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\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5 \pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11737116 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid11737116 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par At Suva \par Civil Jurisdiction \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 CIVIL ACTION NO. 0464 OF 2007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Between:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tx7185\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11737116 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11737116 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid11737116 FIJI NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND BOARD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16584919\charrsid11737116 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 \par A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid11737116 FIJI TELEVISION LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9788428\charrsid11737116 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16584919 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619153 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14619153 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 Mr. S. Parshotam for the Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116 \par Mr. J. Apted and Ms. T. Waq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 anika for the Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\tx2294\tx2908\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14619153 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 15th October 2007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 Date of Ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116 \tab :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737116\charrsid16584919 19th October 2007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11737116 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16584919 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid4284074 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8919541\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11737116 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid11737116 RULING UPON APPLICATION TO CONTINUE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8264088\charrsid11737116 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid11737116 INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11737116\charrsid11737116 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7887124 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7887124 [1] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The plaintiff is the Fiji National Provident Fund Board. That Board is established under section 3 of the Fiji National Provident Fund Act Cap}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7887124 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 219. Section 7 states "there shall be a fund to be called the Fiji National Provident Fund }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9125140 \'85 } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 into which shall be paid all contributions required to be made under the provisions of this Act and out of which shall be met all payments required to be made by the Fund under the provisions of this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9125140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Act"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7887124 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9125140 Subsection 2 continues "the Board shall be the trustee of the Fund\'85". }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 By Section 3(2) members of the Board are "to be appointed by the Minister who shall appoint one of such persons to be Chairman of the Board". \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [2] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 All employers in Fiji are obliged under the Act to make monthly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid934326 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 contributions to the Fund equivalent to 16% of the monthly wages payable to their workers who are members of the Fund. Half of this contribution comes from the individual employees by way of compulsory}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid934326 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 statutory deductions from their wages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Save for a few limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12023017 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 exemptions, all workers in Fiji are required to be members of the Fund and to have contributions made on their behalf. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [3] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The current number of members of the Fund is put at more than 330,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535915 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Contributions are held to e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535915 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ch members individual credit. According to the plaintiff "the Board }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535915 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the largest financial institution in Fiji with a fund base exceeding one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535915 billion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 dollars". The defendant states that the total funds under the control of the Board amount to more than $3.2 billion, Mr. Aisake Taito, the acting General Manager of the Board, is quoted in the Fiji Times of 14th of March 2007 as stating "the Fund is the biggest financial institution in the country, holding 60% of Fi ji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s gross domestic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10371253 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 product}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the FNPF also controls 40% of the country}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s financial system,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10371253 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 which is more than any bank and all the banks combined". \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9307003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [4] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid9307003 By the Fiji National Provident Fund (Amendment) Act 2005 a significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10371253\charrsid9307003 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid9307003 change was made in the Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid9307003 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid9307003 s po wer to invest. Previously it had been limited to "safe" investments whereas now it may invest in diverse adventures subject to a statutory requirement to exercise "due care and diligence" and meet "a prudent person of business" approach. Section 7(4) of t he Act reads, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "The Board shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169695 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 exercise the care, diligence and skill that a prudent person of business would exercise in managing the affairs of others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3169695 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 without limiting the matters that the Board may take into account, consider the following factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13574080 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the purposes of the Fund and the needs and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790559 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 circumstances of the members of the Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}(ii)-(xiii) ..." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [5] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The new sections 12A and 12B read as follows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10952411 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "12A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Part III of the Trustee Act (Cap.65) does not apply to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10952411 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 investments made under section 7. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9307003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid9307003 Duties to be Exercised by the Board as Trustees \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10952411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 12B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8919541 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Board must abide by all rules and principles of law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10952411 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 which impose any duty on a trustee exercising a power of investment including all rules and principles which impose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14354178 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14354178 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 any duty to exercise the powers of a trustee in the best interests of all beneficiaries of the trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14354178 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 any duty to act impartially towards beneficiaries and between classes of beneficiaries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 and \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14354178 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 any duty to take advice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [6] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Aisake Tait}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13842661 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 is the Ac ting Chief Executive Officer and Acting General Manager of the Board. At paragraph 3, of his first affidavit he states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13842661 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "My role as the Acting Chief Executive Officer and General Manager involves, amongst other things, administering funds paid to FNPF by way of contributions on behalf of employees in Fiji for their providence." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [7] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Following the 2005 Act but prior to December 2006 the "old" Board (see below) announced investments in various projects including the Natadola Project". \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [8] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 On 5th December 2006 the Republic of Fiji Military Forces removed the Executive and Legislative Branches of the Government of Fiji and there has been no Parliamentary sitting since that date. The legality of these events is now the subject matter of a number of cases current ly before the High Court. I make it absolutely clear that nothing in this Ruling should be taken in any way as expressing any opinion upon the legality of these events. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [9] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In January 2007 the Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s Chief Executive Officer and its Deputy Chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9132107 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Executive O fficer were sent on leave and their appointments were later terminated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Mr. Taito was appointed Chairman of the Fund in January 2007 and became acting Chief Executive Officer and General Manager on 2nd of April 2007. Other changes to the Board and executive management were made. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [10] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 At paragraph 5 of his first affidavit Mr. Taito states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9132107 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "On or about 20th of March 2007, FNPF engaged Ernst and Young, Chartered Accountants, Sydney, Australia to prepare a report on, inter alia, the internal functioning of FNPF over the years 2002 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9132107 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 2006 and the processes used by FNPF with respect to decisions employed by management of FNPF in the investment of the Fund". \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9307003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [11] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Board duly received "the Ernst and Young Final Report" on or about the 16th of July. Eight copies were distributed, one to each of the six Board members, one to the Minister of Finance and one to the Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s secretary. Mr. Taito states that a copy woul d have been held by Ernst and Young and that to the best of his knowledge and belief there were no other copies. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9307003 [12] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Mr. Taito then states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7933207 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "7. The report was a confidential report, to be available only to the Board members of FNPF and to myself (as Acti ng Chief Executive Officer and General Manager) and to any other person as may be authorised by the Board of FNPF. \par {\listtext\tab}8. The report was purely a report on the internal processes used by FNPF and was commissioned with a view to determining how the decision-ma king processes were applied during the years 2002-2006 and, in the event of any deficiencies or short}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 comings in the processes, for the authors to make recommendations for the better application of the Fund." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16283623 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16283623 [13] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The defendant, Fiji Television Limited,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16283623 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 is a company incorporated in Fiji and provides television services through a free to air channel under the name "Fiji One" and through pay channels under the generic name of "Sky". On Wednesday the 19th, Thursday the 20th and Friday the 21st September 2007 news items concerning the Report were aired on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16283623 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 One National News" at 6.00 p.m. and on "Sky Plus Channel" at 7.30 p.m. and on the "Late News" at 10.00 p.m. The main news broadcasts were in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16005496 English }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 although brief news items at other times were broadcast in Hindustani and Fijian. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7881415 [14] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Those reports stated that Fiji TV had a copy of the Report, it was displayed and reference was made to excerpts. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7881415 [15] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The plaintiff takes objection to Fiji Television having a copy of the Report and broadcasting excerpts from it. Proceedings were filed on 28th of September. The Writ of Summons has an endorsement of claim which reads as follows, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16005496 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "The plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7881415 '}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s claim is for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16005496 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7881415 A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 A declaration that the document being a report titled "Ernst and Young Final Report" dated 15th July 2 007, marked "Strictly Confidential" and commissioned by the plaintiff, a copy of which was in the possession of the defendant during 19th September 2007 to 21st September 2007 constituted confidential information the property of the plaintiff. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9447285 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9447285 B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 A declaration that the said copy as was in the possession of the defendant on or about 19th September 2007 to 21 September 2007 constituted confidential information the property of the plaintiff. \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9447285 C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 A declaration that the use by the defendant of the said Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9447285 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 several news bulletins over the period 19th September}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10707499 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 2007 to 22 September 2007 was unauthorised by the plaintiff. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10707499 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 D}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8919541 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (An order for the return of all copies). \par {\listtext\tab}E. (An order that the defendants delete all copies) \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10707499 F.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10707499\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (An order that the defendants provide an undertaking that in future if it receives a copy of the Report then it will make no further copies and return the copy to the plaintiff) \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10707499 G. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 An injunction restraining the defendant whether by itself or by its servan ts or agents or otherwise howsoever from using the Report in anyway whatsoever in the dissemination of any news items on any of its television channels or on its website or howsoever or to report any comments on the said Report or to otherwise use the sai d Report in any news bulletins aired by the defendants howsoever. \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10707499 H. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Further or other relief. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid9979666 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9979666 I. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The costs of and incidental to this application." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5401804 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5401804 [16] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 There was, filed with this Writ of Summons, an ex parte summons requesting a variety of interlocutory i njunctions together with the supporting affidavit of Aisake Taito dated the 28th September 2007. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5401804 [17] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Following upon an ex parte hearing on the 1st October 2007 an interlocutory order was made that, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9979666 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9979666 "1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 That the defendant be restrained whether by itself o r by its servants or agents or otherwise howsoever from using the Report titled "Ernst & Young Final Report" dated 15th July 2007, ... in any way whatsoever in the dissemination of any news items on any of its television channels or on its website or hows o ever to report any comments on the said Report or to otherwise use the said Report in any news bulletins aired by the defendants howsoever together with temporary injunction precluding the disposal or relaying to another of the Report or its contents unti l further Order of this court. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12933581 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 2. All papers to be served on the defendant (including this Order) by 3.00 p.m. on Tuesday 2nd October 2007.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13178138 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12933581 3. Matter adjourned to Tuesday }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 9th October 2007 at 10,00 am." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9200052 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [18] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 On 9th October counsel for the defendant expressed its strong opposition to the continuation of the interim injunction. Issues of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, public interest and several others were raised. By agreement the matter was adjourned t o 15th of October for the filing of further affidavits and preparation of arguments. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [19] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 On 15th October I heard the application for further continuance of the interlocutory injunction. I have before me the affidavits of Aisake Taito filed on 28th Septembe r and 15th October for the plaintiff. For the defendant I have the affidavits of Anish Chand, filed on 10th October, Salote Poate, Mesake Nawari and Merana Kitione filed on 12th October. I have received the oral and written submissions of the parties and their supporting authorities. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [20] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 This case raises a number of issues of great importance to Fiji. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [21] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In essence, the plaintiff says that it commissioned a confidential report.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The report was directed to the internal workings of the plaintiff and was str ictly confidential. It was marked as such. By some means the defendant came into possession of a copy of that Report and started to use the contents thereof in news items. The plaintiff says that the Report "constituted confidential information the proper ty of the plaintiff", the use in news bulletins was unauthorised and that any further use should be stopped and all copies returned to the plaintiff. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [22] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The defendant opposes the continuation of the interim injunction. First, the defendant says that the B oard is a public statutory body. It handles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4341187 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 massive amounts of money which have come from working members of the public. Second, the way the Board operates and in particular invests that money is of the greatest public interest and to suppress the Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s contents would be to stifle the constitutional right of freedom of expression and run counter to the constitutional principles of and public interest in the accountability of the government and its agents. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [23] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The defendant further states that the plaint iff was not as full and frank as it should have been in obtaining an ex parte order in the first place, it has not established an arguable case, it would appear on the face of the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s affidavits that copyright and any confidentiality right belong to Ernst and Young rather than the plaintiff and that Ernst and Young have not taken any proceedings. There are other objections. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [24] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The plaintiff states that I should apply American Cyanamid Principles when deciding this application and that the onus is upon the defendant to show there is a public interest in publication. The defendant responds that the American Cyanamid Principles do not apply once it is shown that the plaintiff is a public body and the information or document in question relates to the workings of that public body. It is for the plaintiff to show the greater public interest lies in the withholding of publication or it is for the court to decide where the balance of the public interest lies. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [25] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The defendant does add a further and impor tant consideration. This is not a case where the court can err on the side of caution by continuing the injunction and then, if the plaintiff is unsuccessful, permitting public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 atio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 n. First, the defendant says that there is a positive public interest in pub lication and secondly that "news is a perishable commodity" and its effect is lost if there is delay, particularly in the absence of any other injunctions restraining other news outlets. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [26] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305111 pla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305111 ntiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 responds that once the information is published the very substance of their action is taken away and is irretrievable. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [27] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The starting point is the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305111 Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305111 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 n Chapter 4 - entitled "Bill of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6305111 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Rights" there is a section entitled "Freedom of Expression" which states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9206011 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "30-(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Every person has the right to freedom of speech and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9206011 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 expression, including}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13319552 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13319552 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 freedom to seek, receive and impart information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13319552 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 and ideas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13319552 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 freedom of the press and other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13319552\charrsid16584919 media}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2054794 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 A law may limit, or may authorise the limitation of, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054794 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 right to freedom of expression in the interests of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12855449 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054794 national security}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 , public safety, public order,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054794 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 l }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 morality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 , public health or the orderly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12855449 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 conduct of National or municipal elections}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the protection or maintenance of the reputation,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12128744 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 privacy, dignity, rights or freedoms of other persons, including}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid10693371 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10693371 (i) \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10693371\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10693371 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the right of persons injured by inaccurate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10693371 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 or offensive media reports to have a correction published on reasonable conditions established by law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10693371 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 preventing the disclosure, as appropriate, of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4940446 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 information received in confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4940446 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (d)-(g)}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3568071 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728242 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 but only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3568071 to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 extent that the limitation is reasonable and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3568071\charrsid16584919 justifiable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in a free and democratic society." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9200052 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 [28] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The interpretation section for Chapter 4 states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728242 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "43(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In interpreting the provisions of this Chapter, the courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9728242 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 must promote the values that underlie a democratic society based on freedom and equality and must, if relevant, have regard to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628705\charrsid16584919 pub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9200052 l}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2628705\charrsid16584919 ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 international law applicable to the protection of the rights set out in this Chapter." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12718637 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12718637 [29] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Chapter 11 of the Constitution is headed "Accountability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . Part 1 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1662654 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 entitled "Code of Conduct" and sets out the principles by which holders of public offices, in the broad sense, including "persons who hold statutory appointments or governing or executive positions in statutory authorities" m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1662654 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 st }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1662654 conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 themselves. By section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282001 156}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282001 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ) Parliament "m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid282001 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 st, as soon as practicable after the commencement of this Constitution, make a law to implement more fully the conduct rules set out in subsection 2, to}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7416001 provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7416001 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7416001 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 onitoring of standards of conduct in relation to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7416001 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 performance of public duties and if the Parliament considers it appropriate to make provision for investigation of breaches of standards and their enforcement". \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 [30] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Part 2 of Chapter 11 estab}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9066307 lis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 hes the Office of Ombudsman and sets out the functions of the Ombudsman in relation to matters of administration. Part 3 establishes the Office of an Auditor General and Part 4 sets out "general provisions relating to certain constitutional offices". \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid995084 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 [31] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Part 5 is very short. It is entitled "Freedom of Information" and consists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11616050 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 of one section. It states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12283509 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "S.174 As soon as practicable after the commencement of this Constitution, the Parliament should enact a law to give members of}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12283509 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the public rights of access to official documents of the government and its agencies." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid995084 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 [32] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It is now nearly ten years since the Constitution came into being. Parliament has not yet enacted a law giving members of the public rights of access to official documents of the government and its agencies. In my judgment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339215 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 is a grave shortcoming and should be rectified at the earliest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15339215 opportunity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 [33] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I cannot speculate about precisely what would be in any such law. However, I do consider that I can take into account, when considering the issues in this case, the fact that the Constitution specifically exhorts the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14903424 Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 to enact a law giving rights of access to official documents of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14903424 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid14903424 overnment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 and its agencies. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 [34] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In this regard and in the general interpretation of the provisions of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14903424 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Const}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14903424 itution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I look to section 3 which is entitled "Interpretation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4472851\charrsid16584919 Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 " and states, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4472851 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "3. In the interpretation of a provision of this Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8402319 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3565921 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 a construction that would promote the purpose or object underlying the provision, taking into account the spirit of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3565921 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8402319 Constitution as a whole is to be preferred to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 construction that would not promote that purpose or object}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16457454 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16457454 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 regard must be had to the context in which this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16457454 Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 was drafted and to the intention that constitutional interpretation take into account social and cultural developments, especially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid9122151 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9122151 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 developments in the understanding of the content of particular human rights}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 and \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid9580263 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9580263 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 developments in the promotion of particular human rights." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid995084 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 [35] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The importance of the right of freedom of expression and public access to official documents of a government and its agencies are set out in constitutions, judgments and learned treatise throughout the world. I cite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2455942 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the Eur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2455942 opean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2455942 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid995084 f Justic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 e case of Fressoz and Roire v. France}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2455942 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 [1999]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2455942 ECHR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2455942 When}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 considering article 10 of the European}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8739766 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Convention on Human Rights, the right to freedom of expression, the court, at paragraph 45, stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8739766 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "The court reiterates the fundamental principle under its case law concerning Article 10, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11863822 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (i)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Freed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863822 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 m of expression constitutes one of the essential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11863822 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4607834 ations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 of a democratic society. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, (similar provisions to section 30(2) of the Fiji Constitution), it is applicable not only to "informa tion" or "ideas" that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb. Such are the demands of plura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148627 li}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 sm, tolerance and broad mindedness without which there is no "democratic society"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148627 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8728289 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148627 (ii}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The press plays an essential role in a democratic society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Although it must not overstep certain bounds, in particular in respect of the reputation and rights of others and the need to prevent the disclosure of confidential information, its duty is nevertheless to impart - in a manner consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148627 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 with its obligations and responsibilities - information and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ideas on all matters of public interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . In addition, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 court is mindful of the fact that journalistic freedom also covers possible recourse to a degree of exaggeration, or even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289\charrsid16584919 provocation...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289 (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 As a matter of general principle, the "necessity" for any restriction on freedom of expression must be convincingly }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289\charrsid16584919 established...