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{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Judiciary}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2006\mo3\dy23\hr9\min16}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy23\hr10\min5}{\printim\yr2005\mo6\dy30\hr13\min5}{\version3}{\edmins1}{\nofpages3}{\nofwords655}{\nofchars3740}
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 ACTION NO. HBC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 0}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 288 OF 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 BETWEEN:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 TIMOCI NAIVALUWAQA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 PLAINTIFF}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 AND:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 VIDALI YABA
\par TALIAI KALIOPATI
\par VARANISESE GAUNA
\par ASAELI NAWASA
\par JACK VOLAVOLA
\par ALIFERETI NAIBUKA
\par and}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687615\charrsid4992498 RAM KISHORE}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 DEFENDANTS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Mr Naivalu for the Plaintiff
\par No appearance for the Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Date of Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 29 June 2005
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 Date of Judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 July}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  2005}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 JUDGMENT OF FINNIGAN J}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498\charrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 This is an action for damages for def}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 mation.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 There had been adjournment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  previously and it went to hearing despite another application to adjourn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
Subpoenas had been issued but only the Plaintiff gave evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 It was a matter of Formal Proof.
\par 
\par Judgment in liability had previously been entered by default.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 I doubted the validity of this and require}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  the Plaintiff to give evidence for the whole of his claim.
\par 
\par I am satisfied that the Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 were}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  duly served with notice of this proceeding and with notice of the purported default judgment and of the hearing, purportedly to }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 assess}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  damages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 The Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 have}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  never appeared.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 The Evidence
\par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 The Plaintiff by his evidence satisfied me that he was a Trade Union official and a well respected member of the community both in this country and overseas.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 I am satisfied that the Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  wrote a letter dated 30 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 April}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  200}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13655813\charrsid4992498 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  in which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13655813\charrsid4992498 they}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  said }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 inter alia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 that the Plaintiff had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13655813\charrsid4992498 two }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 intentions}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13655813\charrsid4992498  which spells out }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 deceit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13655813\charrsid4992498 
 and corruption in the Union, that he had deceived the members of the Union by adding and deleting changes and amendments to the Union Rules and Constitution, that he had deceived the Ministry 
of Labour about the rules and that he should be suspended for being incompetent to perform the duties of the General Secretary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
I am satisfied that the words used were calculated to disparage the Plaintiff in his position as Trade Union Secretary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 I am sat
isfied that the letter was circulated to all members }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 of the Plaintiff\rquote s union and to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
 the Executive Committee of the Plaintiff\rquote s Union}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 and that this is how the letter was drawn to his attention.
\par 
\par That is as far as the Plaintiff\rquote s evidence went.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 I am left to draw inferences.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Counsel, who had accepted the brief at the 11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
 hour he said, took the matter as far as he could but made no submissions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Decision
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Being largely uninformed about this special branch of the Law of Tort, I resorted to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Law of Torts, 3}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 rd}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  Ed. Balkin}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  & Davis, Lexis Nexis Butterworths}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  Australia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 2004, chapter 18.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 At law the Plaintiff must show that the words he complains of were \'93of a kind likely to lead ordinarily decent fo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 l}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 k to think less of the person about whom [they were] made\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
He must also show that the words clearly identified him and he must prove publication of the words to a third party.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 To a}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9057767\charrsid4992498 ss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 ess his claim for damages I resorted to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
McGregor on Damages, 17}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 th}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  Ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 . chapter 39.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 The Plaintiff }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 gave }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 practically no evidence about the effect of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 this}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
 letter on him, but his claim is both in the area of special damage because he pleads }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 pecuniary loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  and in the area of def}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 mation }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 per se}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Damages are at large and do not need to be related to a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 pecuniary loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 There is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 pecuniary loss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  pleaded }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 but not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  proved in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 The Plaintiff may obtain damages for injury to reputation, and injury to feelings, the only pleaded heads which are remotely supported by his evidence.
\par 
\par The authorities in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 McGregor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  leave the assessment up to me. I advised Co
unsel at the hearing that the Plaintiff would receive nothing like the $100,000.00 which he claimed.
\par 
\par I am satisfied there was injury to his feelings and I am satisfied there was injury to his reputation from the fact that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 Union and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Executive Committee members receive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
 this letter and the fact that they reported it to him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Beyond that the depth of injury to be given }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 solace}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  in damages is a matter of inference only.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 In the circumstances of both the Plaintiff and Defendant as I apprehend them I }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 award}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  damages of $1,000.00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498  against all five Defendants jointly and severally}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 All other pleaded claims are dismissed.
\par 
\par The Plaintiff pleaded and at the hearing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 sought}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  indemnity costs which Counsel informed me were $3,500.00.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 Against }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 all }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 the Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  I award costs}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 of $3,000.00 jointly and severally.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 In a related action against }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 one}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 
 Defendant heard simultaneously with this I have awarded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498  $500.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 
Each Defendant may pay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 $500.00, but till the whole $3,000.00 is paid they are all jointly liable for that amount.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 D.D. Finnigan
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 JUDGE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992498 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498 At Lautoka
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13832341\charrsid4992498 July}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9383670\charrsid4992498  2005}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4992498 
\par }}