per }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Williams LJ), yet still it is its }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 prima facie}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 meaning, through }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 a flexible one}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 per }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Romer LJ), and, semble , it will, somewhat easily, yield to a context;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85:\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and \lquote Mortgage, pledge, charge, or other security\rquote : }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Rennett v. Mathieson}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 40 Sc LR 421;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Craighead v. Fraser }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (1920) SC 674.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 See }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Strouds Legal }{\insrsid12127173\charrsid11039238 Dictionary}{\insrsid12127173 , 5}{\super\insrsid12127173\charrsid11039238 th}{\insrsid12127173 edn, John S. James, Sweet & Maxwell, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname City}}London{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname country-region}}UK{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, 1986, pp. 2017, 2362.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par 3.22\tab So, what is the context here? The National Bank says, a simple, straightforward mortgage in relation to which monies remain outstanding and are obliged to be paid by Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu. On the other hand, Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu say that the context is a mortgage upon which they have paid out the principal owing to the National Bank, and by reason of their overpayment they are effectively owed principal under the mortgage. Again, may this come within section 8(1)? \par \par 3.23 \tab Further, I observe that the term used is not \lquote principal sum of money\rquote but \lquote }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 principal sum of money\rquote (emphasis added). Is this wording apt to the proposed reading of the provision by Counsel? There may well be authority on \lquote principal\rquote , \lquote any principal\rquote , \lquote any principal sum of money\rquote and on the reading of section 8(1). It is unlikely there is not. This needs to be canvassed and considered before any final determination can be made. \par \par 3.24\tab The mortgage in question (Annexure \lquote AN 4\rquote to the Affidavit of Mr Naigulevu) refers to \lquote any principal monies\rquote : clause 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Earlier it provides that the mortgagee \lquote will on demand in writing pay to the Bank all and every sum money loans and advances lent to or made by the [National] Bank or which may hereafter be lent or made available to or for the use or accommodation or at the request of the Customer \'85\rquote : clause 1 \par \par 3.25\tab This provides an argument against the proposition that section 8(1) can be interpreted as including monies said to be owed to mortgagees under the mortgage. Taking into account the terms of the particular mortgage, is such money \lquote sec ured by a mortgage or other charge on property\rquote , per section 8(1)?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 On the other hand, can these mortgage terms dictate the interpretation of \lquote any principal sum of money\rquote as the phrase appears in the Limitation Act? The provision relates to mortgages gener ally and although the words in the particular mortgage are relevant so need to be taken into account, ultimately the provision must be interpreted according to the meaning to be given to the words as they appear in the legislation itself and by reference to authority. The ordinary rules of legislative interpretation must apply. The words must be given their ordinary meaning. Is the \lquote ordinary meaning\rquote that which appears in the National Bank\rquote s mortgage? This is it seems to me a matter for argument. It cannot be decided upon at this stage. \par \par 3.26\tab Ultimately it may be considered untenable that section 8(1) can be employed in favour of the mortgagees as propounded by Counsel for Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu in this proceeding. However, full argument by reference to authorities was not engaged in at the stage of the application for an injunction pending the hearing of the substantive matter. \par \par 3.27\tab In all the circumstances of this case it is not possible to rule this out as at least arguable. Perhaps if this were the only matter going to this point and the only argument put forward by Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu, that could weigh in favour of the National Bank\rquote s position that the claim should be struck out. However, there is first the principle that striking out applies only in the \lquote most obvious\rquote or the \lquote clearest\rquote case, and secondly it seems to me important to go further to other aspects of the case as put for Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 3.28\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (c)\tab fiduciary relationship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : As noted, the claim is made that the National Bank was in a fiduciary relationship with Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu, and that this puts them in a special position vis-\'e0-vis the National Bank\rquote s transactions with them, providing a basis for the action initiated here. \par \par 3.29\tab \lquote Fiduciary relationship\rquote is defined in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Snell\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Equity; \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 A fiduciary relationship arises where one person has undertaken to act for another in a particular manner in circumstances giving rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing feature of such a relationship is the fiduciary\rquote s duty of loyalty. Thus he must act in good faith, he must not profit from his position and he must not place himself in a position where his duty and his interest may conflict: para 6.-05 (30th edition \endash cited in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Lawlor v. NBF Asset Management Bank }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [2001] FJHC 122 (17 August 2001), at 4 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.30\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Lawlor }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 the Court provided examples of \lquote presumed fiduciary relationships\rquote as including trustee and beneficiary, agent and principal, solicitor and client, director and company and partners: at 4 \par \par 3.31\tab Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu claim that the National Bank breached their fiduciary duty in that the personal loan and loan advanced to Ebenezer Limited were \lquote merged\rquote and the National Bank: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls34\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 failed to advise the effect of the merger;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}did not ensure that Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu sought independent legal or financial advice: Statement of Claim para 7 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 3.32\tab The National Bank complains that the fiduciary duty it is alleged to have breached