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{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6764;}{\info{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Judge2}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2006\mo3\dy28\hr8\min31}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy28\hr8\min31}{\printim\yr2004\mo8\dy12\hr12\min9}{\version2}{\edmins0}
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\f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 CRIMINAL CASE NO. HAC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 0}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 016 OF 2003L}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 THE STATE}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 

\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 V}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 BRIJ LAL
\par SUSHIL CHANDRA
\par SURESH KUMAR
\par RAJ KUMAR
\par SUNIL KUMAR
\par RONAL ROHINESH KUMAR
\par ASHWIN CHANDRA}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 Counsel: }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Mr. M. Korovou for the State
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 Mr. I. Khan for the Accused
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 5, 6 & 9 August 2004
\par Ruling:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 11 August 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par 
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\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
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\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 st}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 , 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 nd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 , 4}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  to 7}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused objected the admission of their interviews by police on the 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  of January 2003 and the admission into evidence of their charge statements of the 17}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The grounds of objection are:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 1.\tab 
That the statements were obtained in circumstances that were unfair to the accused;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 2.\tab 
The accused was systematically softened to the interview in that they were kept in custody in circumstances which were degrading and inhumane and who were unjustly handcuffed from the time they were picked up until their interview;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 3.\tab That the statements were obtained in circumstances that were oppressive;

\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 4.\tab That the statements were obt
ained in breach of Rule 2 and 4 of the Judges\rquote  Rules; and
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 5.\tab 
That the statements were obtained in breach of sections 23(1)(e), 25(1) and 27(1)(a), (c) and (f) of the Constitution;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 6.\tab 
The accused was assaulted by several police officers as a result the accused made confessional statements.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par There is no evidence that the accused or any of them were handcuffed from the time they were picked up until interview.
\par 
\par The grounds upon which a confessional statement can be excluded from the evidence, are either that they are not voluntary or they were obtained unfairly and in breach of the rights given to persons in police custody, under section 27 of the Constitution.}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In relation to voluntariness, breaches of the Judges\rquote  Rules are relevant but do not determine what is voluntary.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The real question under principle (e) of the preamble to the Judges\rquote  Rules is whether the statement is voluntary }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93in the sense that it has not been obtained from him by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, exercised or held out by a person in authority or by oppression.\'94
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par Oppression is something which }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93tends to sap and has sapped that free will which must exist before a confession is voluntary.\'94
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par As to breaches of the Constitution, section 27}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 (1) and (2) provide as follows:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93(1)\tab Every person who is arrested or detained has the right:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8063589 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 be informed promptly in a language that he or she understands of the reason for his or her arrest or detention and of the nature of any charge that may be brought;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8063589 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 to be promptly released if not charged;
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8063589 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 to 
consult with a legal practitioner of his or her choice in private in the place where he or she is detained, to be informed of that right promptly and, if he or she does not have sufficient means to engage a legal practitioner and the interests of justice 
require legal representation to be available, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid;}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8063589 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 to be given the opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s15\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\ilvl1\adjustright\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin; and}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s15\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\ilvl1\adjustright\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 a religious counsel}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 l}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 or or social worker.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8063589 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 to challenge the lawfulness of his or her detention before a court of law and to be released if the detention is unlawful; and
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8063589 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 to be treated with humanity and with respect for his or her inherent dignity.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 (2)\tab The authoritie
s holding a person who has been arrested or detained must promptly take all reasonable steps to inform his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin of his or her arrest or detention.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par A failure to comply with section 27 of the Constitution will result in the exclusion of evidence to obtained in custody unless the court is of the view that it would be fair and just to include such evidence.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 R v Goodwin}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (1993) 2 NZLR 153}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 , the accused was kept at a police station for questioning in relation to the death of hi
