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\f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 CRIMINAL CASE NO. HAC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 0}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 014 OF 2004L}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 
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\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 THE STATE}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 

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\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 V}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 HEMANT CHAND}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Counsel: Mr. S. Qica for the State
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 Mr. G.P. Shankar for the Accused
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 13 & 14 October 2004
\par Ruling:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 14 October 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 RULING ON A TRIAL WITHIN A TRIAL}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The accused objects to the admission of his record of interview conducted on 31}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  January 2002 into evidence.
\par 
\par The grounds of objection are that, he was threatened and assaulted in the course of taking the record of interview and 
further that he was arrested at Tavua and his rights were not given to him upon arrest in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.
\par 
\par The grounds upon which a confessional statement can be excluded from the evidence, are either that they are not voluntary or they were obtained unfairly and in breach of the rights given to persons in police custody, under section 27 of the Constitution.

\par 
\par In relation to voluntariness, breaches of the Judges\rquote  Rules are relevant but do not determine what is voluntary.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
The real question under principle (e) of the preamble to the Judges\rquote  Rules is whether the statement is voluntary }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93
in the sense that it has not been obtained from him by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, exercised or held out by a person in authority or by oppression.\'94
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par Oppression is something which }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93tends to sap and has sapped that free will which must exist before a confession is voluntary.\'94
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par As to breaches of the Constitution, section 27}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865318 (1) and (2) provide as follows:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par 
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 To be informed promptly in a language that he or she understands of the reason for his or her arrest or detention and of the nature of any charge that may be brought;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 to be promptly released if not charged;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 to consult with
 a legal practitioner of his or her choice in private in the place where he or she is detained, to be informed of that right promptly and, if he or she does not have sufficient means to engage a legal practitioner and the interests of justice require lega
l representation to be available, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16479813 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 to be given the opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s15\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\ilvl1\adjustright\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin; and}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865318\charrsid12865318 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s15\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\ilvl1\adjustright\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 a religious counse}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865318 l}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 lor or social worker.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16479813 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 to challenge the lawfulness of his or her detention before a court of law and to be released if the detention is unlawful; and
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16479813 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 to be treated with humanity and with respect for his or her inherent dignity.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 (2)\tab The authorities holding a 
person who has been arrested or detained must promptly take all reasonable steps to inform his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin of his or her arrest or detention.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par A failure to comply with section 27 of the Constitution will result in the exclusion of evidence so obtained unless the court is of the view that it would be fair and just to include such evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 R v Goodwin}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (1993) 2 NZLR 153}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 , the accused was kept at a police station for questioning in relation to the death of his baby daughter.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He was later convicted of her manslaughter.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
On appeal, it was argued that the trial judge had wrongly admitted his statements to the police.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal held that for the purposes of section 23 of the Bill of Rights Act, the appellant was under arrest when he was being questioned because he was not free to go as he pleased.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The appellant was therefore entitled to the rights under section 23 of the Act.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 On the question of the effect of beaches of the Bill of Rights, the Court of Appeal said exclusion of the confession did not automatically follow.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 At p.171, (per Cooke P) the Court said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93
New Zealand cases have already yielded a number of examples of good reasons for departing from the prima facie exclusion rule.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 They include or may include waiver of righ
ts by the person affected; inconsequentiality, in the sense that the court can be satisfied that the admission would have been made without a breach; reasonably apprehended physical danger to the law enforcement officer or other persons; other reasons for
 urgency such as the risk of destruction of evidence; and the triviality of the breach if it is only a marginal departure from the individual\rquote s rights.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par In that case, the confession was held to be wrongly admitted because of the breach of section 23 and because the questioning had taken the form of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93sharp cross-examination\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  of the appellant.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 In }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 R v Kirifi}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (1992) 2 NZLR 8}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
, an accused person had been apprehended and handcuffed to a fence before he was interviewed by the police.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
He was not told that he was entitled to have a lawyer present until the interview was almost over and he had already made admissions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The trial judge excluded the admissions on the ground that there had been a breach of the Bill of Rights in relation to the right to counsel.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The Court of Appeal said that he was right.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
The Court said that the section 23 right to counsel, which applied to all persons }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93arrested or detained\'94,}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
 was not limited to persons who had been formally arrested.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 It covered a situation where a suspect was, in effect, in
 police custody, although he had not been formally arrested.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
There was a breach of the right to consult a lawyer, and the admissions were properly excluded.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The Court said at page 12: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93It seems to us that, once a breach of section 23(1)(b) has been estab
lished, the trial judge acts rightly in ruling out a consequent admission unless there are circumstances in a particular case satisfying him or her that it is fair and right to allow an admission into evidence.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 R v Mallinson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (1993) 1 NZLR 528}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (referred to with approval by the Chief Justice for Fiji in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Mul Chand}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
 Labasa High Court Case November 1999) the New Zealand Court of Appeal held that the onus was on the prosecution to show firstly that the suspect had been told of his right to consult a lawyer be
fore the questioning began, and secondly that the suspect understood the substance of the right and that the exercise of the right would have been implemented if he chose to exercise it.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 However evidence that the right had been advised, normally led to an inference that the suspect understood the nature of the right.