is not particularised, referring to Statement of Claim para 7(i) wherein it is stated that the National Bank failed \lquote to ensure that in all the circumstances, it was properly carrying out its fiduciary duty in the relationship\rquote . In the Statement of Defence, the National Bank addresses the fiduciary duty proposition, stating amongst other matters that despite the lack of particulars, \lquote in any event the Defendant denies that it breached any fiduciary duty to\rquote Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu: para 8 [i] \par \par 3.33\tab In oral and written submissions, Counsel for Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu addressed the nature of a fiduciary relationship, the facts upon which it is contested for here, and legal authority put forward in support. \par \par 3.34\tab Generally, the law does not recognise as \lquote fiduciary\rquote the relationship subsisting be tween a bank and customer in the ordinary course. However, a special relationship between a bank and a customer can give rise to a fiduciary relationship. This category of duties was recognised in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Decima and Greg Lawlor v. NBF Asset Management Bank }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [2001] HBC0333/96S (17 August 2001) by Scott, J: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Not all fiduciary relationships however fall into these presumed categories [trustee and beneficiary, agent and principal, solicitor and client, director and company and partners] and as pointed out in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Tufton v. Sperni}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1952] 2 TLF 516 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Lloyds Bank v. Bundy }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1975] 1 QB 327 what may be termed ad hoc fiduciary duties may arise from a special nature of a particular relationship. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.35\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Pilmer v. Duke Group Limited (In Liq)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (2001 75 ALJR 1067;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [2001] HCA 31 (31 M ay 2001) Kirby, J. pointed out the need for caution in finding a fiduciary relationship between parties, simply because the one was vulnerable, the other more powerful, and the latter appeared to have caused harm or \lquote done wrong\rquote to the former: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 where a s uggestion is made that fiduciary obligations arise in a new relationship or out of particular facts it is essential that Judges perform their functions by analogy from settled principles. They are not entitled to distort those principles. Nor may they sup erimpose an equitable classification on facts simply because to do so would afford better or larger remedies to a Plaintiff who appears to have suffered some wrong. \par \par Specifically it is not sufficient to impose fiduciary obligations on an alleged wrongdoer simply to point to the vulnerability of the person claiming to have been wronged. Many people who are in an arms length relationship with each other (if they have any real relationship at all) experience a serious disproportion of power in their dealings \'85 to call for the fiduciary obligations much more than vulnerability is required: at para 134ff \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 3.36\tab For Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu, as to the alleged fiduciary relationship between them and the National Bank, they: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 submit that the [National] Bank w as in a special relationship of proximity and thus, beyond the normal scope of normal banker-customer relationships, through the following circumstances: incorporating a company for the Plaintiffs \'85 , the [National Bank] compelling [Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu], out of duress and fear of loss of their home, to move their personal and loan accounts from ANZ and from HGC to the [National Bank]\rquote s Walu Bay branch, and then merging the personal home loan to the loan of Ebenezer Publishing House Limited \'85 The [National Bank] says [the National Bank\rquote s then solicitor] did not have authority [in 2006] to offer any refund to [Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu]. This also raises a triable issue of the authority of a bank manager to make such an offer. It is a live issue , given the denial of the Bank: Written Submissions 30 January 2008 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.37\tab The fiduciary relationship said to exist and relied upon by Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu is contended to have come into existence in 1993, when the mortgage with the National Bank was entered into, and arising out of the alleged setting up of Ebenezer Limited by the National Bank. Hence, besides a denial by the National Bank of a role in establishing Ebenezer Bank, or \lquote merging loans\rquote without disclosure, this may be challenged as statute barred. \par \par 3.38\tab However, albeit it is said to have come into effect more than 13 to 14 years ago, it appears to me that the fiduciary relationship is explicitly or specifically associated in the claim with more contemporary events. That is, that the es tablishment of the fiduciary relationship (if indeed there is one) occurred \lquote out of time\rquote does not (as I understand the argument) eliminate its relevance or effectiveness as an issue vis-\'e0-vis more recent events. \par \par 3.39\tab It is, as I understand it, claimed that more contemporary events have occurred which, it is understood, are associated with, connected with, or arise out of the (alleged) fiduciary relationship. This is Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu\rquote s position as to discussions with the National Bank for settling the dispute between them upon a basis (as they assert) of the National Bank\rquote s paying monies to them, and then it is said reneging on the proposal to (re)pay them monies they say are owed to them under the mortgage, by reason of their alleged overpay ment. The acknowledgement that they had overpaid, and that monies were due to them from the National Bank, is said to have occurred in 2006. The overpayment they say arose out of the original position in 1993 when they entered into the mortgage and when t he matters pertaining to Ebenezer Publishing had occurred. \par \par 3.40\tab There appear to be five major disputes on the part of the National Bank in relation to this aspect of the claim: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 As it is understood, that the whole of the monies said by the National Bank to be due under the mortgage remain due and no monies are owed to Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu as they assert;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 If any offer were made to them consistent with a contention on their part that the National Bank owes them money because they \lquote overpaid\rquote on th e mortgage, such an offer was made without authority of the National Bank, and no \lquote overpayment\rquote by them exists or existed; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Even if there were, which is denied, any such issue arising, there was (as it is understood it is put by the National Bank) no fiduc iary relationship between the parties, so that any contentions as to rights or liabilities arising out of or associated with a fiduciary relationship are misplaced and, simply, wrong; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Any out-of-court settlement