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\f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
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\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 CRIMINAL CASE NO. HAC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240 0}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 014 OF 2002L}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240 
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\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 THE STATE
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\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 JOJI DRASUNA}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240\charrsid9972321 

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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321 Mr. K. Tunidau for the State}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 Mr. H.A. Shah for the Accused
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444814\charrsid9972321  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 6 \endash  8 September 2004
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444814\charrsid9972321 Ruling}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444814\charrsid9972321  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 9 September 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240\charrsid9972321 
\par 
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\par The accused objects to the admission of his interview by police on the 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  and 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July 2002 into evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The grounds of objection as stated by counsel for the accused are:
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls66\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The accused was brutalized before and during the interview; and}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321\charrsid9047240 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls66\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The confession statement was not voluntarily made.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par The grounds upon which a confessional statement can be excluded from evidence, are either that it is not voluntarily made or that it was obtained unfairly and in breach of the rights given to persons in police custody under section 27 of the Constitution.

\par 
\par In relation to voluntariness, breaches of the Judges\rquote  Rules are relevant but do not determine what is voluntary.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
The real question under principle (e) under preamble to the Judges\rquote  Rules is whether the statement is voluntary \'93}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
in the sense that it has not been obtained from him by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, exercised or held out by a person in authority or by oppression.\'94
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par Oppression is something which }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93tends to sap and has sapped that free will which must exist before a confession is voluntary\'94.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par 
\par A failure to comply with section 27 of the Constitution will result in the exclusion of evidence obtained from a person in custody unless the court is of the view, that it would be fair and just to include such evidence.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 R v Mallinson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  (1993) 1 NZLR 528}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
 (referred to with approval by the Chief Justice for Fiji in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Mul Chand}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
 Labasa High Court Case November 1999) the New Zealand Court of Appeal held that the onus was on the prosecution to s
how firstly that the suspect had been told of his right to consult a lawyer before the questioning began, and secondly that the suspect understood the substance of the right and that the exercise of the right would have been implemented if he chose to exe
rcise it.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
However evidence that the right had been advised, normally led to an inference that the suspect understood the nature of the right.
\par 
\par In that sense }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Mallinson}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
 was not told of this right until an hour after his arrest, but before he was interviewed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
His interview was excluded, and the jury directed to acquit.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
On a case stated to the Court of Appeal decided that the right to consult a lawyer, and the right to be informed of that right, arose on arrest, and the right must be communicated immediately after arrest and before }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93the legitimate interests of the person who is arrested are jeopardized\'94.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The police have a duty to inform the suspect of this right but no particular formula is required as long as the suspect knows he may exercise the right before questioning begins.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321\charrsid9047240 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
The Court of Appeal held that where he had been told of the right to a lawyer before questioning began, the proper inference should have been that he understood that the rights were exercisable immediately and before questioning began.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Thus the trial Judge should not have excluded the statements, and a new trial was ordered.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 R v Butcher}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  (1992) 2 NZLR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
, Cooke P said at p. 266:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93As indicated in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Kirifi}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 , there may be circumstances in a particular case where, despite some degree of tra
nsgression of the rights, it is fair and right to admit a confession in evidence\'85.prima facie however, a violation of the rights should result in the ruling out of the evidence obtained thereby.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }
{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The prosecution should bear the onus of satisfying the court that there is good reason for admitting the evidence despite the violation.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The Queen v Thompson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  (1893) 2 QB 12}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Cave J. at p.18 said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93
I would add that for my part I always suspect these confessions, which I suppose to be the offspring of penitence and remorse, and which nevertheless are repudiated by the prisoner at the trial.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 It is remarkable that it is of very rare occurrence for evidence of a confession to be given when the proof of the prisoner\rquote s guilt is otherwise clear and satisfactory; but, wh
en it is not clear and satisfactory, the prisoner is not infrequently alleged to have been seized with the desire born of penitence and remorse to supplement it with a confession - a desire which vanishes as soon as he appears in a court of justice.\'94

\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par One might say what has changed since 1893.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Cleland v The Queen}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  151 CLR at p.15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
 Murphy J. said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93
The voluntariness of a confession is suspect if it is obtained by interrogation rather than being volunteered, of it, although volunteered, the procedure invol
ved interrogation; if the confessor was in custody, lawful or otherwise; or if anything suggests inducement by threats, promises, false representations or other trickery.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Because of circumstances appearing from the evidence, a judge may treat a confession 
as suspect for involuntariness (even if this was not asserted by the accused because he denies making it).
