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\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3029959 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3029959 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par At Suva
\par }{\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10699356 Civil Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3029959 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid12870099 CIVIL ACTION NO. 0073 OF 2004
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3029959 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3029959 THE PROCEEDINGS COMMISSIONER,
\par FIJI HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid3029959 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Plaintiffs
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Defendants
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Counsel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 : }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Dr. Shamee}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732 m, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Mr. U. Ratuvili}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 for the Human Rights Commission
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Sharma & Ms. T.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 
Waqanika for the Suva City Council
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 Date of Hearing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732 : }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 21st & 22nd June 2006

\par Date of Judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732  17th November 2006
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid11627732 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3029959 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682 [1] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Caroline Tilly Martin wa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9655111 s born on the 22nd January 1945.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  In 1967 she was employed b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12870099 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 the Suva City Council and in 1974 became a member of their established staff. She was employed in the Parks and Gardens Department. In 1972 she attended the Parks and Reserves Department in New Ply}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022760 
mouth, New Zealand for a three m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 onth attachment. She}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 proved herself to be an enthusiastic and studious person during that visit. She continued in horticultural work with Suva City Council }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 until her compulsory retirement.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [2] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 On 2nd of November 1999 a retirement notice was sent to her giving her six months notice of the Cou}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 ncil's intention to retire her. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 She was then 54 years of age and would be 55 in January 2000.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [3] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 This notice was said to be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022760 done in accordance with Clause 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 9(ii) of the Master Agreement, the Collective Agreement, between the Council and the Suva City Council Staff Association dated 17th August 1979.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 [4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Clause 1 of that agreement reads}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022760 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 "Retirement - the normal age of retirement from the Council service will be 60 years, except that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073324 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (i) \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (ii) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 On or after attaining the age of 55 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11430830 years}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid11430830 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11430830  an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  officer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808  may be compulsorily retired by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
the Council provided that the officer must be given six months notice of the intention so to retire him"
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [5] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 After various procedures a fresh retirement not
ice was issued to Caroline Martin on 13th December 2001. By a letter dated 21st February 2002 the Human Rights Commission announced that they were holding }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073324 a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 formal inquiry.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [6] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The matter was not resolved and by letter of 27th of January 2003 the Human Ri
ghts Commission informed Suva City Council that it intended to issue formal proceedings. On 29th of September 2004 the Proceedings Commissioner of the Fiji Human Rights Commission issued proceedings against Suva}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073324  City Council under section 36(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 ) Human Rights}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Commission Act. In these proceedings they sought seven reliefs including declarations, orders and damages on behalf of Ms. Martin.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [7] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073324 By a Ruling on Preliminary I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
ssues dated 3rd of November 2005 I directed that argument concerning paragraphs 1 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362273 3 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 of
 the originating process be heard first. This judgment concerns those paragraphs 1 and 3.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [8] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The paragraphs read as follows
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
"1. A declaration that the compulsory retirement policy of the defendant based on chapter 4 clause 19(ii) of the Collective Agreement between the defendants and Suva City Council Staff Association directly discriminates against its employees over the age 
of 55 contrary to section 38(2) of the Constitution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 2. \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 . }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 An order declaring the Collective Agreement void and unenforceable in so far as it offends section 38(2) of the Constitution in imposing a compulsory retirement age}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362808 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 4-7 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3022760 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3029959 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 [9] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
I have before me the affidavits of Caroline Martin filed on 29th September 2004, 10th of February 2005 and 30th of May 2006, the affidavits of Jale Toki filed on 29th September 2004, 10th of February 2005 and 30th May 2006, the affidavit of Ganga Devi Pil
lay filed on 20th January 2006, the two affidavits of Eroni Ratukalou filed on 3rd of April 2006 and the two affidavits of Illitomasi Verenakadavu filed on 24th December 2004}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6446298 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  I also have written submissions from the parties together with supporting authorities and other documents. In the outcome, the evidence in the affidavits was only of background}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
importance in the resolution of these issues. The evidence the defendants sought to adduce by their summons of 20th June, paragraph 1, would not apparently have had any bearing on the issues. (See}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  Ruling in respect of that summons dated 17th November 2006).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 [10]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
