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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097\charrsid16325097 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
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\par 9th November, 15th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097\charrsid16325097  December 2000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid16325097 
\par 19th August 2005
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\par 
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Originating Summons; motor vehicle accident; Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) Act Cap 177; whether third party claim based on contract or statute; standard copy contract of insurance exhibited, not original; plaintiff must rely on contract
 whether or not compliant with legislation; extra-contractual liability with policy of insurance; driver permitted by insured held no licence and had never held a licence; significance of qualification to drive as an insurance risk; initial competence; wh
ether requirement for holding of driving licence a permissible condition.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Mr V.M. Mishra for the Plaintiff
\par Mr P.I. Knight for the Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The issue for decision here is whether the defendant\rquote 
s insurance policy which covered a named motor vehicle an
d owner would found liability for the defendant for the injury caused to the plaintiff, an innocent third party, as a result of the negligent driving of the permitted driver of the vehicle who did not hold, and who had never held, a driving licence.

\par 
\par [2]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The infant plaintiff, through her father and solicitors, filed an originating summons with a supporting affidavit.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 She seeks for herself the entering of judgment against the defendant insurance company, judgment having been delivered by Madraiwiwi J on 29}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  May 2000.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 That judgment was for $110,011 with costs of $1,700.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
Her solicitors seek for her also, interest upon judgment.
\par 
\par [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab On 11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  September 1987 the driver in question, Shameem Buksh, had been driving on a public road the motor vehicle registered number BG838, which belonged to Rahim Buksh.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Shameem Buksh\rquote s driving had been so negligent that he had seriously injured the plaintiff who was a pedestrian.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
\par 
\par [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The defendant admits through the affidavit of its claims officer Shangita Devi Ali that on the
 day of the accident there was in force a third party policy issued by the defendant insurance company over the relevant vehicle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
Rahim Buksh was acknowledged as the owner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Ms Ali said the driver, Shameem Buksh, was only 16 years of age at the time and did
 not hold a driving licence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Liability was declined.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid16325097 Existence of a contract
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
\par [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab Ms Ali also exhibited a copy of the standard third party policy which was issued by the defendant at that time.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The defendant was then the National Insurance Company of Fiji Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The fact of there being in existence at the time of the accident a Third Party Insurance policy is admitted in the affidavit sworn by the plaintiff\rquote s father.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The plaintiff claims that she is covered by insurance since this is a claim by virtue of statute not contract.
\par 
\par [6]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) Act Cap 177 is a piece of social legislation.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 It is enacted to protect third parties from the consequences of harm caused to them by motor vehicle accidents.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 By the Act, users of motor vehicles must take up insurance against third party risks [section 4].}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Such policies of insurance must include within them the requirements of the Act [section 6].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 A failure to do so will mean the insured is not covered for third party risks.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 If the insured takes a motor vehicle upon the road in breach of those conditions, it cannot throw a greater obligation upon the underwriter: }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Gray v Blackmore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  [1933] Lloyds LLR 69 at p.76.
\par 
\par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab 
An insurer cannot contract out of those requirements by writing avoiding and restrictive conditions into the policy [sections 3, 9, 10].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
If it did, it is likely the minister would revoke the status of the insurer as an approved insurance company [section 3].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
But as Mills-Owens CJ said in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Murtaza Khan v R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  [1965] 11 Fiji LR 161 at p.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 167H:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93
Apart from these statutory exceptions the company may so far as Cap. 236 is concerned, as between itself and the insured, impose whatever conditions it likes.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [8]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab An insurance company must satisfy judgments against persons insured in respect of third party risks [section 11].}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The insurance company here had been served with the requisite notice prior to commencement of these proceedings seeking payment of
 the judgment award [section 11(2)(a)].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
The onus is on the insurance company to disprove liability by reason of a condition of the policy, that is, that there had been a breach of the permissible contract:}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
 Pacific Insurance Company Ltd & Dip Narayan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  (unreported) Fiji Court of Appeal Civil Appeal No. 26 of 1979, 28}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  November 1979 at p.7, citing }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 MacGillivray}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  and }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Parkington}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  on Insurance Law (6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  edit.) at para 877.