s baby daughter.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was later convicted of her manslaughter.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 On appeal, it was argued that the trial judge had wrongly admitted his statements to the police.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal held that for the purposes of section 23 of the Bill of Rights Act, the appellant was under arrest when he was being questioned because he was not free to go as he pleased.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The appellant was therefore entitled to the rights under section 23 of the Act.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 On the question of the effect of beaches of the Bill of Rights, the Court of Appeal said exclusion of the confession did not automatically follow.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 At p.171, (per Cooke P) the Court said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93
New Zealand cases have already yielded a number of examples of good reasons for departing from the prima facie exclusion rule.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
They include or may
 include waiver of rights by the person affected; inconsequentiality, in the sense that the court can be satisfied that the admission would have been made without a breach; reasonably apprehended physical danger to the law enforcement officer or other per
sons; other reasons for urgency such as the risk of destruction of evidence; and the triviality of the breach if it is only a marginal departure from the individual\rquote s rights.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par In that case the confession was held to be wrongly admitted because of the breach of section 23 and because the questioning had taken the form of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93sharp cross-examination\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  of the appellant.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 R v Kirifi}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (1992) 2 NZLR 8}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
, an accused person had been apprehended and handcuffed to a fence before he was interviewed by the police.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was no
t told that he was entitled to have a lawyer present until the interview was almost over and he had already made admissions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
The trial judge excluded the admissions on the ground that there had been a breach of the Bill of Rights in relation to the right to counsel.
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal said that he was right.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The Court said that the section 23 right to counsel, which applied to all persons }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93arrested or detained\'94,}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  was not limited to persons who had been formally arrested.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 It covered a situation where a suspect was, in effect, in police custody, although he had not been formally arrested.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 There was a breach of the right to consult a lawyer, and the admissions were properly excluded.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The Cou}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 rt said at page 12 and I quote:}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93It seems to us that, once a breach o
f section 23(1)(b) has been established, the trial judge acts rightly in ruling out a consequent admission unless there are circumstances in a particular case satisfying him or her that it is fair and right to allow an admission into evidence.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 R v Mallinson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (1993) 1 NZLR 528}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (referred to with approval by the Chief Justice for Fiji in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Mul Chand}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  Labasa High Court Case November 1999) the New Zealand Court of Appeal held that the onus was on the prosecution to show firstly that the suspect had been told of
 his right to consult a lawyer before the questioning began, and secondly that the suspect understood the substance of the right and that the exercise of the right would have been implemented if he chose to exercise it.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 However evidence that the right had been advised, normally led to an inference that the suspect understood the nature of the right.

\par 
\par In that sense }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Mallinson}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  was not told of this right until an hour after his arrest, but before he was interviewed.}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 His interview was excluded, and the jury directed to acquit.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
On a case stated to the Court of Appeal decided that the right to consult a lawyer, and the right to be informed of that right, arose on arrest, and the right must be communicated immediately after arrest and before }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93the legitimate interests of the person who is arrested are jeopardized.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The police have a duty to inform the suspect of this right but no particular formula is required as long as the suspect knows he may exercise the right before questioning begins.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The Court of Appeal held t
hat where he had been told of the right to a lawyer before questioning began, the proper inference should have been that he understood that the rights were exercisable immediately and before questioning began.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Thus the trial judge should not have excluded the statements, and a new trial was ordered.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 R v Butcher}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (1992) 2 NZLR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
, Cooke P said at p. 266:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93As indicated in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Kirif}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
i, there may be circumstances in a particular case where, despite some degree of transgression of the rights, it is fair and right to admit a confession in evidence \'85
.. prima facie however, a violation of the rights should result in the ruling out of evidence obtained thereby.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
The prosecution should bear the onus of satisfying the court that there is good reason for admitting the evidence despite the violation.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Sudesh Jeet v The State}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 Crim. App. No. AAU0036 of 1999S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