In essence, the Human Rights Commission states that the clause in the Collective Agreement which allows the Council in its discretion compulsorily to r
etire an employee, once the employee reaches the age of 55, offends the Constitution and the Human Rights Commission Act provisions against age discrimination. They say it is t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6446298 
herefore void and unenforceable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 [11]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The Commission further avers that the com
pulsory retirement age similarly offends the age discrimination provisions and is void and unenforceable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156228 
\par 
\par [12] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The current Constitution of Fiji is the "1997 Constitution" as embodied in the Constitution Amendment Act 1997. Previous Constitutions had not i
ncluded measures concerning discrimination upon the grounds of age. Section 38 is headed "Equality" and states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 "(1) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Every person has the right to equality before the law.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \fi11\li709\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid151254 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (2) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly, on the grounds of his or her}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4156228 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
actual or supposed personal characteristics or circumstances including race, ethnic origin, colour, place of origin, gender, sexual orientation, birth, primary language, economic status, age or disability}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (b) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 opinions
 or beliefs, except to the extent that those opinions involve harm to others or the diminution of the rights or freedom of others;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3029959\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid151254 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 or on any other ground prohibited by this Constitution.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (3) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Accordingly, neither a law nor an administrative action taken under a law may directly or indirectly impose a disability or restriction on an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid151254 y person on a prohibited ground.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (4) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
(Rights of access without discrimination on prohibited grounds to shops, hotel, services etc.)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (5) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
(Facilitation of reasonable access for disabled persons).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (6) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
A law, or an administrative action taken under a law, is not inconsistent with the right to freedom from discrimination on the grounds of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 :}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid922501 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid922501 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 (a)-(c)\'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362808 (d) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 age;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 (e)\'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13575518 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
during the period of two years after the date of commencement of this Constitution if the law was in force immediately before that date and has remained continually in force during that period.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996025 (7) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 A law is not inconsistent with
 subsection (1), (2) or (3) on the ground that it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13575518 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 (a)\'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 (b) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
imposes a retirement age on a person who is the holder of a public office;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13575518 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13575518 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13575518 (c)-(e) \'85.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13575518\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13575518 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
but only to the extent that the law is reasonable and justifiable in a free and democratic society.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (8)-(10) \'85"
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [13] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
A considerable number of questions and considerations have been raised by the parties during the course of the proceedings. I will deal with each in turn under the headings of specific questions.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3022760 Does Section 38 Apply to the Suva City Council}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid3022760 ?}{
\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3022760 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [14] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Section 38 of the Constitution of Fiji is contained in Chapter 4 which is entitled "Bill of Rights". The first section of that chapter is entitled "Application" and reads as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "21-(1) This Chapter binds:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (a) the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government at all levels}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13199709 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  central, divisional and local}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (b) all persons performing the functions of any public office.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
(2) The rights and freedoms set out in this Chapter apply according to their tenor and are subject only to the limitations under laws of general application permitted by this Chapter and to such derogations as are authorised under Chapter 14 (Emergency Po
wers).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
(3) Laws made, and administrative and judicial actions taken, after the commencement of this Constitution are subject to the provisions of this Chapter.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (4) In considering the application of this Chapter to particular legislation, a court must inte
rpret this Chapter contextually, having regard to the contents and consequences of the legislation, including its impact upon individuals, groups or communities.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (5) This Chapter applies to all laws in force at the commencement of this Constitution.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949249 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (6) 
To the extent that it is capable of doing so, this Chapter extends to things done or actions taken outside the Fiji Islands."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [15] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 At page 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13199709 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  of my Ruling on Preliminary Issues dated the 3rd of November 2005 I stated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6446298 :}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "Suva City Council falls within the 
provisions of sub-paragraph (a) of section 21(1) being part of Local Government:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
"Section 88(2) of the Local Government Act Cap. 125 states "the provisions of this Act relating to the powers and duties of Councils are in addition to and not in derogation 
of the provisions of any other written law relating to such powers and duties and in the exercise of their powers and the performance of their duties in relation to any matter for which provision is made by any other law, the Council shall act in conformi
ty therewith"."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [16] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I am satisfied that the provisions of section 38 do apply to Suva City Council.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3022760 Is or Was the Collective Agreement "Law" for the Purposes of Chapter 4?
