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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9457208\charrsid8860235 T}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 HE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 AT SUVA \par APPELLATE JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. HAA 027 OF 2004 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 BETWEEN:}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 MELI BAVESI \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Appellant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 AND: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9457208 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 STATE \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9457208\charrsid8860235 Hearing: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 April, 2004 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9457208\charrsid8860235 Judgment: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 14}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 April, 2004 \par \par Counsel: Appellant }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 - In Person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par Mr. D. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Toganivalu - for the State \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5589515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 This i}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 s an appeal against conviction. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The appellant was convicted on 15}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 August 2003 on one charge of }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 possession of dangerous drugs. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He received 2 years imprisonment. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5589515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Particulars of the Offence \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 On the 7}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 of November 2002 the police raided the appellant\rquote s home with a search warrant. \par \par As a result of the search they found 6 parcels of dried leaves wrapped in a Fiji Times newspaper located inside a black sports bag beside the appellant\rquote s bed in his bedroom. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The dried leaves were subsequently certified as cannabis sati}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 va a scheduled dangerous drug.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par The appellant was arrested and processed, as part of the inv}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 estigation he was interviewed. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The English translation of the record of interview occurs between pages 23 and 25 of the Magistrate\rquote s Record. \par \par The formalities of establishing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 the interview were satisfied. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The appellant elected to be interviewed in Fijian; was given his constitutional rights; was offered but declined the assistance of a lawyer and was prepared to discuss the matter with the police voluntarily. \par \par At interview he confirmed he le}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 t the police search his house. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 That marijuana w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 as found as earlier described. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He then went on to concede: \par \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5402175 \i\f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \'93 I want to say that I do not know who had brought the marijuana to my house, and also that I do not know who the owner is.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 When the police arrived I was surprised.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 When I asked my wife about the marijuana she stated that her brother had brought it.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I also wish to state that the last time that I had sold marijuana was in July, I am not selling it as I am worried about my family\'94. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 After that admission the formalities of concluding}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 the interview were completed. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He was asked if there was }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 anything he wished to correct. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He did}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 not have anything to correct. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He was asked if he was forced to ans}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 wer anything in the statement. He considered he was not.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He was asked if the statement wa}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 s true and he confirmed it was.} {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He then signed and certified the statement. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par At his trial }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 the accused was unrepresented. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 It should however be noted that his appointed lawyer did}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 not represent him on the day. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The police gave evidence consistent }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 with the search and interview.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The accused ele}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 cted to give evidence on oath. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 His evidence in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 chief is contained in 4 lines. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He essentially says he did not know anything about }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 the drugs. They were not his. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 They b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 elonged to his brother-in-law. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The defence called no other witnesses. \par \par In cross-examination the accused conceded that the drugs were foun}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 d in his house in his bedroom. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Further that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 he used to sell drugs. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 That the drugs (cannabis) were from his wife\rquote s village in Nadroga. That he used to sell in bulk and used to collect about $20.00 a parcel. \par \par However, he claimed he did not know who put the drugs the police found in his room. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The Grounds of Appeal \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 That I was compelled to confess to the offence. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 My caution interview statement is not true. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The learned Magistrate erred in law and judgment when failing to exclude the evidence of my confession. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 That the only evidence against me on this case is merely my confession which was obtained under the circumstances of drugs. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5589515 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5589515\charrsid8860235 The Appeal}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The appellant was warned of his rights to representation and legal assistance by Leg}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 al Aid. He waived his rights. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He was assisted in th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 e Fijian language by my clerk. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He handed up helpful written submissions that relate to the appellant\rquote s view that the se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5589515\charrsid8860235 ntence was harsh and excessive.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par The submissions provide colloquial case comparison collected from newspaper reports of two decisions. \par \par The first is that of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 Apakuki Mamada. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 This 35 year old businessma}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 n had 15 previous convictions. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He appeared and pleaded guilty. He was sentenc}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 ed to six months imprisonment. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The second case was that of Amit Kumar 90 plants found with 23.9 grams of dried leaves.} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He had previous convictions and was gaoled for 21 months. \par \par As a result of these submissions it became clear that the appellant\rquote s primary concern}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 was the sentence he received. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The appellant\rquote s appeal papers requested only an appeal against conviction. \par \par However, the State had anticipated an appeal against conviction and sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 As they were not prejudiced in any way I granted leave and extended the appeal to cover both conviction and sentence. \par \par The appellant was asked about }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 his appeal against conviction. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He said he would rest his case on the points of appeal filed in his original application. \par \par The State filed helpful written submiss}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 ions in advance of the appeal. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 They address the issue of the admissibility of the statement but did not address the issue of the duty of a presiding magistrate to consider admissibility issues}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 for an unrepresented accused. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Counsel submitted the matter was so clear cut that th ere was nothing in the evidence that could properly challenge the admissibility of the confessional statement. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 As for the term of imprisonment the State referred to 4 cases: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s5\ql \li720\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8860235 \b\f35\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \i\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Freddy Nauluvula v State}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 Cr. Appeal No. HAA00}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 52 \endash 640.1 grams \endash pleaded guilty 5 years imprisonment. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s5\ql \li720\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8860235 \b\f35\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \i\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Josateki Guivalu v State}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 Cr. Appeal No. HAA0}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 102 of 2002 \endash 750 grams \endash pleaded guilty 3 \'bd years imprisonment. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s5\ql \li720\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8860235 \b\f35\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \i\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Harris Ramswarup v State}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Cr. Appeal No. HAA}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 00}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 14 of 2001 \endash 524.6 grams \endash pleaded guilty 2 \'bd years imprisonment. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s5\ql \li720\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8860235 \b\f35\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \i\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Tomasi Drava v State}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 Cr. Appeal No. HAA00}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 95 of 2002 \endash 205.3 grams \endash pleaded g}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 uilty 1 \'bd years imprisonment.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par I was advised by counsel that there are as yet no tariff decisions in respect of cannabis offending. \par \par It was submitted that the 2 year sentence passed by the learned magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 was not harsh and excessive. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The maximum sentence for possession of marijuana not in excess of 500 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 rams is 3 years imprisonment. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Counsel pointed to the referenced appeal cases and submitted that a 2 year sentence was within the gene}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 ral range of acceptability.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The Magistrate\rquote s Decision \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The hearing took place on the 20}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 of June 2003}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 . }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The decision was reserved with the judgment to be delivered on the 31}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 st}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 of July 2003}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The accused was bailed to t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 hat date but failed to appear. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 When arrested on the 8}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 of August 2003 he was remanded in custody.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Made a further appearance on the 11}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 f August, was re-granted bail. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The decision was delivered on the 15}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 of August with sentence following conviction. \par \par The learned magistrat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 e gave a considered decision. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In my view it is careful and well crafted.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He correctly identifies and weighs the relevant issues of whether or not this appellant \'93possessed\'94 the cannabis. \par \par The learned magistrate had the benefit of hearing the evide}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 nce and observing the accused. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 made findings of credibility. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He did not find the appel}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 lant to be a truthful witness. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He therefore rejected the claim that the appellant did not know how the drugs got into the bag }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 beside his bed in his bedroom. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is nothing in the trial record to indicate that at any time the appellant wished to challenge the admissibility of his confessional }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 statement. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is nothing in the method or manner of obtaining that statement that w ould alert any judicial officer for the need to be specifically }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 cautious about that admission.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Conviction Appeal \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5402175 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The role of a trial judge in proceedings where parties are unrepresented has been the subject of much consideration particularly when the unrepresented party is the defendant in criminal proceedings (see }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 MacPherson v R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (1981) 147 CLR 512; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Zorad} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (1990) 19 NSWLR 91; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Gidley}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 [1984] 3 NSWLR 168; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Lawson}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 , unreported, NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, 28 May 1990; }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Cobley}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 , unreported, N.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 S.W. Court of Criminal Appeal, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 17 July 1992). \par \par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 MacPherson}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 confession evidence was lead against an unrepresented accused where there were real issues as to the volunt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 ary nature of that confession. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The High Court ruled that the trial judge should have held a voir dire to determine whether the confession was voluntary even thou}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 gh no voir dire was requested.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par The court was of the view that there was enough prejudicial evidence to require that inquiry.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The judge\rquote s duty to an unrepresented party arises from an overall responsibility to ens}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 ure that proceedings are fair. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 However, the obligation on a trial judge to ensure that every accused has a fair trial is simply to provide the unpresented with such information and advise concerning their rig}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 hts as is necessary to put them}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 in a position where they can make an effective choice about whether they should exercise their rights or not.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In my view that obligation does not arise in respect of confessional statements unless there is some evidential basis to make that a r eal issue in the trial. \par \par In this case the appellant did not challenge the confessional statement in any way.