discussions and without prejudice \lquote Calderbank offer\rquote was withdrawn by the National Bank and notice of such withdrawal was given to Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu through their Solicitors by the National Bank\rquote s Solicitors, referring to a letter of 5 July 2007;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Objection is taken by the National Bank to this aspect of the pleading on the basis of the disclosure wrongly to the Court of the correspondence in view of its \lquote without prejudice \rquote status, and it is submitted that this correspondence \lquote should be expunged forthwith\rquote : Statement of Claim, para 8 [f] \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 3.41\tab The material before me shows Ebenezer Limited being wound up on 10 April 1992, with no appearance for or on behalf of Ebenezer Limited, \lquote although it has been duly served\rquote . This may support Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu\rquote s proposition that the National Bank was somehow associated with the setting up and existence of Ebenezer Limited. That is, Mr Naigulevu says that Ebenezer Limited was not his idea but the National Bank\rquote s and that he was neither its initiator nor the cause of its demise and wind ing up. All this he attributes (albeit denied) to the National Bank. On the other hand, it may show simply that the National Bank was (as the Order indicates) the petitioner and creditor of Ebenezer and did what creditors do in circumstances where a compa ny cannot meet its debts: seeks a winding up. Mr Naigulevu\rquote s failure to appear may not indicate he effectively \lquote had nothing to do\rquote with the company as he asserts. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.42\tab Albeit it seems to me that any case put forward to support a fiduciary relationship or based upon a fiduciary relationship might be described as being thin or even very thin indeed, it is evident that this is a matter of considerable dispute between the parties with an array of facts being attested to on both sides. There is clearly a disp ute about facts and ultimately this could have bearing upon the contemporary aspect of negotiations said to have taken place between the parties (in 2006). It cannot be resolved on the material before me. \par \par 3.43\tab Hence, taking into account the contemporary as pect of the matter, which in turn is understood said to rely or at least to be associated with the alleged fiduciary relationship, I am unable to say there is no issue to be tried on this part of the claim. \par \par 3.44\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (d)\tab possible claim in contract}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : In going th rough the material, it appears that there may be a contemporary claim in the alleged agreement on the part of the National Bank to pay to Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu the sum of $25,000 in recognition of an \lquote overpayment\rquote by them under the mortgage. Was t here an agreement constituting a binding contract? Was there no binding contract because the negotiations were still unresolved in that it appears that $25,000 may not have been settled upon? Or was it? Was it even offered or offered without authority? Di d the National Bank representative have authority to engage in these negotiations or to purport to settle the matter? This is a highly contentious issue as between the parties both as to whether there was overpayment and whether the National Bank ever agre ed to (re)pay to them monies allegedly owed by it to them by reason of any such overpayment. \par \par 3.45\tab Here, it appears to me, that there is at least an arguable case and a serious matter to be tried, one that certainly cannot be determined upon the material before the Court at present. \par \par 3.46\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (e)\tab \lquote without prejudice\rquote correspondence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : The Affidavit of Mr Naigulevu annexes correspondence which is marked \lquote without prejudice\rquote . This is put forward as evidence in support of the claim. \par \par 3.47\tab The question arises whether correspondence can properly be accepted in evidence which the National Bank says constitutes a Calderbank offer and which it is understood Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu put forward as supporting their contention as to an overpayment by them and the Natio nal Bank\rquote s acknowledgement of its existence and that it had to be remitted to them so as to reach finality. \par \par 3.48\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Slaveski v. Economakis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [2006] VSC 2244 (21 June 2006) is put forward to the Court by the National Bank on this issue. There, Hargrave, J. found that a letter marked \lquote without prejudice\rquote was admissible in evidence, however, in clearly defined circumstances. His Honour said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Mr Slaveski submitted that, as the without prejudice letter was so marked, the without prejudice letter ought not to have been produced in court, or relied upon by the magistrate \'85 \par \par There is a rule of evidence that communications between parties which are genuinely aimed at settlement of a dispute between them cannot be put in evidence without the consent of both parties in the event that the dispute is not settled. This rule is called \lquote without prejudice privilege\rquote . \par \par In order for the privilege to operate, it is essential that there must be some person in dispute or negotiation with another person, and the statement which it is s ought to exclude from evidence must have some bearing on negotiations for a settlement of that dispute. \par \par The mere use of the words \lquote without prejudice\rquote in the communication \'85 does not operate to attract the rule, or privilege. The court is required to consi der the statement in its context and decide for itself whether the privilege applies. Thus a letter marked \lquote without prejudice\rquote which is not in fact a genuine attempt to settle a dispute will not be privileged from production in evidence, and a letter which is so aimed will be privileged even it if it is not marked \lquote without prejudice\rquote : at 3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.49\tab His Honour went on to say that the \lquote without prejudice\rquote letter in the case was not, \lquote when viewed in its proper context, privileged from production in evidence before the magistrate\rquote : \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par At the time the without prejudice letter was written there was in fact no dispute between the parties. This is because the [Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal] proceeding had been decided and orders made. The plaintiffs had elec ted not to seek leave to appeal that result. The VCAT orders had been filed in the Magistrates\rquote Court. \par \par There was no dispute to settle in these events. The without prejudice letter was simply a request for time to pay an existing obligation which was the s ubject of a court order. Such a request is not one which is properly characterised as a genuine attempt to settle a dispute. Accordingly the magistrate was right to have regard to the without prejudice letter, and no error of law is disclosed in that rega rd: at 3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 3.50\tab The facts are not similar here, as expressed in the material and particularly as put by the National Bank. I observe in the present case, however, that in its submissions supporting