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [17] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The 1997 Constitution of Fiji was drafted relatively recently. In this regar
d the framers of the Constitution and Parliament would have had the advantage of knowing which articles in other Constitutions had worked well and which had caused problems in the field of Bills of Rights.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [18] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
One particular concern in this regard is the meaning of the word "law" in this context. Whilst Acts passed by the legislature are clearly law, judicial opinion has differed as to whether or not collective agreements entered into by, for example, public ho
s
pitals, or universities are "law" for the purposes of rights cases. The starting point for the interpretation of a Constitution is the plain meaning on the face of the document. That must be placed within the framework and construction of the surrounding 
sections and chapters. There must also be a purposive interpretation, the Constitution being a living document.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [19] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Chapter 4 has its own interpretation section, namely section 43:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13979150 "(1) \'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13979150 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13979150 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9307457 (2) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
In interpreting the provisions of this Chapter, the courts mu
st promote the values that underlie a democratic society based on freedom and equality and must, if relevant, have regard to public international law applicable to the protection of the rights set out in this Chapter.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9307457 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9307457 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9307457 (3) \'85..}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13979150 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9307457\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [20] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The defendants seek to
 argue that the Collective Agreement between the Suva City Council and the Staff Association is not "law" and therefore is not subject to the anti-discrimination provisions of section 38(2).
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [21] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826797 In the case of }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826797\charrsid13979150 McK}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid13979150 inney v. University of Guelph}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 [1990] SCR000 the Supreme Court of Canada had to decide whether the University's policies (assuming it formed part of 'government') of a mandatory retirement age of 65 breached section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In order for secti
on 15(1) of the Charter to apply the alleged age discrimination had to be one made by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
law'. Opinion on this point was divided. La Forest J. (one of the majority) stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3022760 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7041344 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
The most obvious form of law for this purpose is, of course, statute or regulation. It is clear, however, that it would be easy for government to circumvent the Charter if the term law were to be restricted to these formal types of law making }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915815 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  On the assumption that the universities form part of the fabric of government, I would have tho
ught their policies on mandatory retirement would amount to a law for the purposes of section 15 of the Charter.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7041344 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [22] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Wilson J. (dissenting) stated "law" should be given a:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "liberal interpretation encompassing both legislative activity and policies and practic}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682 es even if adopted consensually.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  The guarantee of equality applies irrespective of th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682 e form the discrimination takes.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 Discrimination, unwittingly or not, is often perpetuated through informal practices. Section 15 does not require}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826797  a search for a discriminatory "l}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 aw" in the narrow context but merely a search for discrimination which must be redressed by the law".
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (See also, for example }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid2915815 Douglas College/Kwanthen Faculty Association v. Douglas College}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  [1990] 3 SCR 570.)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [23] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I do not find that the Fiji Constitution produces the same difficulties. Section 38 is entitled "Equalit}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104050 y". It is clear, in my judgment,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 that the sub-sections of section 38 do not have running throughout the requirement that any prohibited acts must arise out of anything describable as "law".
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [24] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Subsection 1 states that "Every person has the r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826797 
ight to equality before the law."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [25] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Subsection 2, taking the approach to interpretation I am required to do by section 43(2
), is a broad injunction against unfair discrimination upon the grounds set out. I do not find by its wording or its contextual setting that such injunction is or should be limited to laws or administrative actions taken under law, whether directly or ind
irectly. Section 21(1) (supra) states specifically which bodies and persons are bound by Chapter 4. Subsection (2) states the rights and freedoms}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104050  apply according to their tenor.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [26] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Subsection (4), concerning right of access to shops, hotels, public restaurants etc. without discrimination on a prohibited 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3760153 ground is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 consistent with this. It would be an unnecessary and artificial limitation of what is stated in subsections (2) and (4) were they to be limited to law or administrative actions taken under law.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [27] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Subsection (5) places a positive onus on proprietors of shops, hotels, public restaurants }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3760153 etc. to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  facilitate reasonable access for disabled persons to the extent prescr
ibed by law. This in effect requires Parliament to pass a law requiring the same and then persons to adhere to it. It cannot be said that the restricting requirement of "law" has any place in this subsection.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [28] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Further, subsection (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2762739 3}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 ), in my judgment, was deliberately drafted the way it is to acknowledge this issue and reads consistently with this interpretation of section 38. By it}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826797 s wording subsection (3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 ) is an adjunct to subsection (2). The latter precludes unfair discrimination and following on that 
the former states "accordingly, neither a law nor an administrative action taken under a law may directly or indirectly impose a disability or restriction on any person on a prohibited ground". Had section 38(2) only applied to law or an administrative ac
tion taken under a law there would have been no need for subsection (3), particularly when it starts with the word "accordingly".
