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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid9052991 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid5132608 AT SUVA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9052991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 CRIMINAL APPEAL CASE NO. HAA0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608 0}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 49 OF 2003S
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 Appellant
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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid9052991 NAVITALAI SICINIU
\par 2.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849462\charrsid9052991  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid9052991 EPELI NIUMARAWA
\par 3.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849462\charrsid9052991  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid9052991 ISIRELI WAINIQEQE
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 Respondents
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\par Hearing:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849462  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 5th March 2004
\par Judgment:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849462\charrsid13849462  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 12th March 2004
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849462  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 Mr. P. Bulamainaivalu for State
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13849462 Respondents All In Person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par 
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\par The three Respondents were charged as follows:
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 : }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 Contrary to Sections 86 and 87 of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
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JOSAIA TAMANI, JOSEFA RATUBA, JOAPE NAIMILA, ATUNAISA TUKANA, NAVITALAI SICINIU, EPELI NIUMARAWA, ISIRELI WAINIQEQE, NEORI TUINANUNU, RUPENI RAVATUDEI, SESONI BAI and others between the 21st day of July and the 27th day of July, 2000, being assembled at K
a
labu in the Central Division, to carry out a common purpose, namely, to cause further instability in the country should the appointment of the new Interim Government be not in their favour, conducted themselves in such a manner as to cause persons in the 
n
eighbourhood reasonably to fear that the aforesaid JOSAIA TAMANI, JOSEFA RATUBA, JOAPE NAIMILA, ATUNAISA TUKANA, NAVITALAI SICINIU, EPELI NIUMARAWA, ISIRELI WAINIQEQE, NEORI TUINANUNU, RUPENI RAVATUDEI, SESONI BAI and others will commit a breach of the pe
ace.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par The Respondents pleaded not guilty and the trial commenced on the 26th of May 2003. After hearing the prosecution case the learned Magistrate ruled on the 2nd of September 2003, that there was no case to answer. He acquitted the Respondent. The State 
now appeals against the acquittals and asks this court to substitute a finding that there was a case to answer and remit the case to the magistrate to hear the defence case.
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\par The evidence led by the prosecution in this case was identical to the evidence led in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid27588 State v Iosefo Sucutuiqaqa & 9 others}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  Crim. App. No. HAA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 061 of 2001, }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid27588 State v Josaia Tamanikaibau & 2 others}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  Crim. App. No. HAA0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 027 of 2003S and 
}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid27588 State v Samuela Nacagilevu & Anr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  Crim. App. No. HAA0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
028 of 2003S. As State counsel correctly pointed out my findings in those cases apply here.
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There is no dispute that each of the 3 Respondents were at the Kalabu Fijian School with a large group of people who had gathered there after leaving Parliament on the 21st of July 2000. The 1st Respondent, in his int
erview to the police said that he had gone there to safeguard indigenous Fijian interests. The 2nd Respondent said he went there to await the announcement of the interim government and that George Speight, Ilisoni Ligairi and Ratu Inoke Takiveikata were t
he leaders of the gathering. The 3rd Respondent said that he ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid27588 d gone there to attend the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\'93qusi-ni-loaloa\'94.
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There was evidence that 600 people arrived at the school from Parliament and that a shop owner, Mohammed Subrati was harassed by some mem
bers of the group. They took by force, waka, bread, tinned fish, $600 cash and they poured 600 liters of kerosene on the ground. The group threatened to burn the shop. There was also evidence that the army had to storm the Kalabu Fijian School to break up
 the gathering, that there were 3 men guarding the gates who refused to open them for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid27588  the army, that members of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
group were suspected of committing robbers in the area, that escaped criminals were in the group and that 2000 people were eventually arrested there with the use of tear gas.
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The hands of some of the people arrested were tied and they were taken to the Police Academy where they were fed and interviewed.