, the Court of Appeal held that where the appellant had been held in police custody for almost 3 days, before he confessed to an offence of murder, the circumstances 
were oppressive and in breach of section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution which gives a detained person the right to be promptly released if not charged.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The court concluded that the caution and charge statements were }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93obtained unfairly and in oppressive circumstances
\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  and ought to have been excluded.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Siga Lesumailau & Sikeli Tamani v The State}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  Crim. App. No. AAU0023 of 2000S,}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  the appellant was in police custody for interview for 26 hours.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
His confession was included in evidence after a trial within a trial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 His decision was upheld on appeal by the Court of Appeal.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The Queen v Thompson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (1893) 2 QB 12}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  Cave J. at p. 18 said and I quote: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93
I would add that for my part I always suspect these confessions, which I suppose to be the offspring of penitence and remorse, and which nevertheless are repudiated by the prisoner at the trial.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 It is remarkable that it is of very rare occurrence for evidence of a confession to be given when the proof of the prisoner\rquote 
s guilt is otherwise clear and satisfactory; but, when 
it is not clear and satisfactory, the prisoner is not unfrequently alleged to have been seized with the desire born of penitence and remorse to supplement it with a confession; - a desire which vanishes as soon as he appears in a court of justice.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Cleland v The Queen}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  151 CLR at p.15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 Murphy J. said and I quote:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93
The voluntariness of a confession is suspect if it is obtained by interrogation rather than being volunteered, of it, although volunteered, the procedure involved interrogation; if the confesso
r was in custody, lawful or otherwise; or if anything suggests inducement by threats, promises, false representations or other trickery.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Because of circumstances appearing from the evidence, a judge may treat a confessions as suspect for involuntariness (e
ven if this was not asserted by the accused because he denies making it).
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
If the accused within custody the trial judge must be satisfied that, notwithstanding that the accused was under the control of the police or other custodians, the confession was voluntary.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 If there is suspicion of threats or other inducement, the judge must be satisfied that there were none, or that these did not operate by way of inducement.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par Also in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Cleland}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  Dean}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 e J. at p. 18 said and I quote:}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93At common law, a confessional state
ment is not admissible in evidence against an accused unless it be established that it was voluntarily made\'85
.If the making of such an alleged statement has been procured or influenced by unlawful or improper conduct on the part of law enforcement officers, that circumstance will be of relevance on the question whether the confession was voluntary.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
It will also, if it be established that the confession was voluntary, give rise to a subsequent question whether, in the discretion of the trial judge, evidence o
f the alleged confessional statement should be excluded for the reason that the reception of such evidence would be unfair to the accused: in this regard, the question is not whether the accused was treated unfairly; it is whether the reception of evidenc
e of the confession would be unfair to him.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Collins v R}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  (1980) 31 ALR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 Brennan J. cautioned that it was important to ensure that a court does not tease out some fanciful meaning from or attribute some extravagant effect to what is said by a person in authority.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 When commenting on the observations of Lord Morris in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 DPP v Ping Lin}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 , His Honour said:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93
What His Lordship emphasizes is the importance of ascertaining all of the facts which may bear upon the confessionalist\rquote s state of mind, and the importance of a practical commonsense assessment of the effect of those facts upon his mind.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
But the issue of voluntariness is not to be regarded as a mere problem of semantics: it is not resolved by a simple inquiry as to the meaning of the words used by a police officer (or other person in authority).}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
An assessment must be made of the effect of the verbal and non-verbal conduct of the police officer (or other person in authority) upon the will of the confessionalist in the circumstances in which the confession is made.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
If the evidence does not show that the confession was made in the exercise of a free choice by the confessionalist to make it, the confession is inadmissible.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 As the means by which a confessionalist\rquote s will can be overborne are various, one cannot pos
tulate in advance of particular cases the extrinsic circumstances which will necessarily result in the exclusion of a confession as involuntary, or which will inevitably prove insufficient to found a challenge to its voluntary character.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 When all the facts
 are ascertained then in a commonsense way the court must find whether or no the will of the particular confessionalist was overborne.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par The principles governing exclusion require the asking of the following questions:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 1.\tab Was the interview/charge statement given voluntarily?