\par 
\par [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab A signed contract document had not been exhibited by the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The plaintiff protests the use of a copy of the standard document.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
No evidence or argument has been adduced or addressed to suggest the exhibited copy is an inaccurate replica of the actual contract document, a short standard document which numerically must have been issued in the thousands.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 It cannot be denied by the plaintiff that a contract of insurance to cover third party risks had been issued.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Indeed the plaintiff must rely on the contract, and not simply on the statute, in order to make her claim.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The Supreme Court in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Dominion Insurance Co Ltd v Bamforth & Others}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  CBV0005 of 2002S (unreported) 24}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
 October 2003 has said:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \fi60\li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93
That liability is extra-contractual although necessarily conditioned upon the existence of a policy of insurance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
It is important therefore, when looking to the provisions of section 11(2), to bear in mind that the section is concerned with the imposition and the conditions of the imposition of a special statutory liability.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [10]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The suggestion that the policy document cannot be considered because of non-production of the original is counterproductive.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 General Accident v Shuttleworth}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  Humphreys J said at p.306:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93
I cannot help saying that I think it would be extremely unfortunate in the interests of innocent third parties if the Court felt itself bound to hold that in such a case there was no policy of insurance in force,\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
I shall treat the exhibited copy as the contract document.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
In the circumstances it is the best evidence and I have no reason to doubt its reliability and accuracy on the evidence.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid16325097 The proviso
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
\par [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab 
It is obvious from the jurisprudence that insurance companies are entitled to set conditions in their contracts of insurance provided that the contract covers the areas stipulated by the Act for inclusion and does not omit areas which must be covered.

\par 
\par [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab In this case the contract included the following conditions:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'934.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab PERSONS OR CLASSES OF PERSONS ENTITLED TO DRIVE AND INSURED UNDER THIS POLICY
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-450\li2610\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin2610\itap0\pararsid6707528 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The Owner, and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097\charrsid6707528 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-450\li2610\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin2610\itap0\pararsid6707528 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Any person who is driving on the Owner\rquote s order or with his permission}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
Provided that the person driving holds a licence permitting him to drive a motor vehicle for every purpose for which the use of the above motor vehicle is limited under paragraph 5 below or at any time within the period of t
hirty days immediately prior to the time of driving has held such a licence and is not disqualified for holding or obtaining such a licence.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [13]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab Not only did Shameem Buksh not hold a driving licence at the time, but as a person aged 16 years he was not
 qualified to apply for or to hold a driving licence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 He had never held a driving licence and he was not qualified to drive.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
\par [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab Being under age for driving purposes would appear not to be the ground raised by the defendant for denying liability.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Section 10(a) of the Act prohibits the restriction or avoidance in the policy of cover on the grounds of \'93
(a) the age or physical or mental condition of persons driving the motor vehicle.\'94
\par 
\par [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The ground here is rather the fact that the driver did not hold, nor had ever held a driving licence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Other disabilities might occur to a driver which manifest deterioration of competency of driving skills.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Competency skills would have been present earlier.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 So a driver who forgets to renew his driving licence has not the
reby lost his driving skills or become a greater insurance risk for the insurer. With a driver who has never qualified, those skills are absent, and the risks associated with the driving of such a person are thus far greater.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 To impose on an insurer the re
quirement to cover such a driver who is permitted by the insured to drive would be a requirement to provide cover for the insured\rquote s own criminal act in permitting the unqualified driver to drive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 This interpretation is not a necessary intention of such social legislation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 

\par 
\par [16]\tab Parliament has not insisted that the insurance companies must be responsible for all third party risks irrespective of the conduct of the insured either pre-contract or during the contract regardless of reasonable terms.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 General 
Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation Ltd v Shuttleworth and Anor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  [1938] 60 Lloyds LLR 301 at p.305 Humphreys J said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93But Mr. Terrell in this case has got to go much further than that.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 He has to say that it has in effect declared that an insurer
 who has once granted a policy of this nature against third-party risk must be held to be liable in respect of any accident, whether it is the particular thing that he has insured against or not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 That seems to me to be an impossible argument.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 It would be a
dding a burden to the insurance companies which would in effect prevent the insurance of motor cars continuing at all, for no one would insure motorists against that which they have not undertaken to insure at all;\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 and further on:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93
I think it must follow as a matter of law, and indeed as a matter of common-sense, that there is nothing in sub-s.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
(1) of Sect. 10 which would make the company liable for that which in truth they have never insured against;\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid16325097 The cases
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Ram Dayal v R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
 [1958-59] 6 Fiji LR 134 the appellant had been convicted of driving an uninsured vehicle when there was not in force a third party policy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
The appellant had not renewed his driving licence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 He had had a licence and had made application for renewal but the
 new licence had not in fact been issued.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 This was a case of non-renewal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 On the wording of the then policy Lowe CJ held the policy to be merely voidable at the instance of the insurer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097\charrsid6707528 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [18]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab In}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Murtaza Khan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  Mills-Owens CJ questioned whether a stipulation 
that a driver must hold a current driving licence was material to the risk, and thus a fundamental term of the policy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
That was a case where the appellant had been convicted of using a vehicle when uninsured.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 But on appeal it was held the Ordinance had not
 been breached by the carriage in a private car of passengers on an isolated occasion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The case of }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 R v Temo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Maya}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  Review No. 6 1977; 12}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
 July 1977, followed the same reasoning where failure to renew a learner\rquote s permit which had expired was held to have rendered the policy of insurance merely voidable and that it was still in existence at the time of the impugned driving.