the National Bank\rquote s patience and efforts to negotiate a settlement with Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu, resort appears to be made to the aforementioned letters or at least some of them as an evidentiary source. \par \par 3.51\tab Taking into account the collocation of issues outlined above and as contained in the material, I a m reluctant and indeed am unable to rule that this material is inadmissible. Should the parties wish to make further submissions on the point I would prefer an opportunity to consider the matter further in a hearing with submissions on this point in this context. \par \par 3.52\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (f)\tab Summing Up}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 : Adverting to the matters in the claim and as referred to above, it may be that singly each, or some, might not in some views be considered to give cause to the contention of a \lquote serious matter to be tried\rquote or \lquote an arguable case \rquote . However, taken together it appears to me that collectively they cannot be said to constitute a \lquote hopeless case\rquote or \lquote the plainest and most obvious case\rquote , nor \lquote the clearest case\rquote : per }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Thomas v. Murti }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [2005] FJHC 644;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Riches v. Director of Public Prosecutions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1973] 2 All ER 935}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Nor can it be said that there is no arguable case or no serious issue to be tried: }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 American Cyanamid v. Ethicon Ltd }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1975] AC 396 \par \par 3.53\tab Taken in total, at this stage of consideration I do not believe the proceeding should be struck out. It further appears to me that Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu have met the first requirement of the }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Cyanamid }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 test. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 4,\tab Damages an Adequate Remedy \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Are damages an adequate remedy here? Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu face a considerable barrier on this p oint. The authorities are clear. The approach of this Court is clear. Rarely, if at all, do the authorities allow for, or this Court endorse, the issue of an injunction to prevent a mortgagor from foreclosing on a mortgage, and advertising, tendering and s elling property subject to it. If such a step is taken, then the quid pro quo is that the party in whose favour the injunction is issued is obliged to pay into court the full sum to which the mortgagor is entitled, should the mortgagor fail and the mortga gee succeed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.1\tab The National Bank has put forward a number of authorities on this point. In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Matthie v. Edwards }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (1847) 73 ER 776 Lord Cottenham LC said: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par Now [the power of sale] may undoubtedly be often used for purposes of oppression. They are, however, powers which the party having a power of the property thinks proper to confer on the individual from whom he borrows the money;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 it is a bargain;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 one party parts with his money, and he has to pay himself out of the property upon which it is charged;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and i t is for the other party, who creates the mortgage, to consider whether he has not given too large a power to the individual with whom he is dealing. But when once it is given, the party advancing his money is perfectly entitled to execute the power which such a contract gives him \'85 [H]owever if the power is sought to be exercised for exorbitant purposes, without a due regard to the interest of the parties concerned, this Court will interfere under certain circumstances, and, like other pledges, if the indi vidual comes and deposits the money, the Court will, under certain circumstances prevent a party from exercising that power arbitrarily, but not without the actual deposit of the sum which the other party is entitled to. \par \par Now it is quite clear that the interests of society require, and the justice of such a case requires that those powers, when they do not come within the principles on which the Court has acted, should not be interfered with;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 it is merely a power which the individual [mortgagor] has given: at 779 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.2\tab Insofar as injunctions sought to forestall foreclosure of a mortgage and sale of property, this principle is generally adhered to strictly: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls37\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 that the mortgagor has by entering into the mortgage, \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}taking the monies loaned in respect of it,}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 I accept that in this case the mortgagors deny Ebenezer Limited received all the monies alleged by the National Bank to have been advanced to Ebenezer Limited and apparently held against the mortgage; and that t hose monies which were advanced to Ebenezer Limited were advanced to the company, not to Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu. Here, however, I refer to the principle and address below the issues as put in the present case vis-\'e0-vis the principle.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}agreeing to the default and foreclosure term in the mortgage, \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}put her/himself in a \lquote known\rquote and clear position so that - \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}if the mortgagor defaults - \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f10\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af10\dbch\af0\hich\f10 \'a7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls37\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 the mortgagee has an automatic right to foreclose, \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f10\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af10\dbch\af0\hich\f10 \'a7\tab}foreclosure is the right of the mortgagee, and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f10\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af10\dbch\af0\hich\f10 \'a7\tab}ought not to be interfered with by the Court.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 The exceptio n, where monies are paid into court, is canvassed below.