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is nothing in the police officer\rquote s evidence that was remarkable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There was clear evidence that this statement was properly taken and voluntarily made. \par \par In making this analysis of these issues raised by the appellant I am extending him the courtesy of expanding his argument to consider his rights in the widest possible context.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par However even adopting that approach I completely reject all of the 5 grounds earlier summarised in this decision.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 For the sake of completeness I find: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 1.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is no evidence to support that the appellant was compelled to confess the offence. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 2.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5402175\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is no evidence that would support an attack on the truthfulness of the statement. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174179\charrsid8860235 3.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174179\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Indeed in large measure the appellant\rquote s statement to the police was consistent with his evidence at trial. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174179\charrsid8860235 4.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174179\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I find that there is no error in law in the judgment over the exclusion of the evidence in the confession.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is no obligation on the magistrate to even consider that issue as it was not a real issue in trial. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174179\charrsid8860235 5.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174179\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I completely reject the final ground that the only evidence against the appellant was his confession.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par In my view the evidence outside of the confession would of itself alone hav}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 e enabled a proper conviction. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The drugs were found in his home a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 s a result of a proper search. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The drugs were loc ated in a bag beside his bed in a bed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 room. This was his bedroom. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 He acknowledged in eviden}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ce that he used to sell drugs. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 That the drugs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 were from his wife\rquote s village. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 All of these matters point to guilt. In addition the learned magistrate who had the benefit of hearing the evidence f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ound the appellant untruthful. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I cannot find any reason to disagree. \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 For these reasons I dismiss the appeal conviction. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence Appeal \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 D.A. Thomas in his \'93principles of sentencing\'94 at page 183 talks of the culpability of drug offenders in this way: \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \i\f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \'93 For the purposes of assessing culpability offenders are divided into categories according to whether they are users or suppliers and according to the nature of the substance involved\'94. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 A most useful summary of sentencing principle for dangerous drugs cases is contained in the judgment of my sister Justice Shameem: }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Tomasi Drava}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Cr}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 iminal Appeal No. HAA 95/2002. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I will not repeat but adopt the expressions of principle detailed by her honour at page 4 of the judgment particularly concerning the imposition of mini}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 mum mandatory terms by decree. }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 That issue is now settled. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par The decree sets sentencing trigger points based on the amou}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 nt of illicit drugs possessed. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I find a focus on the quantity of the drug in the offenders possession unhelpful.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Assessing culpability based on whether offenders are \'93users\'94 or \'93suppliers\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2706954\charrsid8860235 is a blunt tool. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In my view the proper focus is the degree of involvement the offender might have in any commercial aspect of his drug possession. \par \par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 [1980] 1 NZLR 412 the New Zealand Court of Appeal, reviewed the level of cannabis drug sentences upheld in that country and found it broadly comparable to the United Kingdom level.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Aramah}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 [1982] 76 CR.APP.R 190 it was said that supplying a number of small sellers \endash \'93wholesaling\'94 \endash comes to the top of the bracket, \'93small scale\'94 suppliers could expect 2 to 3 years imprisonment.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 At the other end is the retailer of a small amount to a cons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 umer.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par This analysis produces the result that where there is no commercial motive \endash for example when cannabis is supplied at a party \endash the offence might well be serious enough to only justify a short custodial sen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3101718\charrsid8860235 tence that might be suspended.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par Any comparison with the New Zealand sentencing tariffs must bear in mind the maximum penalties and statutory presumptions of possession for supply (for cannabis 28 grams).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 You are deemed to have the drug in your possession for supply if its weig}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3101718\charrsid8860235 ht exceeds the stated minimum. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 However, in reality no distinction is drawn between cases where a conviction is the result of an established intention to supply or sell and where the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3101718\charrsid8860235 statutory presumption applies. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In Fiji the intention might be readily gauged from the surroun ding circumstances of the possession ie: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The amount of the drug. \par Packaging \endash plastic/paper foil. \par Acknowledgments of dealing. \par Convenient bundles of cash, frequently in the denominations of the trade. \par Preparation for sale or distribution. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par are all useful enquiries in that regard. \par \par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (supra) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 the New Zealand Court of Appeal took the opportunity to list its previous decisions concerning Class B and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3101718\charrsid8860235 C drugs. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Although a decision of the eighties Smith is still considered good law. \par \par At page 414 of the decision the President of the Court of Appeal (as he then was) Lord Cooke said: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \'93 The pattern of sentencing in cannabis dealing cases is shown by the following examples of cases }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3101718\charrsid8860235 which have reached this Court. }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 To bring out the distinction in levels we include some examples of sentences concerning Class B drugs.\'94}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par The President then }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3101718\charrsid8860235 went on to list some decisions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Stuart}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 84/75, 17 October 1975)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession for supply of 218 grams of cannabis plant material; ap pellant, a student teacher aged 21 and a first offender, apprehended p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 acketing into marketable lots. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of 18 months\rquote imprisonment upheld but described as \lquote no light one\rquote . \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Bryant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 (CA }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 83/75, 17 October 1975)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession of more than on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 e pound of cannab is for supply.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Defendant aged 27, with previous convictions for possession of cannabis, had been a junior university lecturer. Two and a half years\rquote imprisonment reduced to 18 months. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Hinckesman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 35/76, 31 May 1976)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession for sale of 381 buddha sticks, street value about $3500.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Previous sentence of four years\rquote impr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 isonment for supplying heroin. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of three years\rquote imprisonment upheld. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Day and Van Deusen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 19/76, 22/76, 4 June 1976)}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession for supply of 1650 buddha sticks, street value about $25,000, by appellants closely }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 connected with the importation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentences of four years\rquote imprisonment upheld. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Stevens}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 98/77, 4 October 1977)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession of about 532 grams of cannabis for supply.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 Joint enterprise by four men. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Appellant had previous conv}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 iction for supplying cannabis. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Other adult offenders sentence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 d to six months\rquote imprisonment. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence on appellant of two years reduced to 12 months as too much weight given to previous conviction. \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Buxton}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 63/78, 7 December 1978)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Cannabis for supply to persons over 18; 52 deals, street valu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 e $1250, profit of $3 per deal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Previous conviction for supplying cannabis, when fined and sentenced to periodic detention.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 A co-offender in present off ence had been sentence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 d to ten months\rquote imprisonment. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of three years\rquote imprisonment on this appellant reduced to two years on ground that disparity with co-offender\rquote s sentence too great.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Stott}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 98/78, 10 April 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession for supply of cannabis resin \endash a cla}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ss B drug; block of 232 grams. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Appellant aged 24, previous drug co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 nvictions but not for dealing. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Effective sentence of three years\rquote imprisonment upheld. \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Chapman}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 149/78, 26 April 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Effective term of two years three months on two counts of selling cannabis and one of offering to sell heroin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ; transactions with undercover }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 constab}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 le involving only $145 in all. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Tragic persona}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 l history of drug involvement. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Senten}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ce upheld.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Woods}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 311/79, 29 May 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Two sales of cannabis plant to undercover officer, totalling 150 bullets, pr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ice $1285. Appellant aged 24. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of 18 months upheld, described as \lquote perhaps near the limit of the range of penalties for this particular offence and quantity\rquote . \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Johnson and Tito}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 196/78, 203/78, 8 June 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Apprehended when travelling on \lquote Northerner\rquote with substantial quantity of cannabis }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 grown by one of the appellants.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \lquote An organised foray into the lower half of the North Island for th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 e purpose of disposing of it\rquote . }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentences of 18 months upheld. \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Shields}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 184/78, 3 July 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession of 3.47 pounds of cannabis plant, found in house of man aged 36, first offender.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Statutory presumption relied on by Crown; little direct evidence of dealing.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of two year}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 s upheld.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Le Cheminant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 60/79, 27 August 1979}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Supply of class B drugs. Cannabis oil and resin.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Four years upheld. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Rohloff}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 89/79, 5 September 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sale to undercover constable of two lots of cannabis leaf for total of $20; previous conviction and imprisonment for possessing cannabis for supply.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of 15 months upheld but described as severe. \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Brown}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 95/79, 15 October 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Cannabis for supply; \lquote just sufficient to bring into for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ce the statutory presumption\rquote . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Previous convictions for }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 possession. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Effective sentence of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 six months upheld, fine quashed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Leydon}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 136/79, 10 December 1979)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possessing class B drug, cannabis resin, for supply and attempting to supply it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Aged 28, about to supply young woman aged 23; total resin 6.96 grams}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Previous convictions for possessing oil and leaf for supply; then treated le}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 niently by periodic detention. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of two and a half years upheld, though described as severe; weight placed on previous conviction and present climate of legislative and judicial opinion. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Easton}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 173/79, 4 February 1980)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession of two grams of heroin and 206}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 grams of cannabis for supply. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 For first offence sentenced to three months\rquote imprisonment and fined $500; fo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 r second 18 months concurrent. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Fine cancelled (Judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 misinformed as to resources). }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Cannabis sentence reduced to one year.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 No previous convictions; heroin addict after taking the drug to relieve pain following accident; \lquote totality\rquote principle. \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 \f170\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15817068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Reid}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 (CA 116/80, 19 June 1980)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Possession for supply of 119 grams of cannabis found in variou}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 s places in appellant\rquote s house. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Previ}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ous conviction for possession. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentence of six}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 months\rquote imprisonment upheld.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par In the New Zealand Smith case sentences range from 4 years imprisonment for supply of cannabis with a street value of $25,000.00 by offenders closely connected with its importation to sentences}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 of 6 months imprisonment where the quantity of cannabis was just sufficient to bring into force the New Zealand statutory assumption that it was possessed for the purpose}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 s of supply (over 28 grams). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The medium sentence for possession of cannabis for supp}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ly was 20 months imprisonment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par If the focus remains the same ie the degree of involvement or preparation for commercial gain than the Fiji and New Zealand cases sit com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 fortably together. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The decree \'93trigge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 r points\'94 must be kept in mind.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 However, it will after logically following that the amount of drug attributed to the offenders use will coincide with the degree of involvement which will coincide with the maximum avai}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 lable range of penalty. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The more you\rquote ve got, the more you get is perhaps another way of establishing at the sentencing principles at play. \par \par In line with another New Zealand decision }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 R v Terewi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 [1999] 3 NZLR 62 (CA, Blanchard, Anderson and Robertson JJ).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 I now return to the issue of ca}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 tegorization of these offences.} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 This type of offending can be divided into categories with the ultimate concern being the offenders degree of involvement i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 n the drug supply process. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The 3 broad categories might be: \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Category 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \endash The growing of a small number of cannabis plants for personal use by an offender or possession of small amount of cannabis coupled with \'93technical\'94 supply of the drug to oth}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ers on a non-commercial basis. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 First offender a short prison term, perhaps }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 served in the community. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Sentencing point 1 to 2 years. \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Category 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \endash Small scale cultivation of cannabis plants or possession for a commercial purpose with the object of deriving profit, circumstantial evidence of sale even on small scale commercial basi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 s. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The starting point for sentencing should generally be between 2 to 4 years.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 However, where sales are limited and infrequent and lowest starting point might be justified. \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Category 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \endash Reserved for the most serious classes of offending involving large scale commercial growing or possession of large amounts of drug usually with a considerable degree of sophistication, large numbers of sales, circumstantial or direct evidence of commercial involvement the starting point would generally b e 5 to 6 years. \par \par I emphasise that these indications relate to starting points before aggravating features (like previous drug offending) or mitigating features (like ea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 rly guilty pleas) are applied. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In addition there will of course have to be a focus on the quantities of drugs involved and their relationship to the 3}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 rd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 schedule of the decree, not forgetting }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Pickering (supra)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 nd the disproportionality test.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par In my view it is time to recognise that the true culpability of these offenders lies in their degree of involvement a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 nd profit from this offending. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There is no logical reason why possession of cannabis for the purposes of supply should be treated any more leniently than offences involvi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ng actual sale or trafficking. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 If the intention is to make money out of supply the inevitable consequence is}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 lengthy terms of imprisonment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par When set in this context the quantities of drugs found in an offender\rquote s possession simply delineate a proper context within which enquiry might be made about the degree of involvement of the offen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 der. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In this way appropriately stern sentences can be reserved for those who would possess the d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 rug for the purpose of supply. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Addressing that specific evil will send a clear message that supply for commercial gain even on a casual basis will inevitably involve lengthy sentences of imprisonment. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Decision \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The offending material was found conveniently pa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ckaged ready for distribution. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 It is clear from the amount of cannabis found it was not for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 the appellant\rquote s personal use. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Although the other trappings of commercialism were not found there was the admission in evidence that the appellant had on an e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 arlier occasion sold cannabis. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In my view although he might not have had an immediate intention to make money from the packages under his bed they were put as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ide for the purpose of supply. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 In those circumstances this is a category 2 offence deserving of a sentence of imprisonment wit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 h a starting point of 3 years. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 There can be no credit g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 iven for an early guilty plea. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The mitigating features are primarily that the a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 ppellant was a first offender. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Although bearing in mind his admission in evidence of earlier sales that in itself simply reflects that this might have been the first time he had been caught rather th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 an the first time he offended.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par For these reasons I see no cause to interfere with the learned magistrate\rquote s sentencing decision, it was not harsh, ex}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15817068\charrsid8860235 cessive or wrong in principle. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The appeal against sentence is dismissed. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Conclusion \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2047541 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860235 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 The appeal against conviction and sentence are dism}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047541\charrsid8860235 issed.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 Gerard Winter \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8860235 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76476\charrsid8860235 At Suva \par 14th April, 2004 \par }}