\par 
\par In that sense }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Mallinson}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
 was not told of this right until an hour after his arrest, but before he was interviewed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
His interview was excluded, and the jury directed to acquit.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 On a case stated 
to the Court of Appeal decided that the right to consult a lawyer, and the right to be informed of that right, arose on arrest, and the right must be communicated immediately after arrest and before }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93the legitimate interests of the person who is arrested are jeopardized.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The police have a duty to inform the suspect of this right but no particular formula is required as long as the suspect knows he may exercise the right before questioning begins.
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal held that where he had been told of the right to a lawyer before questioning began, the proper inference should have been that he understood that the rights were exercisable immediately and before questioning began.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Thus the trial judge should not have excluded the statements, and a new trial was ordered.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 R v Butcher}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (1992) 2 NZLR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
, Cooke P said at p. 266:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93As indicated in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Kirif}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
i, there may be circumstances in a particular case where, despite some degree of transgression of the rights, it is fair and right to admit a confession in evidence \'85
.. prima facie however, a violation of the rights should result in the ruling out of evidence obtained thereby.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
The prosecution should bear the onus of satisfying the court that there is good reason for admitting the evidence despite the violation.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The Queen v Thompson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (1893) 2 QB 12}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  Cave J. at p. 18 said: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93
I would add that for my part I always suspect these confessions, which I suppose to be the offspring of penitence and remorse, and which nevertheless are repudiated by the prisoner at the trial.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 It is remarkable that it is of very rare occurrence for evidence of a confession to be given when the proof of the prisoner\rquote 
s guilt is otherwise clear and satisfactory; but, when it is not clear and satisfactory, the prisoner is not unfrequently alleged
 to have been seized with the desire born of penitence and remorse to supplement it with a confession; - a desire which vanishes as soon as he appears in a court of justice.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
Cleland v The Queen}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  151 CLR at p.15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  Murphy J. of the Australian High Court said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93
The voluntariness of a confession is suspect if it is obtained by interrogation rather than being volunteered, of it, although volunteered, the procedure involved interrogation; if the confessor was in custody, lawful or otherwise; or if anything sug
gests inducement by threats, promises, false representations or other trickery.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
Because of circumstances appearing from the evidence, a judge may treat a confessions as suspect for involuntariness (even 
\par if this was not asserted by the accused because he denies making it).