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.3\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Kim v. Bank of Baroda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1999] FJHC 39 (2 June 1999) this Court applied that principle where an application was made for an interlocutory injunction restraining the Bank of Baroda (the Bank) from exercising its rights of mortgagee sale pending determination of the substantive action against the Bank. An agreement had been reached between the parties for Mr Kim to pay $2000.00 a month until he could sell a property to reduce monies owed on the subject proper t y. The argument there was that the Bank was in breach of the agreement when it advertised the property for mortgagee sale despite continuing to accept mortgage payments. Even if the sale were put off, said Counsel, the Bank was well-secured. For the Bank it was submitted: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Mr Kim had been \lquote given ample opportunity to settle the debt to the Bank\rquote ; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the Bank continued to accept payment on the mortgage account in good faith and to reduce Mr Kim\rquote s debt; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}if Mr Kim failed in the substantive action he was in no position to pay damages whilst the Bank clearly was; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the Bank had the right to sell under the terms of the mortgage; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the injunction application was \lquote merely a delaying tactic\rquote ; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}there had been misrepresentations of fact and of material non-disclosure by Mr Kim i n his earlier ex parte application for relief (which had been granted). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.4\tab The Court said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 There is no doubt that Clause 8 of the Mortgage between [Mr Kim] and the [Bank] gives the Defendant the powers of sale \lquote immediately upon or at any time after default in payment\rquote . Whilst [Mr Kim] argues that there has been no default in payment, there is no doubt at all that important information in relation to [Mr Kim]\rquote s attempts to re-finance the loon, and the [Bank]\rquote s willingness to give [Mr Kim] time to refinan ce, were not disclosed [to] the court when the application for interim relief was made. \par \par This factor alone would justify the dissolution of the injunction: at 2 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.5\tab Shameem, J. went on to address the issue of payment into court, saying: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 However, in addit ion, [Mr Kim] is unable to pay into court the amount of the judgment debt. The [Bank] on the other hand, as a bank, is in a position to pay damages, if [Mr Kim]\rquote s action is successful. In }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Inglis and Anor v. Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (1972) 126 CLR 161 the High Court of Australia \'85 held that injunction should not be granted restraining a mortgagee from exercising powers of sale conferred by a mortgage unless the mortgage debt is paid into court: at 2 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.6\tab Whilst finding for Mr Kim on the question of \lquote serious issues to be tried\rquote , Shameem, J. held that damages would be an adequate remedy if he were ultimately successful, and that the interim injunction should be dissolved, leaving the Bank free to continue with its mortgage sale. \par \par 4.7\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Powell v. ANZ Banking Group Ltd }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1998] FJHC 160 (20 November 1998) Pathik, J. canvassed extensively the authorities on mortgagee\rquote s rights to power of sale vs the position of the mortgagor seeking an injunction not restrain the sale. There, an interim injunction had been granted, the Powells admitted they owed a debt to ANZ Banking Group (the Bank), however stated that in \lquote the next three months we would be able to pay our total debt to the [Bank]\rquote : at 2 The Bank had already accepted a tender for the sale of the property and had entered into a sale and purchase agreement with a purchaser (to the Powells\rquote knowledge and prior to the grant of the interim injunction). For the Bank, it was said \lquote it is too late in the day to make this application as the [Powells] had plenty of time after the Notice was given by the [Bank]. The \'85 [Bank] had already entered into a sale and purchase agreement and it is impossible for it to get out of it \rquote : at 2 \par \par 4.8\tab As to the facts, the Court said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 This is a case where I find that the Bank, which is the Mortgage, is only exercising its rights under the mortgage. There is no doubt that the [Powells] are substantially in arrears and have not been able to meet their commitments despite opportunity having been given them to do so. It appears that the y are in no position to pay and there is no satisfactory evidence that they are likely to have a windfall from sale of [Yaqona, another property]. The assertion in the affidavit that [Mr Powell] will be receiving about half a million dollars from [Yaqona] sale in September has not materialised. It seems that [Mr Powell] is merely building a castle in the sky: at 3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.9\tab As to the law, the Court continued: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 Injunctions are an equitable remedy and are within the Court\rquote s discretion. Injunction will be refused if the Plaintiff can be fully compensated by an award of damages. In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 London & Blackwell Railway Co v. Cross }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (1886) 31 ChD 354 at 369 Lindley LJ said: \lquote The very first principles of injunction law is that prima facie you do not obtain injunction to restrain actionable wrong for which damages are the proper remedy.\rquote \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.10\tab Pathik, J. went on to observe that he had borne in mind the principles under }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Cyanamid Co. v. Ethicon Ltd }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (1975) AC 396 and in particular \lquote the balance of convenience\rquote : \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 when an application f or an interlocutory injunction to restrain a defendant from doing acts alleged to be in violation of the plaintiff\rquote s legal right is made upon contested facts, the decision whether or not to grant an interlocutory injunction has to be taken at a time when e x hypothesi the existence of the right or the violation of it, or both, is uncertain and will remain uncertain until final judgment is given in the action. It was to mitigate the risk of injustice to the plaintiff during the period before that uncertainty could be resolved that the practice arose of granting him relief by way of interlocutory injunction;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 but since the middle of the 19th century this has been made subject to his undertaking to pay damages to the defendant for any loss sustained by reason of the injunction if it should be held at the trial that the plaintiff had not been entitled to retrain the defendant from doing what he was threatening to do: per Diplock, LJ, at 406 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.11\tab From }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Cyanamid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 , Pathik, J. noted further by reference to Diplock, LJ: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The object of the interlocutory injunction is to protect the plaintiff against injury by violation of his right for which he could not be adequately compensated in damages recoverable in the action if the uncertainty were resolved in his favour at the tr ial;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 but the plaintiff\rquote s need for such protection must be weighed against the corresponding need of the defendant to be protected against injury resulting from his having been prevented from exercising his own legal rights for which he could not