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [29] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Subsection (6) then continues the sequence of thought by stating that a law, or administrative action taken under it, is 
not inconsistent with the right to freedom from discrimination on some of the grounds stipulated in subsection (2), for a period of two years after the date of commencement of the Constitution. This is clearly a transitional provision allowing time for an
y laws, or adm}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2762739 inistrative actions taken there-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
under, to be brought into line with subsection (2). At the end of the two year period then such discrimination is unlawful. This subsection does not in any way mean that a breach of subsection (2) can only come 
about through a "law" or administrative action taken under the law.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [30] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Subsection (7) is also consistent with this approach. It permits a law to be valid despite subsections (2) and (3) in certain set circumstances "only to the extent that the law is reasonable and justifiable in a free and democratic society".
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [31] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Although I have not set out subsection (8), (9) and (10) they are not inconsistent with this approach.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [32] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I must also look to section }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2049434 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 1 to ascertain if it is consistent with this approac
h. I consider it is. Subsection (1) states which persons and bodies are bound. Subsection (2) states "the rights and freedoms set out in this Chapter apply according to their tenor ...". This does not suggest that the equ}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14441535 ality provisions of section 38 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 nl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14441535 y}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  apply to laws or administrative actions taken under law. The full breadth of the rights and freedoms are to be applied}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  Subsection (2) does stipulate that there might be limitations and sets out the circumstance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3684378 s namely "..}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 . and are subject only to the li
mitations and laws of general application permitted by this Chapter and to such derogations as are authorised under Chapter 4". That means that if any law is to limit or derogate from any right or freedom set out in Chapter 4 then such law is limited in i
ts scope to that permitted by the Chapter.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [33] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Section 21(3) is also consistent. It renders laws made and administrative and judicial actions taken after the commencement of the Constitution subject to the provisions of Chapter 4. This is a positive injun
ction to ensure that laws, administrative and judicial actions are subject to the Chapter. It does not mean that the prohibition on discriminatory actions must arise from some law or administrative or judicial action.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [34] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Subsections (5) and (6) of section 21 are also consistent with this approach.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [35] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Part 3, "Unfair Discrimination", of the Human Rights Commission Act is also consistent with this approach. Section 17 states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "It is unfair discrimination for a person, while involved in any of the areas
 set out in subsection (3), directly or indirectly to differentiate adversely against or harass any other person by reason of a prohibited ground of discrimination."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par Subsection (3)(b) stipulates "... employment ..."
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949249 [36] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Section 38 of 
the Constitution applies to the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government at all levels and all persons performing the functions of any public office. Section 17 of the Act extends the prohibited grounds of discrimination to those fields 
of activity listed in subsection (3) including employment, partnerships, professions, training, provision of goods, services and facilities, access to public places and transport, land, housing, education etc. Procedures and remedies are prescribed.

\par 
\par [37] T
his section extends the prohibition upon unfair discrimination from activities in the public arena to those in the private arena as set out in the section, and extends the prohibition from those bodies and persons defined in subsection 21(1) to, in effect
, all persons.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [38] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Section 38(2) prescribes rights founded on the underlying desire to eradicate unfair discrimination. To limit the rights to "law" or administrative actions taken under "law" in the Fiji Constitution is an artificial and unwarranted restriction.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [39] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Accor
dingly I find that the wording of the Constitution of Fiji is such that I do not need to address the question as to whether the City Council's Collective Agreement was "law".
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3022760 Are the Employees of Suva City Council Holders of "A Public Office"?
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [40] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I hav
e already found that Suva City Council is an executive branch of government at divisional or local level. Section 38(7) of the Constitution states that "a law is not inconsistent with subsection (1), (2) or (3) on the ground that it: }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826797 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 ... (b) imposes a retirement age on a person who is the holder of a public office ... ".