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
If the accused is in custody the trial judge must be satisfied that, notwithstanding that the accused was under the control of the police or other custodians, the confession was voluntary.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 If there is suspicion of threats or other inducement, the judge must be satisfied that there were none, or that these did not operate by way of inducement.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par Also in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Cleland}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  Deane J. at p.18 said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93At common law, a
 confessional statement is not admissible in evidence against an accused unless it be established that it was voluntarily made\'85
if the making of such an alleged statement has been procured or influenced by unlawful or improper conduct on the part of law enforcement officers, that circumstance will be of relevance on the question whether the confession was voluntary.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
It will also, if it be established that the confession was voluntary, give rise to a subsequent question whether, in the discretion of the trial
 judge, evidence of the alleged confessional statement should be excluded for the reason that the reception of such evidence would be unfair to the accused: in this regard, the question is not whether the accused was treated unfairly; it is whether the re
ception of evidence of the confession would be unfair to him.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Collins v R}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  (1980) 31 ALR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
 Brennan J. cautioned that it was important to ensure that a court does not tease out some fanciful meaning from or attribute some extravagant effect to what is said by a person in authority.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 When commenting on the observations of Lord Morris in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 DPP v Ping Lin,}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  His Hono}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321 u}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 r said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93
What His Lordship emphasizes is the importance of ascertaining all of the facts which may bear upon the confessionalist\rquote s state of mind, and the importance of a practical commonsense assessment of the effect of those facts upon his mind.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
But the issue of voluntariness is not to be regarded as a mere problem of semantics: it is not resolved by a simple inquiry as to the meaning of the words used by a police officer (or other person in authority).}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
An assessment must be made of the effect of the verbal and non-verbal conduct of the police officer (or other person in authority) upon the will of the confessionalist in the circumstances in which the confession is made.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
If the evidence does not show that the confession was made in the exercise of a free choice by the confessionalist to make it, the confession is inadmissible.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 As the means by which a confessionalist\rquote s will can be overborne are vario
us, one cannot postulate in advance of particular cases the extrinsic circumstances which will necessarily result in the exclusion of a confession as involuntary, or which will inevitably prove insufficient to found a challenge to its voluntary character.
}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
When all the facts are ascertained then in a commonsense way the court must find whether or not the will of the particular confessionalist was overborne.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par It follows therefore that the principles governing exclusion require the asking of the following questions:
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls67\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid9972321 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Was the interview/charge statement given voluntarily?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}Was it given in oppressive or unfair circumstances?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}Was there a breach of the rights under section 27 of the Constitution?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}If there was a constitutional breach, is there anything in the evidenc
e to show that the prima facie exclusion rule should not apply?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par In considering all of these questions, the onus is on the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt, voluntariness, lack of oppression, no breach of the Constitution and, if there has been
 a breach, to show that the breach was inconsequential and did not result in unfairness or oppression.
\par 
\par I turn now to the evidence.
\par 
\par Evidence on behalf of the prosecution was given to the court by two of the apprehending officers.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Special Constable 2367 Sa
uqaqa said in his evidence, that he traveled with others to an area near Ba, on approach he saw a number of Fijian youths and one of those commenced to run away.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says that he got out of the police vehicle and gave chase that the running Fijian youth fell over on the gravel road and that he then tackled the youth, who then fell onto a tramline.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says that a scuffle ensued, that punches were thrown by the accused and he ended up on top of the accused and he didn\rquote 
t recall if the accused was face up or face down.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
He then says that assistance arrived and that the accused was then placed in the Ba Police vehicle and transported to Ba Police Station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321\charrsid9047240 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 His fellow officer, Watisoni Druma, gave similar evidence of trave}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321 l}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 ling to the scene, of approaching a group and of one member of that group running away and the Special Constable alighting from the police vehicle first and giving chase.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says the other officers then alighted from the vehicle some seconds later and gave assistance.