be adequa tely compensated under the plaintiff\rquote s undertaking in damages if the uncertainty were resolved in the defendant\rquote s favour at the trial. The court must weigh one need against another and determine where \lquote the balance of convenience \rquote lies: at 406 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.12\tab His Honour adopted Denning, LJ\rquote s words in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Hubbard v. Vosper}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (1972) 1 All ER 1023: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85 in considering whether to grant an interlocutory injunction, the right course for a judge is to look at the whole case. He must have regard not only to the strength of the claim but also to the strength of the defence, and then decide what is best to be done: at 1029 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.13\tab The Court held that damages was an adequate remedy and the case was not a proper one for the grant and continuation of the interlocutory injunction or to maintain the status quo until the trial: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The grounds are not strong enough to prevent the exercise by [the ANZ] of its powers under the security documents and hence no heed could be given to the arguments put forward by the [Powells] for the purposes of this a pplication. It will open the floodgates if I were to accede to the continuance of the injunction in cases of this nature involving mortgagees. The [Powells] overlooked the terms and the covenants to which they found themselves engaged when they executed t he security documents: at 5 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.14\tab Counsel for Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu relied upon }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Air Pacific Limited v.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Airports Fiji Limited }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (2004) HCF, Civil Action: HBC 418F 2003L (24 February 2004). There, an order was granted by the High Court restraining Airports Fiji Limited (Airports Ltd) from \lquote dealing with offices 19 and 20 on the ground floor of the arrivals concourse at the Nadi International Airport\rquote . An interlocutory order had been granted earlier, \lquote restraining [Airports Ltd] from dealing with the prem ises until further order of the Court\rquote : at 1 \par \par 4.15\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Air Pacific Limited}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 three causes of action were pleaded: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Breach of representation that Airports Ltd would in good faith deliver a written agreement in respect of the tenancy of Offices 19 and 20 to Air Pacific Limited (Air Pacific) for signing;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Inducement of Air Pacific by Airports Ltd into assuming it would lease offices 19 and 20 to Air Pacific, Airports Ltd thereby being estopped from denying the existence of an agreement;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Airports Ltd being guilty of misleading and deceptive conduct contrary to section 54 of the Fair Trading Decree: at 1-2 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.16\tab The Court held that there was a serious issue to be tried, and that damages would not be an adequate remedy, saying: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Whilst it would appear from the materia l filed that damages may be a remedy, it is the opinion of the court that damages may not be an adequate remedy in the circumstances. [Air Pacific] seeks the occupation of premise 19 and 20 on the ground floor of the arrivals concourse at Nadi Internation al Airport, as it requires an appropriate prominence as the national carrier at the main International Airport of the Country. \par \par Should it be deprived of occupation of these premises, it is difficult to see that damages, if they were capable of assessment, w ould in fact be an adequate remedy for the loss of profits or loss of business that may flow as a result of that deprivation: at 2-3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 4.17\tab The Court said that as damages would not be an adequate remedy, on the balance of convenience, the injunction should be granted.}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 Note \endash this was not a mortgage case but a lease and tenancy case. That feature is not insignificant. Nonetheless, the principles provide a useful insight into the application of injunctions vis-\'e0-v is property and the considerations that may be taken into account.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par 4.18\tab Albeit the general rule is that the question of whether damages will be an adequate remedy is dealt with separately from the balance of convenience, in some of the cases these issues appear to have been dealt with in combination, or at l east the balance of convenience has had some impact on the question of damages. \par \par 4.19\tab I accept the general rule as earlier stated, namely that injunctions are not an appropriate remedy where mortgage foreclosure and sale of property under mortgage is in i ssue and abide by those authorities. I accept also that the Court looks at the question whether damages are an adequate remedy generally before looking to the balance of convenience. \par \par 4.20\tab However, it appears to me that based upon the aforenoted authoriti es it is not inappropriate to look at the balance of convenience before determining finally on the issue here. This is because of the complication in the present matter which seems to me to come within the categories of complication outlined in some of th e foregoing cases. I refer to this and them again below. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 5.\tab Balance of Convenience}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Where does the balance of convenience lie?}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 One proposition can be that the National Bank having commenced action to foreclose the mortgage in 2003, then having ceased and r ecommenced only in 2007, could be taken as suffering no or little inconvenience to await the outcome of the substantive action, staying the foreclosure and sale or having an injunction issued to require it. Having waited this long, how can another month o r few months at the most \endash for hearing and determination of the substantive matter \endash make a difference? Contrary to this, however, is the proposition that the National Bank has exercised due and good patience in endeavouring to have the arrears of the mortg age (as the National Bank calculates them) paid by Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu and have done more than their share in awaiting an outcome which resolves the matter, giving them a fair or more than fair chance to put the account in order and keep paymen ts up to date, as well as engaging in negotiation. From the National Bank\rquote s perspective: \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu] continue in occupation of the property without making any loan repayments since 2003: Written Submissions, 28 January 2008, para 17[10] \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 5.1\tab In light of the disputation and the way in which the material can be interpreted, I do not accept that the delay on the part of the National Bank and the hiatus between the 2003 efforts to sell and those now engaged in, some three or four years late r, can tip the balance of convenience toward the Plaintiffs. \par \par 5.2\tab The property in the present case is the family home. On the one hand, it may appear odd that the Courts are strict in their application of the right of a mortgagee to sell without any injunc tive process being available for the resident mortgagor. I say this, because of the strong position taken in British law as stated, for example, in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Blackstone\rquote s Commentaries}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 as to a home being \lquote his castle of defence and asylum\rquote }{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 3 }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Blackstone \rquote s Commentaries }{\insrsid12127173 288.