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [41] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Public office is defined at section 194(1) of the Constitution as meaning,
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "(a) an office created by, or continued in existence under}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836628 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  this Constitution;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (b) an office in respect of which this Constitution makes provision;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (c) the office of a member of a Commission}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
(d) an office in a state service (the public service, the Fiji Police Force or the Republic of Fiji Military Forces) (public service means "the service of the State in a civil capacity ...")}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (e) an office of judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (f) an office of magistrate or an office in a court created by Parliament;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (g) office in, or as a member of, a statutory authority}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7012920 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (h) an office established by a written law}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par The only offices which might be applicable are (d) "an office in a state service" and (g), "an office in, or as member of, a statutory authority". There is something of a circularity of definition as "state service means the public service (and Police and
 Armed Forces)" and public service means the "service of the State in a civil capacity}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682  \'85"}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
. This necessarily asks the question what is "service of the State". There is no definition and a lack of clarity as to whether "State" includes or excludes local government for these purposes.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [42] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
In deciding whether or not an employee of Suva City Council holds an office in a State service or holds an office "in, or as a member of, a statutory authority" I first look at the nature and type of the offices described in
 that definition at (a) to (c), (e), (f) and (h). It is difficult to say that Ms. Caroline Martin as a horticultural worker or employees such as baths caretakers, library staff, market attendants, (see: section}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682  2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 , paragraph 8 of the Collective Agreement) were meant to be included in that description as holders of a public office.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [43] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
This interpretation is strengthened when one looks at the definition of "local government officer" (section 194(1)). That term means "a person holding or acting in any office
 of emolument in the service of a local authority but does not include a person holding or acting in the office of a member of any such authority". Ms. Martin and her colleagues clearly fall into the former category and not the latter. Local authority mea
ns "a council of a city, town or district or any other similar body prescribed by the Parliament. ...". Suva City Council is a "local authority".
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [44] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 If local government officers did fall within (d) or (g) there would have been no reason to give there a s
eparate definition. They would be part of the public service of the State or hold office in a statutory authority.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [45] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
This interpretation is supported by section 145(1) which lists those disqualified for appointment as a member of an independent service
 commission. The list reads "(a)-(c) ..., (d) the holder of a public office or (e) a local government officer". The framers of the Constitution clearly contemplated that the two were separate and distinct. Had "holder of a public office" included "local g
overnment officers" there was no reason for a separate definition nor to have a paragraph (e) in this subsection. Local Government Officer is not mentioned elsewhere in the Constitution.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [46] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I have looked through the Collective Agreement and come to the c
onclusion that those covered by it as employees and in particular Ms. Martin, are not officers in a state service or holders of a public office for the purposes of section 38(7) of the Constitution.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [47] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Accordingly, the exception in section 38(7) does no
t apply to them. In any event counsel have not sought to argue there is any law yet in force under section 38(7). This exception cannot apply.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid6446298 Is Clause 19 of the Collective Agreement Discriminatory?
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [48] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 There is no definition of discrimination in the Constitution or the Human Rights Commission Act.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [49] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9655111 In the case of }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9655111\charrsid10105682 Andrews}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10105682  v. Law Society of British Columbia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  [1989] 56 D.L.R. (4th) a case before the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8026561 Supreme Court of Canada, at p.18}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  McIntyre J. stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
"Discrimination may be described as a distinction, whether intentional or not, based on grounds relating to personal characteristic of the individual or group, which has the effect of imposing burdens, obligations, or disadvantages on such individual or g
r
oup not imposed upon others, or which withholds or limits access to opportunities, benefits and advantages available to other members of society. Distinction based on personal characteristics attributed to an individual solely on the basis of association 
with a group will rarely escape the charge of discrimination, while those based on an individual's merits and capacities will rarely be so classed."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [50] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 In a keynote address to the New Zealand Judicial Seminar on Gender Equity at Rotorua in New Zealand on}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14441535  the 16th of May 1997, Fraser J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 A., in a paper entitled }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10105682 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The Jurisprudence of Equality and Canada's and New Zealand's International Human Rights Obligations", when summarising the principles stemming from the }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid8934811 Andrews}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  case stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
"First, the Supreme Court made it clear that sameness of treatment is not necessarily equality. Instead, 'for the accommodation of differences, which is the essence of true equality, it will frequently be necessary to make distinctions'. Second, the court
 
expressly rejected the 'similarly situated' test on the basis that it was "seriously deficient" for equality comparisons because it excluded any consideration of the nature of the law or its impact on different people. Justice McIntyre, who wrote the majo
r
ity decision, went so far as to say that the tests could even justify Hitler's Nuremburg Laws as long as Jews were treated similarly. Third, the court confirmed that discriminatory intent was not required. What was important was the impact of the law on t
he individual or group concerned. Fourth the court stressed the importance of conducting an equality inquiry in its larger social, political and economic context."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [51] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Discrimination against older persons is now generally regarded as unacceptable. This is
 confirmed in many international policy documents and in the legislation of the majority of countries. There is a clear trend towards the elimination of age barriers even in the few areas in which discrimination continues to be tolerated, for example mand
atory retirement ages from public service or access tertiary education.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [52] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
The demography of most countries is changing. People are living longer and healthier lives and wish to remain in employment beyond what have traditionally being regarded as normal
 retirement ages. It is generally accepted that age does not determine a person's ability and should not be used as a guide for access to or retention of employment. (see for example the consideration of the Human Rights Act 1993 in New Zealand and its co
nsideration in }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10105682 Fogelberg v. Association of University Staff of New Zealand}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  6 HRNZ p.206.)