\par 
\par [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Raj Kumari v QBE Insurance Co Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  (1977) 23 Fiji LR 180 Stuart J found that the policy was quite specific and did not extend cov
er to an owner or a driver who was disqualified from holding a driving licence at the time when the liability arose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Therefore the plaintiff
\rquote s third party action failed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
In effect the refusal to cover third party risks when the driver had been disqualified or who did not hold a licence was a permissible condition under the legislation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The court relied on }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Shuttleworth}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  (supra at p.305) and }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Spraggon v Dominion Insurance Co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  (1940) 67 Lloyds LLR 532.
\par 
\par [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Michael Raman v R}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  (unreported) Crim. App. No. 27 of 1978, 30}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
 May 1978 Kermode J commented that the usual English policy wording was \'93very much more favourable to third parties from the Fiji form of policy.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 In }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Raman\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  c
ase the driver had, as here, never held a driving licence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The judge discussed the earlier decisions and concluded (at p.6):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325097 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Ramdayal\rquote 
s case was properly decided but the decision turned on the form of the policy then in existence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 It is not now authorit
y for cases where the driver is not licensed due to the form of the policies now issued to which I will shortly refer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
It is still authority, however, for other cases where there has been a breach of a condition which makes the policy voidable at the instance of the insurer.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab After }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Ram Dayal\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
case the insurance companies changed the wording of their policies to the present wording.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Kermode J concluded:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93
This was a very substantial change of form.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 In 1959 the breach of a condition to like effect made the policy voidable.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
But by virtue of this proviso the legal position now is that a driver who holds no valid driving licence, or did not hold one within 30 days prior to the time of driving, or is disqualified from holding or obtaining a licence, is no
t covered by the policy at all.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
There would in fact be no policy in force covering such an unlicensed driver, because the policy does not extend to cover an unlicensed driver.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16325097 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [22]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab In view of his opinion contrary to }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Temo Maya}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 , Kermode J consulted with Grant CJ and obtained his concurrence for the view that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Temo Maya}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  was wrongly decided.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 He accepted that}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  Murtaza Khan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  dealt with breach of a condition which made the policy voidable only, the policy remaining in force.
\par 
\par [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab Kermode J found the appellant had therefore been correctly convicted of driving whilst uninsured.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Finally, his lordship observed (at p.8):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \'93
There appears to be no logic in excluding from the policy drivers who have passed driving tests and have held a licence, but who are unlicensed at the relevant time or have not held a licence within 30 days prior to that time.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 If a driver has forgotten to renew his licence for 30 days he will still be covered by his policy \endash  but not if the period is 31 days.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 The Ordinance seeks to protect third parties, and the real criteria should in my view be whether the driver is competent to drive the vehicle.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
Obviously he is not if he has been disqualified; but I fail to see the logic of exempting an insurer from liability where a competent driver previously licensed and not disqualified has omitted to renew his licence for more than 30 days.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 However, that is a condition insurers have imposed in their policies.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid680906 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
Only legislation can now bring Fiji policies into line with English policies in this respect and, in the interests of third parties, a change of law would appear desirable.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 [24]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Michael Raman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  was followed in }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Satish Chandra Maharaj}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  [1983] 29 Fiji LR 164 and applied frequently, a more recent example being }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Sun Insurance Co Ltd v Kurisoru and 3 Others}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  (unreported) Lautoka High Court Civil Action HBC}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680906 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 238.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680906 20}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 02L, 23}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 rd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528  September 2004 per Byrne J.
\par 
\par [25]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab As Mr Knight properly says in his submission \'93one naturally sympathises with innocent victims of motor vehicle
 accidents, but this does not allow the courts to interpret the Act in such a way to compensate victims where liability is not covered under the policy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 If there is any injustice, it is for the legislature to change the law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 
Moreover there are (other) innocent victims who are (also) not covered under the Act e.g. passengers in vehicles used for private use.\'94
\par 
\par [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab 
As the law stands, this unfortunate child victim is unable to gain satisfaction from the earlier judgment, at least from the insurance company.
\par 
\par [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 \tab The summons must be declined.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 I make no order as to costs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid680906 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 A.H.C.T. GATES
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6707528 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid2256926 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Solicitors for the Plaintiff:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680906  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Messrs Mishra Prakash & Associates, Lautoka

\par Solicitors for the Defendant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680906  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528\charrsid6707528 Messrs Cromptons Solicitors, Suva}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707528 
\par }}