\par 2.\tab Was it given in oppressive or unfair circumstances?
\par 3.\tab Was there a breach of the rights under section 27 of the Constitution?
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 4.\tab 
If there was a constitutional breach, is there anything in the evidence to show that the prima facie exclusion rule should not apply?}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
In considering all these questions, the onus is on the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt, voluntariness, lack of oppression, no breach of the Constitution and, if there has been a breach, to show that the breach w
as inconsequential and did not result in unfairness or oppression.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par I turn now to the evidence.
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
The State called 15 police officers that were directly involved in the interview and charging of the 6 accused persons.
\par 
\par That evidence was that all 6 accused and other people from the community were brought to the Nadi Police Station for questioning.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
They were kept in the charge room and ultimately questioned individually.
\par 
\par All 15 police officers stated that the 6 accused appeared normal and made no complaints to them prior to the interview.
\par 
\par All 6 accused were interviewed at different times and in different places on the 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 January 2003 and were charged at different times on 17}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003.
\par 
\par The police officers in their evidence stated that the 6 accused gave their statements voluntarily and of their own free will and that they were not assaulted, threatened, forced, intimidated and no inducement was held out to them.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Statements of the accused which are in evidence show that the 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 st}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused or in fact all accused went into custody at about or shortly after midnight of 15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
The evidence is that all accused were kept in the charge room in Nadi Police Station until being interviewed.
\par 
\par The 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was interviewed, commencing at 1030 hours on the 16}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  of January 2003.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 His interviewed concluded at 1550 hours, that is a total of 5 hours 20 minutes.
\par 
\par The statement evidences that there were two breaks, one of 10 minutes between 1130 and 1140 hours and one of 1 hour 55 minutes between 1230 hours and 1425 hours, that is a total of 2 hours and 5 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The time spent in actual interview was therefore about 3 hours 15 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 These 3 hour interview produced 7 handwritten pages.
\par 
\par The 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused made a statement from the dock, in it he relevantly says, 
or confirms that he was taken into custody after or about 12 midnight that he and others were placed in a charge room in Nadi Police Station and then he says at about 2.30am, a person known to him as Acting Police Superintendent Arjun Singh squeezed his t
esticles and told him that he should agree with what he (Singh) said, if not, he would put his baton into his anus.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says he was frightened and it was after those threats, his interview was recorded and he was forced to sign that interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 nd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accus
ed was taken into custody with a similar time on the 15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 His interview commenced at about 0950 hours on the 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 and conclude at about 1745 hours on that day, a total of 7 hours 55 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The record indicates that there was break between 1200 hours and 1210 hours of 10 minutes.
\par 
\par A further break between 1320 hours and 1450 hours of 45 minutes making a total of 1 hour and 5 minutes, in addition the 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 nd}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was taken to the scene by police offices, which involved 1 hour 50 minutes excluding those breaks then reconstruction at about 5 hours during which the 2}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 nd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was interviewed, which time produced statement contained in 13 handwritten pages.
\par 
\par The 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 nd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was charged at 1730 hours on the 17}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003.
\par 
\par The 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 nd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  ac
cused also gave a statement from the dock and relevantly says when he was taken to the charge room by Acting Superintendent Arjun Singh.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 After a period of time, he heard his son yell out, his son being the alleged victim of a robbery, which led to the circumstances surrounding the apprehension of the accused.
\par 
\par He says that on hearing his son yell, he ran to the charge room and witnessed Acting Superintendent Singh beating his son.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says that the Acting Superintendent saw him and grabbed him by the neck and asked him why he had come to see his son and swore at him about his mother and sister.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says, Singh then threatened to throw him out of the building, that he started punching him in the stomach and kicked him in the back of his hip, which became very painful.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says that he was interviewed at Namaka Police Station without breakfast and only having been given tea.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He wasn\rquote t able to wash his face.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He was still in pain at the time the interview took place.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says that he indicated to the police at that 
time, the details of the assault and the pain.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In the course of his interview, he says his ears were twisted, as were his fingers.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par He was taken to the scene of the incident where he says he was pulled from the van by officers holding his shirt collar but he was there kicked in the back of his hip.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He fell on a stone and suffered what he described as a permanent injury.