\par 
\par He similarly describes the ro
ad or the place which the incident took place, as being a gravel road with a tramline and he describes a scuffle taking place between the accused and the Special Constable and again that the accused was transported from the scene to Ba Police Station and 
ultimately to Lautoka.
\par 
\par He then says upon arrival at Lautoka Police Station, the accused was handed to the uniform officers and he and the Special Constable went off duty.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par 
\par The Lautoka Police Station diary for the 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 rd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 , 4}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  and 5}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July was tendered into evidence as Exhibit 4.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par 
\par Entry No. 197 of the 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 rd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  of July 2002 shows that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 at 2230 hours, PC 2598 Druma and party brought in under arrest one Joji Drasuna from Ba with injuries as follows:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 bruises on left knee, cut on the right leg, bruises on head, both eyes swollen and cut on the lips.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The diary further shows at Entry 202 at 2307 hours, some 37 minutes later, that the accused was placed into a cell.
\par 
\par The interviewing officer, PC 1784 Maciu Vava, gave evidence that on the morning of the 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July 2002 after re
ceiving instructions, he went to the cell where the accused was located.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He saw the accused at about 8.00am.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The accused smelt strongly of intoxicated liquor and he determined that it was not appropriate for him to be interviewed at that time.}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He gave evidence that he later returned and conducted the caution interview commencing at 11.15am.
\par 
\par The station diary, Exhibit 4, indicates at Entry No. 52 on the 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
 July 2002 at 0800 hours, a meal was served in the cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The diary further indicates at Entry No. 93 a
t 1033 hours, the accused was escorted to the Crime Office.
\par 
\par Police Officer, Maciu, gives evidence in accordance with the record of interview that is, that at the commencement of the interview, he cautioned the accused and he said as is evidenced by question 3 of the record of interview:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-660\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93Q3:\tab 
Do you wish to consult a lawyer before commencing this interview?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 A:\tab Yes I want to see Legal Aid.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par The record then indicates that at 1120 hours, he rang the Legal Aid office and spoke to Mrs. Shalend who stated that the Legal Aid Officer, Mr. Sharma was in the courthouse:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93Q.4:\tab 
The Legal Aid Officer is in the courthouse, what else do you want.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 A:\tab We just commence without interview.
\par Q.5:\tab Do you want someone to be present during your interview?
\par A:\tab No.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The oral eviden
ce given by the officer was that he handed the telephone to the accused who spoke to the Legal Aid Office after he, the officer, had spoken to that office.
\par 
\par The officer then gave evidence with respect to the medical condition of the accused at the time the interview commenced.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
His evidence was in accordance with Question 6 of the record of interview.
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-698\li1418\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1418\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 \'93Q.6:\tab \tab 
Joji Drasuna, I want you to be taken to hospital so that you may be attended by medical doctor before we commence with your interview, what do you want?
\par A:\tab No, after we have completed our interview then I will go to the hospital.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9047240 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par The interview then commenced.
\par 
\par The oral evidence the officer gave is also evidenced by the record of interview, Exhibit 1, that at 1300 hours the interview was suspended until 1400 hours for lunch, which consisted of vegetables and fried rice.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 At 1430 hours the interview was suspended for reconstruction and recommenced at 1830 hours.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The evidence of the officer was that the reconstruction took about 1 hour and at that time he took the accused to the Lautoka Hospital.
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 This is confirmed by Exhibit 2, a Medical Officer\rquote s Report, which indicates that the accused was examined on the 4}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July 2002 at 3.30pm, that is 1530 hours.
\par 
\par The officer was present when the medical examination was undertaken.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
He also gave evidence as Exhibit 1 indicates that the record of interview was suspended at 1945 hours on the 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July 2002 when the accused was served dinner of chopsuey vegetables with rice and that the interview recommenced on the 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July 2002 at 0835 hours and then concluded at 1025 hours.