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\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
The learned Magistrate held that there was no evidence that these three Respondents did anything illegal and no evidence that any members of the public had any reason to fear for their safety. He said there was no case to answer.
\par 
\par The Director of Public Prosecutions appeals against this finding. The grounds of appeal are:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668246 (a) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 That the learned 
Magistrate erred in law and in fact by misdirecting himself as to the law of unlawful assembly enunciated in the cases of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7668246 Abdul Sattar & Ram Gopal v. R}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  [1959] 7 FLR 14. Refer also to }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7668246 State v. Iosefo Sucutuiqaqa & 9 Ors}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 Cr.App.No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 HAA0061 of 2001/S; }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7668246 State v. Josaia Tamanikaibau & 2 Ors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
 Cr.App.No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 HAA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
027 of 2003S and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7668246 State v. Samuela Nacagilevu & Anor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  Cr.App.No.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 HAA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 028 of 2003S.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668246 (b) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact by failing to consider evidence pertaining to the breach of the peace and upo
n such evidence he is entitled by law to imply that fear by persons in the neighbourhood was caused from actions of the assembly in provoking other persons to commit a breach of the peace: }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7668246 Abdul Sattar & Ram Gopal v. R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  [1959]7 FLR 14.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668246 (c) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 That the learned
 Magistrate erred in law and in fact by failing to take judicial notice of the 19th May 2000 coup-de-tat by George Speight and his cohorts.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668246 (d) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in acquitting the respondent under section 210 of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7819845 Criminal Procedure Code}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  (cap.21) without considering the prosecution evidence in its totality. 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7668246 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7668246 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 It seems clear that the learned Magistrate misunderstood the law on unlawful assembly. In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7819845 
State v Iosefo Sucutuiqaqa & Others}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  (supra), I summarised the law thus:
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par \'93
An unlawful assembly becomes unlawful (even if the purpose of the assembly was originally lawful) when the persons assembled (not necessarily the accused persons as long as they were part of the assembly) conduct themselves in a manner that people in the 
neighbourhood will reasonably anticipate a breach of the peace. In the case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7819845 Abdul Sattar & Ram Gopal \endash v- Reg}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  7 FLR 14, Lowe CJ said that an unlawful assembly charge has the following elements:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845\charrsid7819845 1.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 That three or more persons assembled;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845\charrsid7819845 2.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 That they assembled to carry out a common purpose;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi11\li709\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845\charrsid7819845 3.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 That the persons assembled conducted themselves in such a manner as to cause persons in the neighbourhood reasonably to fear that they would commit a breach of the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845 peace; or, that persons in the n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 eighb
ourhood are caused reasonably to fear that the persons assembled will, by such assembly, needlessly and without reasonable occasion, provoke other persons to commit a breach of the peace.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par There can be no doubt at all that the Respondents were part of a g
roup which came from Parliament. The purpose for assembling may have originally been lawful. However it is a notorious fact that on the 19th of May 2000 there was an armed takeover of Parliament by George Speight and his group. George Speight is currently
 serving a term of imprisonment for the offence of treason.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
This is a matter, which a court is now entitl}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845 ed to take judicial notice of. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
When large groups of people coming from a place where there was an armed takeover of Parliament and the hostage-taking of members of Parliament, enter a shop and terrorise a member of the community, then there is undoubtedly an unlawful assembly.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 The prosecution has established a prima fa}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845 cie case of unlawful assembly. }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 The Respondents, who have admitted being part of that }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819845\charrsid13849462 group,}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462  must be put to their defence on the charge of unlawful assembly.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
For the same reasons I have given in 3 previous judgments, there was a case to answer for the Respondents and they must be put to their defence.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par The State\rquote s appeal succeeds. The case is remitted to the learned Magistrate to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5132608  proceed with the defence case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid7819845 Nazhat Shameem
\par JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5132608 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid5132608 At Suva
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13849462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5588012\charrsid13849462 12th March 2004
\par }}