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
If the accused within custody the trial judge must be satisfied that, notwithstanding that the accused was under the control of the police or other custodians, the confession was voluntary.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 If there is suspicion of threats or other inducement, the judge must be satisfied that there were none, or that these did not operate by way of inducement.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par Also in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Cleland}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  Deane J. at p. 18 said: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93
At common law, a confessional statement is not admissible in evidence against an accused unless it be established that it was voluntarily made\'85
.If the making of such an alleged statement has been procured or influenced by unlawful or improper conduct on the part of law enforcement officers, that circumstance will be of relevance on the question whether the confession was voluntary.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
It will also, if it be established that the confession was voluntary, give rise to a subsequent question whether, in the discretion of the trial judge, evidence of the alleged confessional statement should be excluded for the rea
son that the reception of such evidence would be unfair to the accused: in this regard, the question is not whether the accused was treated unfairly; it is whether the reception of evidence of the confession would be unfair to him.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Collins v R}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813  (1980) 31 ALR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
 Brennan J. of the Australian High Court, cautioned that it was important to ensure that a court does not tease out some fanciful meaning from or attribute some extravagant effect to what is said by a person in authority.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 When commenting on the observations of Lord Morris in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
DPP v Ping Lin}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 , His Hono}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865318 ur said:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 \'93
What His Lordship emphasizes is the importance of ascertaining all of the facts which may bear upon the confessionalist\rquote s state of mind, and the importance of a practical commonsense assessment of the effect of those facts upon his mind.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
But the issue of voluntariness is not to be regarded as a mere problem of semantics: it is not resolved by a simple inquiry as to the meaning of the words used by a police officer (or other person in authority).}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
An assessment must be made of the effect of the verbal and non-verbal conduct of the police officer (or other person in authority) upon the will of the confessionalist in the circumstances in which the confession is made.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 If the evidence does not show t
hat the confession was made in the exercise of a free choice by the confessionalist to make it, the confession is inadmissible.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 As the means by which a confessionalist\rquote s will can be overborne are various, one cannot postulate in advance of particular cases
 the extrinsic circumstances which will necessarily result in the exclusion of a confession as involuntary, or which will inevitably prove insufficient to found a challenge to its voluntary character.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid12865318 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 When all the facts are ascertained then in a commonsen
se way the court must find whether or no the will of the particular confessionalist was overborne.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par The principles governing exclusion require the asking of the following questions:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 1.\tab Was the interview/charge statement given voluntarily?
\par 2.\tab Was it given in oppressive or unfair circumstances?
\par 3.\tab Was there a breach of the rights under section 27 of the Constitution?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12865318 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 4.\tab 
If there was a constitutional breach, is there anything in the evidence to show that the prima facie exclusion rule should not apply?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par In c
onsidering all these questions, the onus is on the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt, voluntariness, lack of oppression, no breach of the Constitution and, if there has been a breach, to show that the breach was inconsequential and did not resu
lt in unfairness or oppression.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par I turn now to the evidence.
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16479813 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
Evidence was given to the court by Acting Corporal Arvind Kumar, whose evidence was that he has been in a Police Force for 15 years, crime for 8 years and he was the officer who conducted the record of interview.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He said he told the accused that his right to consult a lawyer.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He said the accused did not complain of having been assaulted before, during or after the record of interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The accused appeared normal and he did not see any visible injuries on the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 No force, promises or inducement were given or held out for the accused at the time of the record of interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 That he read the record of interview to the accused and he asked if it was correct.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par 
\par The accused signed the record of interview and he says that not only did he not assault the accused, he did not see anyone else assault the accused.
\par 
\par In the cross examination when specifically referred to question 63 and it was to put to the officer that he, the accused, told the officer that he has stopped at the junction, the officer said no and what he said was recorded.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He maintained that position under further cross examination.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par 
\par When specifically referred to question 54 of the record of interview and again when it was put to him that the accused said he stopped, he again said no, what he said is what is recorded.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Similarly, when referred to question 62 of the record of interview.
\par 
\par The second witness is DC 2408 Arvind Prakash.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The evidence of this officer relates to the charge statement w
hich is not being challenged and accordingly I will not refer to that evidence.
\par 
\par Police Officer, DC 1122 Francis Naqesa, gave evidence of being a police officer for 17 years.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
That he was in the CID in 2002 but he was instructed to attend the scene of an accident on the Kings Road.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
He first saw the accused at the Tavua Police Station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 That he was in company with Inspector Arun Kumar.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 After going to the scene, went to Tavua Police Station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The accused came from Tavua Police Station in their company to Ba Police Station, arriving there at about 5.30pm.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The accused appeared normal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He was kept in the charge room initially and then transferred to the crime office for interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He was at no time locked in the cell and that he did not assault the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He did not assault the accused and he did not see anything assault the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 That there was no complaint by the accused of any assault and he did not see any visible injuries on the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He says in his evidence that member of the accused family came to see Inspector Arun Kumar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 That there was no complaint of the assault.