\par 
\par He was thereafter taken to the Nadi Police Station, put in a cell, the floor of which was a pool of water.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
It was dirty, toilet leaked and he was barefooted.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was given tea but he couldn\rquote 
t drink, he says due to his injuries. He was removed from the cell to be charged.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
The records indicate took place for 30 hours on the 17}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249  of January 2003.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par Once charged he was then for the first time since going into custody, able to wash and brush his teeth before being allowed to see his family, following which, he was returned to the cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was given food to eat which he says he couldn\rquote t eat because of the state of the cell.
\par 
\par The 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was taken into custody at the similar time.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Exhibit showed that his interview commenced at 1020 hours of the 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 and concluded at 1600 hours of that day, a total of 5 hours and 40 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Exhibit showed that breaks were taken at 1210 hours to 1230 hours, for 20 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 From 1350 hours to 1425 hours, a total of 35 minutes, excluding breaks, the interview appears to have lasted for 3 hours and 45 minutes, during which time 9 handwritten pages were recorded.

\par 
\par The 4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused again makes a statement fro
m the dock in which he relevantly says, further about 11.30pm on the 15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 January 2003, the police came and 3 to 4 police officers raided his house at about 12 midnight, 3 more police vehicles came and that he was asked by Acting Superintendent Singh how the incident have occurred.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 That he and others were then taken to Nadi Police Station, kept at the charge room and instructed not to talk to each other.
\par 
\par On 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 at about 10.00am, he says he was taken to the Nadi Police Station bure and prior t
o that time, he had been kept in the charge room, he wasn\rquote t given a place to sleep, he wasn\rquote t allowed to wash his face in the morning.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says he wasn\rquote t given any breakfast and he wasn\rquote t allowed to see family members.
\par 
\par He says he informed the police officers at the time, the interview commenced that he had not had a meal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
They gave him food at about 1.00pm in the middle of the interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
After the interview, he was placed in the cell, he was given food and told to eat it in the cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The cell, what he says 
was very dirty and was stinky, not a place to eat.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The floor was full of water and he only ate a little bit of food.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par He says that during interview, he asked to be taken to the hospital, check the injury to his head.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says that the officer conducting the interview said that his boss had instructed that he was not to take him to hospital at that time, but may be later.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says that the next morning at about 8.30am he was given breakfast whilst in the cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 At about 10.00am, he was taken out and told that Acting Superintendent Singh wanted to see him.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says that he was taken to the CID Office at Nadi Police Station and was questioned by Singh.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In the course of that questioning he says, Singh told him that Brij Lal, the 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 st}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused, said he (4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused)
 hit the Fijian man.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says he then told, I think the Superintendent again that he did not hit Fijian man and that, I think the Superintendent Singh then threatened and said he would squeeze his testicles.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He threatened him if he did not agree, he would put him in a dark cell, keeping him there for 2 or 3 days.
\par 
\par He said at about 3.00pm on that day, he was again interviewed by Lautoka Police Officers.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
They were told by Acting Superintendent Singh in his presence to change the interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says after comple
ting that interview he was allowed to have a bath prior to being allowed to see his family.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He ate the meal brought by his family from home.
\par 
\par On Saturday morning, he was allowed to wash his face, changed clothes brought by his family, went to court, after which he was taken for a medical check up.
\par 
\par The 5}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused went into custody at about the same time.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The exhibits show that his interview commenced at 1645 on the 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 and concluded at 1900 hours on that day and there were no breaks.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Was interviewed for about 2 hours 15 minutes and 6 pages of handwritten pages were produced as a result of the interview.