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Semayne\rquote s case }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \lquote a man\rquote s home is his castle\rquote .}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Semayne \rquote s case}{\insrsid12127173 (1603) 5 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Co.{\*\xmlclose} Rep. 91a, 91b; 77 ER 194, 195 (KB 1603).}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par 5.3\tab On the other hand, as the authorities have said, a person who enters into a mortgage is taken to have done so in the full awareness of the reality: that if the mortgagor defaults, then the mortgagee has a right of sale.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 Equitable remedies may sought challenging this \lquote full awareness\rquote through claiming misrepresentation, duress, unconscionable conduct, etc \endash see for example }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Commercial Banking Company v. Amadio }{\insrsid12127173 [1983] HCA 14; (1983) 151 CLR 447 (12 May 1983). However, this does not detract from the principle here noted in relation to applications for injunctions in mortgage cases.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 True it is that sentiment, attachment, family life and family happiness are bound up in \lquote the family home\rquote . Yet as was said by this Court in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Powell v. ANZ Banking Group Ltd }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1998] FJHC 160 (20 November 1998) earlier referred to and applying the principles stated by Diplock, LJ: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 It will open the floodgates if I were to accede to the continuance of the injunction in cases of this nature involving mortgagees. The [Powells] overlook the terms and the covenants to which they fund themselves engaged when they executed t he security documents: }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 per }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Pathick, J, at 5 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 5.4\tab A family home did not appear to be the asset in question there. Rather, business interests were at the core of the matter. Nonetheless, the principle remains applicable. If as a matter of course, in consequ ence of residentially associated sentiment, attachment, appurtenances of family life, etc this Court were to recognise as \lquote special circumstances\rquote mortgagee foreclosure on the family home as warranting an injunction against sale, injunctions (or at least injunction applications) may become common as an antidote to mortgagees exercising their rights under \lquote family home\rquote mortgages. Taking into account the law as presently stated, I do not believe it appropriate for the Court to make a determination inconsistent with it. \par \par 5.5\tab In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Air Pacific Limited v. Airports Fiji Limited }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 (2003) the interim injunction was continued by reference to the balance of convenience, the Court observing that there was evidence that \lquote some form of occupancy\rquote had been granted by Airports L imited with respect of premises 19, terms appearing to be \lquote until about March 2004\rquote : \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 If the premises are leased to someone other than [Air Pacific] then it would seem that it would become impossible for [Air Pacific] to ultimately at trial obtain that whic h it seeks i.e. the right to occupy premises 19 and 20 in accordance with the terms of the alleged agreement between [Air Pacific and Airports Limited]. \par \par To enable there to be some ultimate purpose to the litigation having found that there is indeed a tria ble issue, it appears that the balance of convenience must require that the premises be available for [Air Pacific] in the event that [Air Pacific] is successful at the hearing of the substantive matter: at 5 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 5.6\tab It may appear wrong that business interes ts can be elevated over the interests of householders or can appear to have greater persuasiveness in setting priorities for injunctions preserving the status quo in property matters. Nonetheless the authorities are there;}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 they cannot be ignored. Perhaps ultimately the courts taken the view that however much sentimentality etc associated with the family home, it may be replicated \endash and necessarily must, whether by alternative rental accommodation or in the event that a party is able to repurchase, another home under ownership. Albeit some may staunchly disagree at the notion, unlike the family home, some business interests are not capable of replication, as in the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Airports Limited case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 . \par \par 5.7\tab In the present case, however, the \lquote family home\rquote argument is not t he main issue. What is at issue here is the contention by Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu that rather than being in debt to the National Bank, the National Bank is in debt to them. Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu have undertaken to pay into court as \lquote good faith\rquote representation of their undertaking as to damages the sum of $15,000 within 14 days. On the authorities, however, this would be insufficient to stay foreclosure and sale. As noted in }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Kim v. Bank of Baroda }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1999] FJHC 39 (2 June 1999), the High Court of Australia has held that injunctions \lquote should not be granted restraining a mortgagee from exercising powers of sale conferred by a mortgage unless the mortgage debt is paid into court\rquote : at 2, citing }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Inglis and Anor. v. Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 1972) 126 CLR 161}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Observing, in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Bank of Baroda}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 , the inability of the Plaintiff to pay into court the amount of the judgment debt as opposed to the position of the Bank which was that it could pay damages if the Plaintiff\rquote s action were successful, the Court concluded: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Before granting an interlocutory injunction the court has to be satisfied that there are serious issues to be tried, that if the applicants are ultimately successful damages would [not] be an adequate remedy, and that on the balance of conv enience, a grant is justified. \par \par I have considered these principles and for the reasons given in this judgment, the interim injunction granted by this court \'85 is dissolved. The Plaintiff may proceed with the substantive action [but without the benefit of an injunction restraining foreclosure or sale of the property]: at 3 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 5.8\tab In the present case, however, the problem is how to determine the amount Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu must pay in to Court to gain them the protection of an injunction against sale a nd against continued action to progress sale, pending the outcome of their action. \par \par 5.9\tab According to the National Bank\rquote s Affidavit filed 16 January 2008: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Mr Naigulevu\rquote s loan account has been in default since 2003. The current outstanding balance as at 20th June 2007 was $80,160.06: Affidavit para 15 [b]}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 See also Annexure \lquote AN 18 \rquote to the Affidavit of Mr Naigulevu filed {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 31}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2008}}}31 January 2008{\*\xmlclose}.