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [53] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I am, of course, in this judgment addressing discrimination at older ages and not younger ages.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [54] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 On a plain reading of clause 19(ii) of the agreement an emp
loyee of Suva City Council, when she or he reaches the age of 55 years, may be compulsorily retired by the Council. The employee has no say in the matter. This is clearly discriminatory. By dint of reaching a particular age and for no other reason an empl
oyee is rendered liable to lose her or his employment by way of "retirement'. This discriminates against the Council's employees over the age of 55.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [55] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The fact there is a discretion within the Council whether or not it exercises the power to retire a pe
rson is irrelevant. The fact that someone over that age is liable, at the discretion of the Council, to be retired does not save it from being discriminatory.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [56] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The compulsory retirement age of 60 years is discriminatory. The fact that in exceptional c
ircumstances someone might continue to work beyond that age is irrelevant. The effect of this clause clearly disadvantages all those over the stipulated age, a disadvantage which is not present for those under that age. The line is drawn by age and nothin
g else. The defendants have not sought to say that, in itself clause 19 is not age discriminatory.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid6446298 Is the Discrimination "Unfair" for the Purposes of Section 38(2) of the Constitution?
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [57] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 At the outset it must he stated that nowhere in the affidavits, a
rguments or law placed before the Court by the defendants have they sought to put forward any rationale for the discriminatory provisions in Clause 19. This was one of the subjects of an application made on the first day of the hearing for an adjournment.
 The application was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8934811\charrsid3760153 refused. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid3760153 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 was made too late. (See: My Ruling, with reasons, dated 17th November 2006).
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [58] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 The Constitution and the law require that there be no discrimination on the grounds o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9655111 f age save for section 38(7}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
) together with its restriction on extent, sections 38(8)-(10) and in certain areas of the field of employment. The last is recognised in authorities although difficult questions are thrown up. (For example, see: The report of Pr
ofessor Bob Hepple, M. Coussey and T. Choudhury entitled, "Equality}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8127843\charrsid10826797 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 A New Framework - Report of the Independent Review of the Enforcement of Anti-Discrimination Legislation", 2000 at paragraph 2.65 recommended further study on the "difficult issue of 'compulsory' or 'mandatory' retirement policies.)
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [59] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Section 17(1) of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4129802 the Human Rights Commission Act}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
"It is unfair discrimination for a person, while involved in any of the areas set out in subsection (3), directly or indirectly to differentiate adversely against or harass any other person by reason of a prohibited ground of discrimination."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [60] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 Section 18 of the Human Rights Commission Act specifically states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 "(1) It is not unfair discrimination in relation to any
 of the areas referred to in paragraphs (a) to (e) (which include age) in section 17(3) if the prohibited ground of discrimination is a genuine occupational qualification.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 (2) For the avoidance of doubt, adverse differentiation by reason of a prohibited g
round of discrimination is a genuine occupational qualification where a position for the purposes of an organised religion and a differentiation complies with the doctrines, rules or established customs of the religion."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [61] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I do not find persuasive the 
defendants' arguments that the retirement age in the agreement came about in the course of an agreement negotiated by the Staff Association and the Council. The agreement itself predated the 1997 Constitution. Before that date there were no anti-age discr
imination provisions in the Constitution. The agreement was not negotiated and signed, in respect of the retirement clauses, with the age discrimination provisions in mind. Indeed, the law then, in this regard was in its earlier stages of development.