\par 
\par The 5}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was charged on the 17}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 at 0950 hours.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused again made a statement from the dock where he relevantly 
says that between 12 midnight and 1.00am the police came and asked him and 3 others to go the police station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He asked if he could change his clothes as he was wearing shorts, they said no, to go with them and would be dropped off shortly.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He like the others was told to sit in the charge room and not talk to others.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says he spent the whole night sitting with the others in the charge room.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In the morning he was not allowed to wash his face.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In the afternoon he was taken upstairs, still in the same clothes
, Acting Superintendent Singh was present, closed the door, he threatened the accused and he was told by Acting Superintendent Singh in a loud voice to sit in a chair, pushed by him, he requested water to go to the toilet and was not allowed either.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par He says that at about 9.00pm he was taken into a cell and given food.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He was barefooted, there was water on the floor, and he was still wearing his shorts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says that he couldn\rquote 
t sleep that night, the next morning he was again not allowed to wash his face nor he was given breakfast.
\par 
\par On the afternoon of Friday, he was taken to a bure, charged and after being charged and having made the charge statement, he was allowed to have a bath and he ate the food brought to him by his family.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He later returned to the cell and was given food to eat in the cell which he could not eat due to the state of the cell.
\par 
\par On Saturday he was allowed to change into clothes brought by his family and was taken to court.
\par 
\par The 6}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was taken into custody at about the same time.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Exhibits show that his interview commenced at 0940 hours on the 16}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 and concluded at 1218 hours on that day.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Interview took 2 hours 38 minutes with no breaks.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was charged at 1430 hours on the 17}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 January 2003.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The 6}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused again gave s
tatement from the dock in which he relevantly said that after midnight, the police vehicle came for him and others, taking them to the police station, put them in the charge room.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 They spent the whole night in the charge room that he did not sleep that nig
ht. At about 8.00am he was told to have breakfast, he was not allowed to wash his face and was not allowed to see his family members.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He said he was then taken to the Crime Officer\rquote s Room and whilst he was climbing the steps, the Acting Superintendent Singh punched him in the stomach, slapped him on the back of the head.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He told him to agree with what the police officers asked.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says that Acting Supe}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8782249 rintendent Singh showed him chil}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 lis in the Crime Office where he was cautioned and the interview took place.

\par 
\par He says that when he asked to see a solicitor or family members, he was refused and told that he do so later after the interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says he didn\rquote t agree with the police, they stood behind him and punching him in the back.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was told to answer by shaki
ng his head, when he didn\rquote t answer as required he was again punched in the back.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
When he tried to give explanations he says police officers refused to write his answers down and told him he had to say yes.
\par 
\par He says that Acting Superintendent Singh threatened him again and slapped him on his face.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
At the conclusion of his interview, he was told to sign it and when he asked to read it, his request was refused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
They did not read it to him.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 After the interview, he was taken to a cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was only wearing shorts and the t-shirts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
Prior to going to the cell, he was told by Acting Superintendent Singh to cooperate or else he would be put in a cell with Fijian boys in custody.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says that at about 7.00pm, he was taken to the hospital, after which he was given food in the cell but like others, couldn\rquote 
t eat due to the state of the cell and he says due to the pain he was suffering from the assaults and again says he couldn\rquote t sleep.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He asked for medication, which was not given to him. 
\par 
\par The next morning he was given breakfast in the cell and wasn\rquote t allowed to wash his face.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says he was very hungry, as he had not eaten for 2 days.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 That after lunch he was taken from the cell to bure and charged.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He again says he was threatened at the bure by Acting Superintendent Singh if he didn\rquote t cooperate he would be further assaulted.

\par 
\par He says he was told by Acting Superintendent Singh to agree with what was being said that he was merely to sign what had been written and he says that he was frightened and he did what they said.