}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 5.10\tab The authorities say that even if there are monies in dispute as owing under a mortgage, the mortgagee should nonetheless pay the whole amount owing into court to secure injunctive relief.}{ \cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 For example, }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Kaloumaira v. NBF Asset Management Bank }{\insrsid12127173 [2000] FJHC 8 ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 1}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2000}}}17 January 2000{\*\xmlclose}); }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Kim v. Bank of Baroda }{\insrsid12127173 [1999] FJHC 39 ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 6}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year} {\xmlattrvalue 1999}}}2 June 1999{\*\xmlclose}); }{\b\i\insrsid12127173 Powell v. ANZ Banking Group Ltd }{\insrsid12127173 [1998\} FJHC 160 ({\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 11}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 20}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1998}}}20 November 1998{\*\xmlclose}). }}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par \par 5.11\tab Even discounting the amount said by the National Bank to be owed,}{\cs16\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12127173 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs16\super\insrsid12127173 \chftn }{\insrsid12127173 Which in any event, if indeed owing as National Bank asserts albeit Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu dispute, will be more than the stated sum which was calculated, as indicated, up to June 2007 only.}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 by the amount of $25,000 which the Plaintiffs state was agreed to be paid by the National Bank in 2006, this leaves the Plaintiffs with $55,000 odd to pay into Court. Here it must be emphasised that the Court recognises that the Plaintiffs\rquote position is that all the monies said by the National Bank to be owing by them to it are wrongly attributed to them, and that the real position is that the National Bank is in debt to them. \par \par 5.12\tab As earlier noted, the Plaintiff\rquote s have undertaken to pay into Court the sum of $15,000. However, in the end, this Court is bound by the authorities, which appear to me to be overwhelming. This means that the Court has no option but to predicate any grant of the injunc tive relief sought upon the payment into Court of amount said by the Defendant to be owing under the mortgage. \par \par 5.13\tab Hence, the Orders made are dictated by the law currently subsisting by reason of the authorities, and bound to be applied by this Court. T his means that to sustain the injunction herebelow granted to restrain the selling, etc of the property by the Defendant, the Plaintiffs must pay into Court the sum of $80,000.00 within 28 days of the making of these Orders. \par \par 5.14\tab The Court acknowledges that this is a large sum. \par \par 5.15\tab As further confirmed by the Orders, if the sum of $80,000.00 is paid into Court within the stipulated 28 day period, then the injunction will remain until the final determination of the substantive matter. If that sum is not paid in to Court within that period, the injunction will necessarily be lifted. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 6.\tab Final Matter}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The National Bank challenged the proceedings on the basis that they had been initiated and were being run in the name of Mr Naigulevu and Mrs Naigulevu, however, there was no authority from Mrs Naigulevu substantiating her participation as a party: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 6.1\tab There is no authority from the 2nd Plaintiff to show that the 1st Plaintiff had authority to depose to the Affidavit on her behalf as well: Written Submissions, 28 January 2008, para 14 (a) \par \par 6.2\tab A number of authorities were cited, including }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 New Zealand Social Credit Political League Inc v. O\rquote Brien }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 [1984] 1 NZLR 84 \par \par 6.3\tab In the event, this problem was obviated by the filing of an Affidavit in Reply to the National Bank Affidavit, which amongst other matters annexed a letter signed by Mrs Naigulevu, the 2nd Named Plaintiff and dated 21 January 2008. In that letter, Mrs Naigulevu confirms: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 I \'85 personally authorised my husband, Apenisa Tuikoro Naigulevu to act on my behalf in respect of our case against the National Bank}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \'85}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2443063 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 in respect of our Affidavit sworn on the 28th December, 2007 and filed in support of our Notice of Motion dated 27th December, 2007. \par \par I have also, authorized my husband to act in my behalf in respect of the preparation and submission of our reply to the statement of defence and the Affidavit submitted by [the] General Manager of the National Bank of Fiji: Annexure AN 20 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par 6.4\tab That aspect of the matter is therefore at rest. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Orders \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The Defendant\rquote s application for strike out be refused. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Subject to Orders 3 and 4, the Defendant, its servants or agents be restrained from further advertising the property CT 23404 located at and known as 18 Narain Place, Tamavua, Suva for mortgagee sale, and/or calling fo r tenders in respect of the property and/or proceeding to sale of the property pending the determination of the Plaintiffs\rquote action No. 598 of 2007. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 The Plaintiffs pay into Court the sum of $80,000 within 28 days. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Should Order 3 not be complied with, Order 2 is thereby revoked. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 Costs in the cause. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2443063 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid29493 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493 _____________________________ \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29493\charrsid2443063 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid29493 Jocelynne A. Scutt \par Judge \par 15 February 2008}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12127173\charrsid2443063 \par }}