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289 (iv) \'85"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8728289\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid656557 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656557 [36] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I respectfully adopt these dicta. They have just as much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10837216 application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10837216 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Fiji as they do in France and the European Union. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10837216 Although}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656557 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10837216 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 spent much time considering issues arising from Article 10 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10837216 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 are not present in this case, these broad statements of principle arise from "the right to freedom of expression". \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656557 [37] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the Fiji case of Arvin Datt v. Fiji Television Limited [2007] FJHC 20 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15286228 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Justice Singh stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15286228 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15286228 "[}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 19]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Section 30 of the Constitution provides that every person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15286228 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 has the rig ht to freedom of speech including freedom of the press and other media ... \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2317931 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Constitution by incorporating freedom of expression}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15286228 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in the Bill of Rights Chapter gives it a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2317931 high}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 priority and therefore any restriction of the right need}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2317931 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2317931 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 o be carefully circumscribe}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2317931 d. \'85 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 [21]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid656557 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5461684 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 22] \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4746418 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 [23]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It is critical at this juncture when Parliament is not sitting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4746418 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 and that there is no usual Ministerial accountability as such, the freedom of press assumes a greater significance in matters of public interest,.": \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10636452 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 [38] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 There are two important points. First, it must not be overlooked that the freedom set out in section 30(1) of the Fiji Constitution states "every person has the ri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3613654 ght}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 to freedom of speech and expression, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4284074\charrsid8211508 including}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8211508 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4284074\charrsid8211508 freedom of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid10636452 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid8211508\charrsid8211508 the press}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4284074\charrsid8211508 and other media}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 " (underlining added). It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8211508 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 must be remembered that the freedom of expression encompasses not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8211508 just the right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 to freedom of speech and expression but also freedom of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1321941 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 he press and other media. The freedom of the press and media is not a right which is established for the benefit of the press and media but is for the benefit of the public as a whole. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 [39] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The second point is this. The current circumstances of Fiji are well known. I respectfully agree with the words of Singh J. when he states that in these circumstances "the freedom of press assumes a greater significance in matters of public interest". In the context of this case the Commander of the Royal Fiji Military Forces, Commodore Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama on the 15th of December 2}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3239750 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 06, namely ten days after the takeover, made a press statement concerning the FNPF Board in which he said, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3239750 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "I have seriously reviewed the status of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 he Fiji National Provident Fund.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 This is a major financial institution with billions in assets. Its main beneficiaries are the workers in this country and their families and also serve as a stable fund source. It is therefore highly}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3239750 encumbent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 upon us to ensure that FNPF always remains in good hands and is operated according to law and due diligence... \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14707195 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Military Counci l is a strong believer in the efficient, fair, accountable and profitable operation of the Fund. Furthermore, this national treasure, which belongs to the workers of this nation, must be protected and preserved in such a manner that it does not meet}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14707195 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the same fate a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 s the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 collapse and failures of other financial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14707195 institutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 recently recorded in our history. FNPF must be, and remain, completely free of scams, fraud and corruption. ... \par {\listtext\tab}The new Board I am putting together will have its first task to investigat e all these (alleged failures and improper use of funds) and put the FNPF and its members funds back to financial sustainability. It is a task which needs to be done straightaway so that the ordinary members and contributors continue to have confidence in this important institution and its investment activities." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10636452 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 [40] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I emphasise that on the documents before me it would appear there are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12937070 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 no findings of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 "scans, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 fraud or corruption" in the Ernst and Young}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12937070 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Report. There do appear to be suggestions of failures and shortcomings by the Board as constituted before December 2006. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 [41] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The defendant says this speech is important in the context of this case on three grounds. First, there was recognition of the impo rtance of accountability in the operation of the Fund. Second, Commander Bainimarama looked to a new Board to "investigate all these", referring to failures or improper use of funds. Third, the issues concerning the past performance of the Board were plac ed clearly in the public domain. A degree of care must be taken when approaching statements from the interim government in relation to these issues as they might contain self serving or self justifying elements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 [42] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12993069 I reit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10636452 erate that nothing in this judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12993069 ment must be }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12941143 taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12993069 as indicating any view as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12941143 the legality of the events on 5th December 2006 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 subsequently.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12941143 efendant relies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 on this speech to show that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9510975 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 irrespective of freedom of expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9510975 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 public interest considerations themselves, the conduct of the Board prior to December 2006 had already been made a matter of public interest. It was against }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 background that appointments including that of Aisake Taito were made and the Ernst and Young report commissioned. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [43] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It is pertinent to note tha t following upon the amendment Act of 2005 granting the Board much greater scope to invest but before December 2006, the Board, as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11601176 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 en constituted, made various public statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11601176 concerning their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 new investment powers, in particular in relation to two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11601176 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 hotels and the Natadola Project. These pronouncements were carried in various news media outlets. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [44] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 On the 14th of March 2007 The Fiji Times newspaper carried a report concerning the Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s appointment of Ernst and Young to car}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 ry out an audit of the Fund. Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Taito is quoted as saying "the decision (to send the previous Chief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2571253 Executive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Officer and Deputy on leave) is necessary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2571253 facilitate the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 impleme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2571253 ntation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 of a thorough and clinical inquiry into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2571253 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 areas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the FNPF". It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611005 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 at that juncture that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611005 apparently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Mr. Taito}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611005 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 became Acting Chief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611005 Executive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Officer and General Manager of the Fund and Peceli Vocea became C}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3611005 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 airman. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9072513 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [45] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 On the 28th of April Mr. Vocea gave a media release concerning the Board and the Natadola Project. This was reported in the print media. Over the next weeks there were then further stories touching upon this and related subjects. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [46] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Board received the Report on or about 16 July. On 30th of August Mr. Vocea provided a media release which referred specifically to the Report which was stated to have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723375 "identified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 a number of governance, control and structural weaknesses that potentially exposed FNPF to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6315882 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 unnecessary risks". There were also references in the media release to the commencement of legal recovery actions in relation to two former executives, and the finding of actions that the Board considered were not lawful. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [47] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the chronology of events Fiji Television Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s news broadcasts then took place on 19th, 20th and 21st September. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [48] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 These proceedings were commenced on the 28 th of September. On the 2nd of October 2007 Mr, Vocea was reported in Fiji Times of 3rd of October as saying, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9072513 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "... the Fiji National Provident Fund would be releasing the Ernst and Young Report gradually for public consumption. \par {\listtext\tab}He said it was comprehensive and too big to release at once. \par {\listtext\tab}"We want to ensure the public read it and we can debate on the issues and how we can deal with the recommendations of the report," Mr. Vocea said. \par {\listtext\tab}He said teams will be working on releasing the Report slowly to make public consumption easier. \par {\listtext\tab}The Natadola Bay Resorts Limited (NBRL) said the decision to invest in the Natadola Hotel Project was made by the fund without carrying our proper independent due diligence. \par {\listtext\tab}Chairman of NBRL Felix Anthony said the company was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7018137 subsidiary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 of the Fiji National Provid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7018137 ent Fund Limited and was establ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7018137\charrsid16584919 ished}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 to invest in the Natadola Project." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9072513 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [49] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Mr. Felix Anthony, the Chairman of Natadola Bay Resorts Limited, "a subsidiary of FNPF Investment" released a press statement on 5th of October specifically disclosing what he stated were parts of the Report concerning the Natadola Bay Resort Project and saying that further releases would be made. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [50] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel for the defendant therefore says that their argument is not just based upon freedom of expression, freedom of the media, freedom of access to government information, and accountability of government a nd its agencies but the actions of the plaintiff have placed the whole issue in the public domain. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9072513 [51] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The plaintiff avers that to establish a claim for breach of confidence, the claimant must show that the information is capable of being protected, the defendant owes the claimant an obligation to keep the information confidential and the defendant used the information in a way that breached that duty. Once these three factors have been sh own the defendant may raise its defences, the most significant being that the disclosure was justified in the public interest. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15402762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402762 [52] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892398\charrsid16584919 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402762 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892398\charrsid16584919 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 counsel continued that an indirect recipient of the information}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892398 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 who is aware of its confidential status will normally be bound by a duty of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892398 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 confidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In Attorney General v, Guardian Newspapers [1990]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892398 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15402762 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 109 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Spy Catcher Case"), Lord Keith said, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14892398 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "It is a general rule of law that a third party that comes into possession of confidential information which he know s to be such, may come under a duty not to pass it on to anyone else." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15402762 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9244593 [53] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 If a person receives information innocently, but subsequently discovers that the information is confidential, they will be bound by a duty of confidence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9244593 [54] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel for the plain tiff continued the nature of the information is a most important factor. If a disclosure related to a misdeed of a serious nature and importance to the country, then it is likely to be justified as being in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the public interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . However, the unauthorised disclosure of information that is merely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 interesting to the public}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 is not permitted, (Lion Laboratories v. Evans [1985] QB 526 at page 537). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324540 [55] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the case of European Pacific Banking Corporation v. Fourth Estate Publications Limited [1993] 1 NZLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324540 559 (The Winebox No.1 Case) Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Justice Henry granted the plaintiffs interim relief restraining the National Business Review and the Independent newspaper from making use of documents that had been obtained in breach of confidence. The newspapers had sought to resist the injunction saying they would raise a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13186383 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 public interest defence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13186383\charrsid16584919 disclosing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 iniquity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Mr. Justice Henry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13186383 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 concluded that a defence based on iniquity was not amenable to assessment at the interlocutory stage and said, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13186383 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "Where the information is con fidential there is prima facie an entitlement to protection, the public interest or "iniquity rule" being a defence to the claim for protection. Accordingly it is in my view incumbent on a party resisting protection to identify and establish the public in terest if that is to be relied upon." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1324540 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324540 [56] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 He continued that whether, and if so to what extent, publication of confidential information should be allowed could not satisfactorily be determined at an interlocutory state of the proceeding. He stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1324540 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "Two pr incipal factors weigh with me in reaching that conclusion. First, the unrestricted ability to publish would effectively and permanently deprive the plaintiffs of what he sought as their primary form of relief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the protection will be lost for all time. Second, I can discern no real need for present disclosure, even assuming public interest should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324540 be seen as requiring disclosure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 " \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1324540 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324540 [57] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Henry J. then applied the American Cyanamid test. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1324540 [58] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In European Pacific Banking Corporation v. Television New Zealand High Court of New Zealand, 3rd of February 1994, (the Wine Box No. 2 case) Mr. Justice Robertson stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13532736 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "The core issue before the Court is, are the defendants using confidential material which has been unlawfully obtained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 If they are or have, then does wha t is described in shorthand as the "in iniquity concept" overcome the right to confidentiality which would otherwise exist. \par {\listtext\tab}"I have no difficulty on the evidential material available in concluding that the plaintiffs have established that the defendants h ave material which is confidential, which it is prima facie entitled to have treated in confidence and which was unlawfully obtained." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7093922 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093922 [59] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 On how an application for an injunction is to be treated, Robertson J. stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16732405 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "I am hearing an application for an interim injunction. The base tests are well known}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Klissers Farmhouse Bakeries Limited v. Harvest Bakeries [1985] 2 NZLR 129. The purpose of the proceeding is to seek the balance (many cases speak of balance of convenience but I prefer the approach of Dona ldson MR in Francome v. Mirror Group Newspapers Limited [1984] 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16732405 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 LR 892 who speaks of the balance of justice) pending the final determination of matters. What I am required to do is weigh the competing interests and the matters which have been advanced to determine what is to occur pending the resolution of the substantive matter." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7093922 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 [60] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel for the plaintiff added that in the case of Ashton v. Telegraph Group Limited [2001] 4 All ER 666, the English Court of Appeal recognised that, except in rare cases, copyright protection will prevail over freedom of expression. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 [61] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel continued that in an action for breach of confidence in New Zealand, the defendant carries the onus of proving that disclosure is in the public interest. This is the case, whether the information concerned is about government, commercial or private matters. He accepted that the English and Australian approaches are different (see Attorney General v. Guardi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 an Newspapers (No.2) [1988] 3 All}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ER 545, 640 to 642 and Com monwealth of Australia v. John Fairfax and Sons Limited [1980] 32 ALR 485, 492-493 respectively) where the courts have accepted that government information should be disclosed unless those opposing disclosure can prove that the public interest requires no n\_}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4745994 disclosure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5005682 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 [62] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the "New Zealand Spycatcher case (Attorney General of United}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019479 Kingdom v Wellington}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Newspapers Limited }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7019479 [1988] 1 NZLR 129), Cooke P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 applied the standard test for breach of confidence. The plaintiff only had to show that the information wa s prima facie confidential then "the claim may then be rebutted by a public interest defence". Having rejected the English and Australian approach on the onus of proof, he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435142 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 recognised that determining the public interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435142 "will or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 may require a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7435142 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 balancing exercise of the kind undertaken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in the cases last cited". \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 [63] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel continued that in his submission the test is on the balance of probabilities rather than the establishment of a prima facie case, even at this stage. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5005682 [64] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7414696 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 defendant accepts the general test for the consideration of an interlocutory injunction is to be derived from the House of Lord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s decision in American Cyanamid Co. v. Ethicon Limited [1975] AC 396. Three principal factors are considered, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7414696 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Whether a serious issue has been raised (on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7414696 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 pleadings)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7414696 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Whether or not damages would be an adequate remedy; and \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11800267 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11800267 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Where the balance of convenience or justice lies. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3478401 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3478401 [65] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel avers that this is a general rule but different legal principles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11800267 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 apply in various circumstances depending on the cause of action and other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16259834 circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 , including the identity of the parties. He continues that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16259834 n this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 particular case there is no allegation of a contractual breach of confide}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16259834 nce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . The traditional elements for a cause of action for breach of confidence in a non-contractual case are set out in the judgment of }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11671217 Megarry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 J. (as he then was) in Coco v. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3478401 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 N. Clarke (Engineers) Limited [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11671217 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 969] RPC 41 at page 47 where he stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11671217 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11671217 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In my judgment, three elements are n ormally required if, apart from contract, a case of breach of confidence is to succeed. First, the information itself, in the words of Lord Greene, MR in the Saltman case page 215 must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 have the necessary quality of confidence about it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . Secondly, that information must have been imparted in circumstances importing an obligation of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6970669 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Thirdly, there must be an unauthorised use of that information to the detrimen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133796 t of the party communicating it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 " \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13133796 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133796 [66] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers Limited (No.2) [1990] and [1988] 3 All ER 545, Lord Goff of Chievely said that the broad principle is subject to three limitations, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13133796 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474356 (i) '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The principle of confidentiality only applies to information to the extent that it is confidential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ';}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid474356 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 it applies neither to useless information nor to trivia; \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3355462 (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the public interest protecting confidence may be outweighed by some counterveiling public interest which favours disclosure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13133796 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133796 [67] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In Lion Laboraries Limited v. Evans and Others [1985] 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133796 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 QB 526 the English Court of Appeal held that a broad public interest defence applied to breach of confidence and copyright claims and that at the interlocutory injunction stage, the defendants had only to show an arguable case that they might establish at the substantive hearing to defeat an application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7553626 for an injunction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133796 [68] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 These matters have been considered in two cases previously in Fiji. First, Bokini v. The Associated Media Limited [1996] FJHC 88 when Fatiaki J. (as he then was) relied on the dictum of Lord Denning in Fraser v. Evans [1968] 3 WLR 1172 where he stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4927187 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "There are some things which may require to be disclosed in the public interest, in which event no confidence can be prayed in aid to keep them secret" \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13133796 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13133796 [69] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 He also applied the judgment of Sir Nicholas Browne Wilkinson VC in Femis-Bank}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 (Anguilla) Limited and Others v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . Lazar and Another [1991] 2 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 ll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ER 865 where at page 873 he stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3949269 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "... the fact that the injunction will interfere with freedom of speech is an important factor to be tak en into account. I would expect that only in the very clearest case ... would the interference with that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3949269 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 public interest be justified by the grant of an injunction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 There is}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3949269 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 a real public interest in not surpressing discussion of matters which are inconvenient to those people who are running}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 financial institutions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 " \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10518080 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 [70] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the second case, Fiji Public Service Credit Union v. Fiji Times and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12674094 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 Others (Civil Action HBC0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 210 of 1996) Pain J. granted an interlocutory injunction prohibiting the Fiji Times from con tinuing to run stories on the shareholdings and loans taken by officials of the Credit Union that were set out in a computer print out, which the Credit Union claimed was confidential information that had been disclosed by an employee in breach of confide n ce. Pain J. applied Lion Laboratories but granted the injunction because of the strong public interest in maintaining confidentiality of personal financial records and also the tenuousness of the claims. He found the defendants had not raised an arguable case that the public interest involved merited the breaching of the confidence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 [71] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In both those cases the rights of private individuals to confidentiality were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in issue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the case before me the plaintiff is a statutory body.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8522298 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Counsel for the defendant p oints out that there is a further, well established, special rule which applies to information claimed by the government to be confidential. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10518080 [72] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In Attorney General v. Jonathan Cape Limited [1976] QB 752 when considering circumstances similar to those in this case Lord Widgery CJ stated at pages 770-771, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid349233 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Attorney General must show (a) that such publication would be in breach of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 (b) that the public interest requires that the publication be restrained, (c) that there are no other fats of the public interest contradictory of and more compelling than that relied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid349233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 upon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 However, the Court, when asked to restrain such a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid349233 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 publication, must closely examine the extent to which relief is necessary to ensure that restrictions are not imposed beyond the strict requirement of public need."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid349233 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11616492 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It must be borne in mind in considering the English cases that decisions were made against the background of no written constitution setting out a Bill of Rights, and later the Human Rights Act. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11616492 [73] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The defendant furth er relies on the High Court of Australia case of Commonwealth of Australia v. John Fairfax and Sons Limited [1980] 147 CLR 39 where Mason J. (as he then was) considered an application by the State for an interlocutory injunction to restrain publication of a book containing text from sensitive foreign relations documents that appeared to have been leaked by a public servant. At pages 51 to 52 he stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9860312 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "However, the plaintiff must show, not only that the information is confidential in quality and that it w as imparted so as to import an obligation of confidence, but also that there will be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 an unauthorised use of that information to the detriment of the party communicating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9860312 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4002150 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The question then, when the Executive Government seeks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9860312 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the protection given by equity, is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 What detriment does it need to show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}The equitable principle has been fashioned to protect the personal, private and proprietory interests of the citizen, not to protect the very different intere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4002150 sts of the Executive Government.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It acts, or is supposed to act, not according to standards of private inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4002150 est, but in the public interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 This is not to say that equity will not protect information in the hands of the Government, but it is to say that when equity protects Government information it will look at the matter through different spectacles. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8330582 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It may be a sufficient detriment to the citizen that disclosure of information relating to his affairs will expose his actions to public discussion and criticism. But it can scarcely be a relevant detrimen t to the Government that publication of material concerning its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8330582 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 actions will merely expose it to public discussion and criticism. It is unacceptable in our democratic society that there should be a restraint on the publication of information relating to Go vernment when the only vice of that information is that it enables the public to discuss, review and criticise Government action. \par {\listtext\tab}Accordingly, the Court will determine the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s claim to confidenti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8330582 ality by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 reference to the public interest. Unless disclosure is likely to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201587 injure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the public interest, it will not be protected, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13201587 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Court will not prevent the publication of information which merely throws light on the past workings of Government, even if it be not public property, so long as it does not prejudice the community in other respects. Then disclosure will itself serve the public interest in keeping the community informed and in promoting discussion of public affairs. If, however it appears that disclosure will be inimical to the public intere st because national security, relations with foreign countries or the ordinary business of Government will be prejudiced, disclosure will be restrained. There will be cases in which the conflicting consid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13201587 eration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 will be finely balanced, where it is difficult to decide whether the public interest in knowing and in expressing its opinion, outweigh the need to protect confidentiality." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4002150 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4002150 [74] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Both these cases were cited and applied by the House of Lords in Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers (No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4002150 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 2) [1990] 1 AC 109 where at page 270 Lord Griffiths of Kinkel stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14232516 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13261904 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 But whatever may be the position between the private litigants, we have in this litigation to consider the position when it is the Government that seeks the remedy. In my view, for rea sons so cogently stated by Mason J. in Commonwealth of Australia v. John}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14232516 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Fairfax and Sons Limited (supra)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4002150 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 a Government that wishes to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14232516 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 enforce silence through an action for breach of confidence must establish that it is in the public interest to do so. Th is is but another way of saying that the Government must establish, as an essential element of the right to the remedy, that the public interest will suffer detriment if an injunction is not granted." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4931953 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4931953 [75] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In the more recent case of Steen v. The Attorney General [2001] 403 EWCA, Silber J. stated at page 12 paragraph [46]. \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13451893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "The positi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4931953 on can be summarised as follows.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The Crown has no right to restrain a newspaper from publishing information about Government unless (i) disclosure of the information will be co ntrary to the public interest and (ii) the information has not already been disclosed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4931953 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4931953 [76] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In Attorney Gene}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4931953 ral v. Punch Limited [2003] 1 All}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 ER 289 the House of Lords had to balance the competing considerations of national security and freedom of speech. At pages 296-297 Lord Nichols stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1730884 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "This appeal concerns a restraint on the freedom of expression. Freedom of expression includes, importantly, the right to impart}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730884 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 interference by public authority, to use the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730884 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 language of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730884 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 10(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights. Restraints on the freedom of expression are acceptable only to the extent they are necessary and justified by compelling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730884 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The need for the restraint must be convincingly}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730884 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 established.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Restraints on the freedom of the press call for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1730884 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 particularly rigorous scrutiny."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4931953 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4931953 [77] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16739274 hat then is the position in Fiji? In my judgment, the Constitution of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5794813 contains strong assertions of the right to freedom of speech and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 expression, including freedom of the press and other m edia. There is provision for that right to be limited by law, but only in set defined circumstances and only to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5794813 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 justifiable in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823726 a free}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 democratic society. This is supplemented by an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823726 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 entire chapter i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11823726 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the Cons titution entitled "Accountability" and in particular Part 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "Freedom of Information" where section 174 enjoins the Parliament to enact a law to give members of the public rights of access to official documents of the Government and its agencies. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6500874 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [78] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The right to freedom of speech and expression is supplemented by the breadth of the interpretation provision at section 43 and in particular subsection 2 which enjoins the Court to "promote the values that underlie democratic society based on freedom and equ ality and must, if relevant, have regard to public international law applicable to the protection of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14576568 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 rights set out in this Chapter".}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Both considerations are further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14576568 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 supplemented by section 3 which is headed "Interpretation of Constitution" and requires a construction that would promote the purpose or object underlying a provision, taking into account the spirit of the Constitution as a whole and paying regard to the co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489446 ntext}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489446 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 n which the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489446 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Constitution was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489446 drafted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 and the intention th} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489446 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Constitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489446 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 interpretation take into account social and cultural developments, especially developments in the promotion of particular human rights. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [79] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Limitations on the right to fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618227 eedom of expression}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 are acceptable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618227 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 to the extent set out in subs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618227 ection}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 2 of section 30. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15618227 limitations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 must be necessary and ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9306437 stified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 by compelling reasons. The need for the limitation must be convincingly established}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Limitations on the freedom of the press call for particularly rigorous }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9306437\charrsid16584919 scrutiny}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . Any limitation can only be to the extent that it is reasonable and justifiable in a free and democratic society. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [80] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I have referred to the events of December 2006 and in particular to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9306437 statements}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 of the military commander and the replacemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 t of key officials of the Board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [81] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I reiterate that in the current circumstances of Fiji the freedom of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7371176 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 press assumes an even greater significance in matters of public interest. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [82] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I respectfully adopt the words Mason J. in the Fairfax Case when he stated, \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7371176 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 "It is unacceptable in our democra tic society that there should be a restraint on the publication of information relating to Government when the only vice of that information is that it enables the public to discuss, review and criticise Government action. \par {\listtext\tab}Accordingly the Court will determine the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s claim to confidentiality by reference to the public interest. Unless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7238530 discl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 osure is likely to injure the public interest, it will not be protected." \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6500874 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 These words apply with equal force to the current circumstances of Fiji, even though the "interim government" was not democratically elected. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [83] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It accordingly follows therefore that I reject the use of the American}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15141794 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Cyanamid principles when confidentiality of information is claimed by Government to stop its publication. In seeking an inte rlocutory injunction to restrain the publication of Government information, the Attorney General, or Government agency must show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15141794 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15141794 1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 That such publication would be in breach of confidence. \par {\listtext\tab}2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 That the public interest requires the publication be restrained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15141794 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 in accordance with one of the heads set out in section 30(2) (a)-(g) of the Constitution, and \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15141794 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 If any restraint upon publication is to be made then the Court must closely examine the extent to which relief is necessary to ensure that restrictions are not imposed beyond the strict requirement that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in a free and democratic society. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6500874 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 A necessary and important part of consideration 2 is whether the information is already in the public domain. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [84] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I now look at t he particular facts of this case as they appear to me upon the face of the affidavits. I do find that the above principles apply to this application by the FNPF Board for an interlocutory injunction. It is a statutory body and an agency of Government. Its Board is appointed by the Government Minister. It was not argued by the plaintiff that any "right to personal privacy" (section 37 of the Constitution) was engaged or could apply for the benefit of the plaintiff in this case. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6500874 [85] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Although in his written s ubmissions counsel for the plaintiff suggested some four potential grounds of claim there is only one set out in the endorsement of claim on the Writ, namely that the Ernst and Young Final Report "constituted confidential information the property of the p laintiff". I therefore must disregard the other three heads of claim set out in the written submissions, \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9898709 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9898709 [86] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 There is a fundamental difference between the first and second affidavit of Mr. Taito. In the first affidavit at paragraphs 23-27 he sets out what he describes as the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s "proprietary interest". He states the Report is the property of FNPF, it was commissioned and paid for by FNPF and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5988287 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 any copies belong to the FNPF. In his second affidavit Mr. Taito at paragraph 5 quotes the terms of engagement of Ernst and Young. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4069964 paragraph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 8 of the terms which is entitled "Intellectual Property Rights"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4069964 state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9898709 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4069964 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 that, subject to Clause 7 (Tax advice - Confidentiality) Ernst and Young retains all copyright and other intellectual property rights in all reports, writ ten advice or other deliverables provided, including systems, methodologies, software and know how. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9898709 [87] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It therefore follows that FNPF must confine itself to some form of breach of confidence. This would appear to be consisten t with the wording of the endorsement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8664274 claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9898709 [88] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 According to the face of Mr. Taito}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s first affidavit none of their copies of the report are missing and there is not even a reasonable suggestion as to how a copy might have been made by someone and reach ed Fiji TV. Further, Mr. Taito accepts that Ernst and Young must have retained in their possession at least one copy of the report. No copy of the report was annexed to the affidavit or presented as available, and only at the hearing were transcripts of t he broadcasts placed before the Court. And that was done by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3017664 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3017664 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 defendant. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1705421 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1705421 [89] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3370052 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 from Fiji TV Limited is that the copy report they received was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3370052\charrsid16584919 del}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3370052 ivered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 by an unknown male Fijian who simply left it at the reception desk for the news service. No thing further is known of that person nor where the copy came from. It cannot be said with any certainty how the unauthorised copy came to be made or who it came from. The fact the Report is marked "Strictly Confidential" does not in itself mean there is any enforceable right to prevent its publication. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1705421 [90] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 The matter does not rest there. Ernst and Young have not sought in any way either to be joined in this action or commence proceedings of their own. Ernst and Young must be aware of the reporting in the media of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1923795 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 their Report and in any event the plaintiff could have alerted them thereto. Ernst and Young have not come to Court alleging breach of copyright or breach of confidence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1705421 [91] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It appears there was a period of seven days between the first broadcast and the filing of these proceedings, (excluding the date of the broadcast and the date of the filing themselves). I do find that given the level of sensitivity which the plaintiff claims attaches to this Report seven days does amount to an unreasonable de l ay in seeking the relief of the court to prevent any further disclosure. Whilst this in itself is not fatal to an application for an interim injunction it militates against the issue of one and allowed the further placing in the public domain of the infor mation it seeks to injunct. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1705421 [92] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 According to the Fiji Times of 3rd October Peceli Vocea said the Report would be gradually released for public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7814265\charrsid16584919 consumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . This appears to be completely at odds with the raison d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 etre of this action and the affidavits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7814265 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122669 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Taito.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 What must necessarily cause further surprise is that an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7814265 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 interim injunction having been granted to the plaintiff ex parte on 1st October, on 5th October, the Chairman of Natadola Bay Resort Limited "a subsidiary of FNPF Investment" released a pres s statement disclosing important parts of the Report and promising more. The release was taken up in the Fiji Sun of 8th October. I do endorse defence counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s comment when he describes the remark that the Report was "comprehensive and too big to release all at once" as patronising. These and other factors leave wide open the question as to whether all relevant matters were placed before the Court in the original affidavit supporting the ex parte application for interim injunction and in Mr. Taito}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 s affida vit of 15th October. When ex parte applications for interim injunctions are made the applicant must place all relevant matters before the Court, including those the defendant could be expected to raise. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12283568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12283568 [93] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 All this must be placed along side the evidence that before December 2006 the then Board put these matters in the public domain, and after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2235940 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 2006 they were kept firmly in the public domain. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12283568 [94] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 At the heart of this matter is the fact that the Fiji National Provident Fund Board is responsible for millions upon millions of dollars belonging to ordinary people. It is their money. It is being collected, invested and later paid out for their benefit. The entire operation of the Fund and the Board is directed to these ends. The Board cannot seek to pr event the public from knowing the contents of a Report concerning the conduct of its affairs involving the investment of millions of dollars of their money over a period of years. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12283568 [95] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 In reaching this conclusion I have taken into account section 3(4) of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid599740 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Fiji National Provident Fund Act which states "A member of the Board shall not reveal or communicate to any person any matter which shall be brought }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8734233 under}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 his consideration or shall become known to him as a member of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10309538 Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 except as may be required for the due discharge of his duties". This does not, in itself, under cut the right to freedom of expression, nor does the right absolve Board members from this obligation. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12283568 [96] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Accordingly I find the following}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14577362 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577362 1. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 To found the application for an interim r estraining order the Fiji National Provident Fund Board has to show that publication would be in breach of confidence. Fiji National Provident Fund Board, on the affidavits before me, has not shown that vis-a-vis the Board there has been any breach of con fidence in respect of the Ernst and Young Report. \par {\listtext\tab}2. The Board has to show that the public interest requires that the publication be restrained in accordance with section 30(2) of the Constitution. On the evidence before me they have failed to do that. Ind eed, this is so given the fact that the Board is an agency of government and that it was the Board that both before and after December 2006 placed these matters in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577362 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 public domain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Even after the granting of the ex parte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577362 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 restraining order the chairman of a subsidiary or related company of the Board specifically placed important points from the Report in the public domain and promised that the remainder would follow. \par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14577362 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Since I do not impose a restraint upon publication in these proceedings I need not consider the third limb of the test. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9790671 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9790671 [97] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Any publication must, of course, be in accordance with any other lawful limitation, for example if a part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4681434 icular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 matter is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 sub judice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9666217\charrsid16584919 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 . Further, this judgment must not be taken as absolving employees of the Board from any contractual duties of confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4681434\charrsid16584919 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 they might have. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9790671 [98] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I would add that in the light of Part 5 of Chapter 11 of the Constitution "Freedom of Information" it is es sential for the honest and diligent discharge of the business of Government and its agencies that a Freedom of Information Act be passed at the first opportunity. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9790671 [99] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 It is essential for the well-being of Fiji that all "Accountability" sections of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524096 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 the Constitution are actively and vigorously pursued. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9790671 [100] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 Therefore, I discharge the ex parte interim order of 1st October 2007. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9790671 [101] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1524096\charrsid16584919 will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 hear the parties on costs. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16584919 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4284074\charrsid16584919 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9790671 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4284074\charrsid9790671 (R.J. Coventry)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1524096\charrsid9790671 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid4284074\charrsid9790671 JUDGE \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a 9cb2400825e982c78ec7a27cc0c8992416c9d8b2a755fbf74cd25442a820166c2cd933f79e3be372bd1f07b5c3989ca74aaff2422b24eb1b475da5df374fd9ad 5689811a183c61a50f98f4babebc2837878049899a52a57be670674cb23d8e90721f90a4d2fa3802cb35762680fd800ecd7551dc18eb899138e3c943d7e503b6 b01d583deee5f99824e290b4ba3f364eac4a430883b3c092d4eca8f946c916422ecab927f52ea42b89a1cd59c254f919b0e85e6535d135a8de20f20b8c12c3b0 0c895fcf6720192de6bf3b9e89ecdbd6596cbcdd8eb28e7c365ecc4ec1ff1460f53fe813d3cc7f5b7f020000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6 a7e7c0000000360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4f 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