\par 
\par The 7}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused was taken into custody again at about the same time.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was interviewed commenced at 0940 hours on the 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  January 2003 and concluded at 1745 hours on that same day about 8 hours later including breaks of a total of 1 hour 20 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In addition, the 7}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
 accused was taken to the scene, which took 1 hour 30 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 About 5 hours was spent in questioning the 7}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused, which produced 13 pages of handwritten statement.
\par 
\par The 7}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  accused again gave his statement from the dock.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was taken to Nadi Police Station and placed in the charge room.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He said he couldn\rquote t sleep all night because of the mosquitoes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
At 7.30am the next morning, Acting Superintendent Singh and others took him upstairs.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He says then Acting Superintendent Singh was pressing his neck back and all 3 police officers present were punching him simultaneously.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Acting Superintendent Singh was threatening him, continuing assaulting him and show him chillies and threatened to use them on him.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 He was then told to go to Namaka Police Station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says Acting Superintendent Singh took him to a window and said if he didn\rquote t agree with what he said he would throw him out of the window but would then say that he had jumped.
\par 
\par He was taken back to Nadi Police Station and placed in a cell full of water and like others, he was barefooted.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
He says he suffers from asthma.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
Later, police officers were drinking grog and he was made to mix the grog for them and they then forced him to drink grog.
\par 
\par He raised his health issues with police officers.
\par 
\par As I have said the accused all chose to give unsworn statements from the dock and the 15 police officers gave sworn evidence and were cross-examined by counsel for the accused.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 What weight do I place on the unsworn statements of the accused persons?
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par The issues was considered by the English Court of Criminal Appeal in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 R v Frost and Hale}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589  where Lord Parker CJ said:

\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 \'93
In delivering the judgment of the court said, in referring to the evidential value of a statement made from the dock.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
It is clearly not evidence in the sense of sworn evidence that can be cross examined to; on the other hand it is evidence in the sense that the jury can give to it such weight as they think fit\'85..it is quite clear today that it has become the practice
\'85..for a judge not necessarily to re
ad out to the jury the statement made by the prisoner from the dock, but to remind them of it, to tell them it is not sworn evidence which can be cross-examined to but that nevertheless they can attach to it such weight as they think fit, and should take 
it into consideration in deciding whether the prosecution have made out their case\'85..is more than mere comment, and in so far as it is stating facts, it is clearly something more and different from the comments in counsel\rquote s speeches.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063589 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 Conclusion}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
\par 
\par The burden rests with the State to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the confessions were voluntarily made, that there was a lack of oppressions and that there was no breach of the Constitution or of the Judges\rquote  Rules.
\par 
\par As each of the 6 accused make allegations of assault, intimidation and threats by Divisional Crime Officer Western, Acting Superintendent Arjun Singh, I find it surprising that he was not called by the prosecution to give evidence.
\par 
\par The allegations were put to the interviewing officers in cross-examination and were denied.
\par 
\par Notwithstanding that the accused only gave dock statements, I am of the opinion that on the allegations being made it was incumbent on the prosecution to call the officer to satisfy the burden that it bears.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 In the circumstances therefore I find as a fact that the 6 accused were each assaulted, intimidated and threatened by Acting Superintendent Arjun Singh.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 I further find that the 6 accused were each interviewed without adequate rest or meals.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 The circumstances in which they were
 kept prior to being charged and the charge statements being taken were such as to make those statements involuntary.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 
They were made after the accused had been held in custody for from between about 38 and 44 hours without adequate food, sleeping arrangements or washing facilities.
\par 
\par I am not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the caution interviews and charge statements were voluntarily made in circumstances of fairness to each of the 6 accused and accordingly the admissions contained in those interview
s and statements are inadmissible.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 JOHN CONNORS
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 JUDGE}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8782249 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589\charrsid8782249 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8782249 AT LAUTOKA
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1712866\charrsid8063589 11 AUGUST 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8063589 
\par }}