\par 
\par He says that he asked the accused if he had any complaint and he said he didn\rquote t.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
He was asked in his evidence if any complaint was made by the accused of assault between the 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  and 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  of July whilst the accused was in custody and he said no.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says that the accused voluntarily signed the record of interview after it had been read to him.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 I found the officer to be a consistent witness whose answers under cross-examination were consistent with those given in his evidence-in-chief.
\par 
\par The final witness for the prosecution was PC 562 Qio who charged the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The accused made no statement when charged.
\par 
\par The accused chose to give sworn evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 In his sworn evidence, he says that he was drunk on the night of the 3}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 rd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  of July when approached by police officers.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 That he was standing on the road with 3 friends.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
Police officers arrived by vehicle, that one officer alighted and that officer then tackled him, the accused to the ground and assaulted him.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 That he was kicked by another officer that his hands were held by officers and he was punched and beaten with a stick.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 That torchlight was shone on his face, he was punched in the right eye or hit there with a stick.
\par 
\par I note that no witness was asked whether a torchlight existed or was present that all witnesses indicated that it was a very dark night and the only evidence of light at the scene was that emanating from the police vehicles.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says he did not try to run away, that he merely stood there with friends and
 impliedly suggest that the assault by the police officers was completely unprovoked.
\par 
\par He denies that he had agreed to the record of interview commencing without him being medically examined and says that he requested treatment as late as the time which breakfast was brought to him on the 4}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  of July.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says that he requested a lawyer.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
He says that he did not have the opportunity to speak on the telephone to the Legal Aid Office.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He says that he signed the record of interview and that he made the statements contained in it through fear.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 He was frightened.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
He says he was threatened that he would be further assaulted but he makes no allegation of any assault other than that that he alleges took place on the road, at the time of his arrest.
\par 
\par It is clear that the accused suffered injuries, that fact is evidenced from the Station Diary and the medical officers\rquote  report.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 What is not so clear is the cause of those injuries, how they were obtained.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 Were they obtained as the two officers say in their evidence or was
 it a situation as described by the accused, that is, that he stood there passively with his friends when the police vehicles arrived and the police officer for no reason at all, tackled him to the ground.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
\par 
\par I have difficulty accepting the accused version of events but in any event, even if, it were that the accused was assaulted by the officers at about 9.30 on the night of the 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 rd}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July, it is necessary then to question whether that assault, if it occurred, impacts sufficiently in the record of interview w
hich commenced at 11.00am, the next day, to make that record inadmissible.
\par 
\par As I have said, there is nothing in the evidence of the accused to suggest that there was any alleged assault from the time of his arrival at the Lautoka Police Station on the night of the 3}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 rd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July until the conclusion of the record of interview at about 10.30am on the 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 The only evidence is, he says, he was threatened by the interviewing officer that if he didn\rquote t make the statements and didn\rquote t sign the statement then he wou
ld be further assaulted.
\par 
\par The authorities to which I have referred require in part a commonsense approach to the facts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
Those authorities also required there to be an overbearing and of course that overbearing must exist the time the statement is being taken.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9972321\charrsid9047240 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 
The burden rests with the State to prove beyond reasonable doubt the confession was voluntarily made that there was a lack of oppression and that there was no breach of the Constitution or of the Judges\rquote  Rules.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 As I have indicated, I have difficulty accepting the accused\rquote 
s evidence and accordingly I do accept the evidence of the apprehending officers and the interviewing officer as to the events.
\par 
\par But as I have said even if I were of the opinion that an assault took place on the night of the 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 rd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July t
hen I am of the opinion that that assault in itself did not lead to there being any oppression in the course of the record of interview which was taken commencing at 11.00am on the 4}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July and concluding at 10.35am on the 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9047240  July and accordingly, I am sa
tisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the caution interview was voluntarily made in circumstances of fairness to the accused and accordingly the admissions contained in that interview are admissible.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047240 

\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 JOHN CONNORS
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 JUDGE
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9972321 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128498\charrsid9972321 
\par At Lautoka
\par 9 September 2004
\par }}