\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [62] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Section 38(6) of the Constitution gave a grace period of two years to rectify matters if a law, or an administrative action taken under a law, was inconsistent with the right to freedom from discrimination on the grounds of age and other grounds. This doe
s not help the defendants in any way. Further, it was not sought to be argued that the Suva City Council was in a transitional stage, after the coming into force of the 1997 Constitution on 7 July 1998, from its old retirement provisions to Constitution c
ompliant ones at the time Ms. Martin was "retired".
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [63] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
There are many authorities concerned with the limitation or modification of anti-discrimination provisions by agreement between the parties concerned. In the }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11025870 Newfoundland Hospital}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  case it was stated 
that "Human rights legislation sets out a floor beneath which the parties cannot contract out. Parties can contract out of human rights legislation if the effect is to raise and further protect the human rights of the people affected". (}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11025870 Newfoundland Association of Public Employees v. Newfoundland Hospital etc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
, [1996] 2 SCR3). For example, a staff association comprising for the most part heterosexual males of one particular race could not conclude any kind of collective agreement which discriminated against 
persons of a particular sexual orientation or women or those of a different race. To allow this would mean those without bargaining power might be coerced or forced to give up their rights under human rights legislation. I need not decide whether, given t
h
e wording of section 21(2), (the rights and freedoms ... "are subject only to the limitations under laws of general application permitted by this Chapter and to such derogations as are authorised under Chapter 14") contracting out to any degree is permitt
ed in Fiji.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [64] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
Accordingly, I do not need to consider to what extent other than specifically stated in the Constitution on the Human Rights Commission Act the provisions against discrimination on the grounds of age can legitimately be modified, or contra
cted out of as these issues have not been raised by the defendants and there is no evidence specifically directed to them.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [65] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
The defendants have further argued that, on several occasions, the issues of discrimination on the grounds of age and whether o
r not the Collective Agreement is "law" have been litigated before the Arbitration Tribunal. First, whether or not such a tribunal can consider such matters, it is not the ideal forum in which to canvass them. Further, in any event, I have found that the 
fact that the Collective Agreement is not "law" and this makes much of the Tribunal's deliberations irrelevant for the purposes of the application of section 38(2) of the Constitution.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [66] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I have read the Arbitration Tribunal awards which have been placed
 before the court. I do not find they help in coming to a conclusion upon the issues in these proceedings. This Court is, of course, not bound by the rulings and decisions of the Arbitration Tribunal. I do not overlook the Judicial Review proceedings in }
{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11025870 State v. Arbitration Tribunal, ex-parte Suva City Council Staff Association}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
 [2000] FJHC 52. The issues were referred to by Scott J, but he found he was not required to rule thereon.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [67] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 On the face of the affidavits before me, there is nothing to show that
 the treatment of Caroline Martin by way of compulsory retirement was anything other than discriminatory or directly differentiated adversely against her i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9655111 nterests by reason of her age. I}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797  need not make a comparison with others who might or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9655111 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
ight not have been "retired" in the same way. The discrimination is not between those aged 55 years or over, but between those aged 55 years or over and those aged under 55 years.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [68] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 In my judgment Clause 19 of the Collective Agreement between Suva City Council and it
s established workers unfairly discriminates against persons over the age of 55 years and over the age of 60 years and to that extent they must be declared void. Accordingly I make the declarations which are requested at paragraphs 1 and 3 of the originat
ing process.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [69] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
It may well be to the benefit of all if the retirement provisions of the Collective Agreement are renegotiated given the country's Constitution and its anti-age discrimination provisions, in the light of the Hepple Report (supra), other s
uch reports and the authorities and with the help of the Human Rights Commission. There are also complex issues associated with entitlement to retirement benefits, such as those from the Fiji National Provident Fund, the position of others in the public f
ield and other considerations. Publications from other countries which address these issues may be of assistance.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [70] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 
I will adjourn this case for a short time for the parties to attempt to resolve the remaining issues between them. Given Caroline Martin'
s state of health now, I would urge the parties to resolve her claims as quickly as possible. If agreement is not possible, then I will give further directions.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7012920 [71] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid10826797 I am grateful to counsel in this case for the assistance I have received from their researches and arguments.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11627732 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627732\charrsid11627732 (R.J. Coventry)
\par JUDGE
\par }}