\par 
\par The accused was released that night by the Inspector.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
In the cross-examination, he acknowledged that the accused was arrested at the Tavua Police Station.
\par 
\par Detective Inspector Arun Kumar, gave evidence of being a police officer for 29 years, the crime officer at Ba for the past 4 years.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
That he went with officer, PC Francis Naqesa to the scene.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He accompanied him to the scene and then to Tavua Police Station.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The accused was brought from Tavua Police Station to Ba Police Station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He denied having assaulted the accused at Tavua Police Station or having seen anybody else do so.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Similarly, he denied having assault him or having seen anybody do so.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 They arrived at Ba Police Station at about 5.00pm and he was left in the charge room.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He was later taken to the crime office for interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
He was released at about 10pm that same day.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He again said, he did not assault the accused or see anyone do so. 
\par 
\par In answered to a specific question as to whether he assaulted the accused during the record of interview, after the record of interview or see anybody do so, he said in answer to those questions, no.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He says there was no complaint by the accused and no request by him to see a doctor.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 There were no visible injuries and he appeared normal.
\par 
\par In the cross-examination, he too acknowledged the accused was arrested at Tavua.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
In cross-examination, he acknowledges that he was in his office when the accused was interviewed in the crime office.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
He denied in cross-examination, having punched several heavy blows to the side of the stomach of the accused.
\par 
\par The officer who drove the Inspector, the investigating officer of the scene also gave evidence.
\par 
\par The accused gave sworn evidence in which he says he is 24 years of age.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He doesn\rquote t read or write English or Hindustani.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He says he was assaulted and threatened in the course of the record of interview at Ba Police Station.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He says Inspector Arun Kumar threatened him and that officer, Arvind, assaulted him.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He says he has a family lawyer at Tavua and was not advised of his rights on arrest at Tavua.
\par 
\par In cross-examination, when details of the assault was sought, he says he was assaulted in the ribs, on the right hand side.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
He was punched two times, one not very hard and the second harder.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He says he didn\rquote t complain.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He thought more assaults would occur.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He didn\rquote t ask the police to see a doctor.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 He didn\rquote 
t make any complaint when he appeared before the Ba Magistrates Court but says in answer to questions by the court, that he instructed his then counsel\rquote s law clerk that he had in fact been assaulted.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 That fact was not made known to the court nor is there any evidence apart from the statement of the accused before this court.
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid7422080 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Conclusion}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7422080 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The burden rests with the State to prove that the confession was voluntarily made, that there was a lack of oppression and that there was no breach of the Constitution or of the Judges
\rquote  Rules.
\par 
\par The accused alleges that he was punched in the right ribs twice, the first time not very hard, the second time harder.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
He did not complain then or when he appeared before the magistrate but says he informed his then counsel\rquote s clerk.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
No such statement is produced to this court.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 No request was made by the acc}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7422080 
used for a medical examination.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 
\par 
\par The allegations of assault are denied by the officers who were present at the time and against whom the allegations were made, that is Inspector Arun Kumar and DC 2043 Arvind Kumar.
\par 
\par I am satisfied that the threats and assault did not take place so as to result in the admission of the confession statement being unfair to the accused.
\par 
\par It is not challenged that the appropriate cautions were administered to the accused prior for the taking of the record of interview, whilst they were not administered immediately on arrest at Tavua.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 Whilst this is a constitutional breach, I am satisfied that it did not result in unfairness to the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 The record of interview is admissible.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16479813 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7422080 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid7422080 JOHN CONNORS
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid7422080 JUDGE
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7422080 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid7422080 
\par At Lautoka
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6576496\charrsid16479813 14 October 2004
\par }}