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{\printim\yr2004\mo7\dy6\hr11\min20}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords2341}{\nofchars13348}{\*\company Judicial Department}{\nofcharsws15658}{\vern16391}}\margt1530\margb1350 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow0\jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot2108444 \fet0\sectd \psz1\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid13121685 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13121685 7}}}{\cs17\insrsid13121685 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid13121685 \par }}{\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\insrsid13121685 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\insrsid13121685 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 \f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par AT LAUTOKA \par CIVIL JURISDICTION \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 JUDICIAL REVIEW NO. HBJ0}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 0}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 09 OF 2004L}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 BETWEEN: \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 NIRMALAN KANESHAPILLAI \par RAVIKKANTH NATHIVATHANA \par SIVALINGAM NAVANEETHNAM \par SELVARATHNAM PAKEETHARAN \par MURUGESSU PIRATHEEPAN \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 Applicants \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 AND:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 PERMANENT SECRETARY FOR IMMIGRATION \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Respondent \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Counsel: Mr. F.S. Koya for the Applicants \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 Ms. S. Tabaiwalu for the Respondent \par \par Date of Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 1 July 2004 \par Date of Judgment:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 5 July 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 JUDGMEN}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 T \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Application}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 \f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 This matter comes before the court where the five applicants seek Leave to apply for Judicial Review. \par \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Background}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par \par The five applicants arrived in Fiji at Nadi Airport on the 18}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 of June 2004, having previously obtained a visa, for entry into the country.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The visa they obtained was subject to certain conditions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 On arrival, the Immigration Officer, refused to issue an Entry Permit on the basis that the conditions attached to the visa were not met.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Those conditions were most relevantly that the five applicants have sufficient funds on them to support them during the ir stay in Fiji and that they have a valid passport and return airline tickets.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par \par The five applicants say that they intended to stay in Fiji until the 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 of July 2004 and that the purpose of their visit was two fold, firstly to look at an investment in this country and secondly for a holiday.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 They say that they were sponsored by Mr. Dursami Naidu, who trades as S.D\rquote s Souvenirs of Laucala Beach, Suva. \par \par It appears from the evidence, that the applicant, Nirmalan Kaneshapillai, claims to reside in New Zealand where his wife holds permanent residency and where he claims to conduct a business known as Mathu Exports and he says that he has done business with BOB Store of Nausori in the past. \par \par The Immigration Officer says there was no entry in this applicant\rquote s passport to evidence his entry into or exit from New Zealand.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 It is submitted on behalf of this applicant, the passport that he holds is new and that any relevant stamps or endorsements are in the prior document.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The relevant passports have not been tendered to the court. \par \par Following the refusal of the Immigration Officer to issue an Entry Permit, the applicants appealed to the Minister in accordance with section 18 of the Immigration Act (Cap. 88).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The Acting Minister for Home Affairs and Immigration, Mr. Bale, considered the appeal and responded by letter dated 30 June 2004 which letter is annexure \'93A\'94 to the affidavit of Josua Nalewabau sworn on 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 July 2004. \par \par The Acting Minister sets out 7 grounds for refusal or rejection of the appeal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 These grounds include that the applicants did not have sufficient funds to support them upon arrival in Fiji on the 18}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 of June 2004.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081\charrsid2108444 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 That the 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 applicant, Mr. Nirmalan Kaneshapillai, did not have any ticket for the Singapore/Colombo leg of his return journey; that followi ng interview, the view was formed that the five applicants were not genuine visitors to Fiji; that when arrangements were made to fly them out of Fiji, they became abusive and aggressive and refused to check-in for the flight on the 19}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 June and then thre atened the airline crew at that time; and finally that their conduct has put them in the category of undesirable visitors on account of security risks and that this conduct further confirms the conclusions earlier reached by the Immigration Official that they are not genuine visitors to Fiji. \par \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The Law}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par \par Order 53 Rule 3(1) of the High Court Rules provides and I quote: - \par \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 No application for judicial review shall be made unless the leave of the court has been obtained in accordance with this rule.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Lord Diplock in }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p. National Federation of Self-Employed & Small Business}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 [1982] A.C. 617 at 642 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 said and I quote: - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 The need for leave to start proceedings for remedies in public law is not new.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 It applied previously to application s for prerogative orders, though not to civil actions for injunctions or declarations.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Its purpose is to prevent the time of the court being wasted by busybodies with misguided or trivial complaints of administrative error, and to remove the uncertainty in which public officers and authorities might be left whether they could safely proceed with administrative action while proceedings for judicial review of it were actually pending even though misconceived.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The Fiji Court of Appeal has said on occasions t hat it is a little anachronistic to still require leave to be sought and granted to facilitate judicial review.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 However, the rule }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 prevails and leave is required.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par \par The conditions precedent that must be satisfied to enable leave to be granted are: - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls60\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 An application, if for certiorari, must be made within three months of the decision sought to be reviewed; \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls60\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The applicant for leave must have a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relates; and \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls60\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The applicant must show he has an arguable case \endash }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Fiji Airline Pilots\rquote Association v Permanent Secretary for Labour & Industrial Relations}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 (Civil Appeal No. ABU0059U of 1997 \endash Judgment 27 February 1998).}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par There is of course no issue with respect to the first two conditions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 It is only the third that requires greater consideration. \par \par In }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Fiji Airline Pilots\rquote Association v Permanent Secretary for Labour & Industrial Relations}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 , it was said and I quote: - \par \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 The basic principle is that the Judge is only required to be satisfied that the material available discloses what might, on further consideration, turn out to be an arguable case in favour of granting the relief.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 If it does, he or she should grant the application \endash per Lord Diplock in }{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Inland Revenue Commissioners v National Federation of Self Employed}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 [1982] AC 617 at 644.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 This principle was applied by this Court in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 National Farmers\rquote Union v Sugar Industry Tribunal and Others}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 (CA 8/1990); 7 June 1990).}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 In }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p. Rukshanda Begum}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 (1990) COD 107 (referred to in 1 S upreme Court Practice 1997 at pp. 865 and 868) Lord Donaldson MR accepted that an intermediate category of cases existed where it was unclear on the papers whether or not leave should be granted, in which event a brief hearing might assist, but it should not become anything remotely like the hearing which would ensure if the parties were granted leave.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 In this matter, there has in fact been a brief hearing to enable a proper consideration of the application for judicial review. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Victor Jan Kaisiepo v The Minister for Immigration}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \endash HBJ0}{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 0}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 25 of 1995S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 , Mr. Justic}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 e Byrne at page 15 and I quote:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 - \par \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 The law governing this case is well settled and certainly has been since the decision of the English Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Schmidt v Secretary of State for Home Affairs}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 [1969] 2 Ch 149.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 I consider that law may be summarize}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 d in the following propositions:}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls61\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Any sovereign nation has the right to decide whom it will admit or refuse admission to its borders. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls61\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The decision to admit any person to a sovereign nation is an executive decision and normally not subject to judicial review.\'94}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 As Barwick CJ said in}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 Salemi v MacKellar}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 (No. 2) [1997] 137 CLR at 402}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 : - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-90\li1530\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1530\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 The Parliament, by its legislation, has determined who shall fill that description.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The Parliament in this legislati on is dealing with a national interest of paramount importance, namely, the composition of the nation, determining who shall enter and who shall stay.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The decision of those questions is not hedged, nor can it be hedged, around with principles of the kind t hat the judiciary are wont to consider; nor is it necessary, or convenient, or indeed desirable, that reasons be assigned for the determination of those questions.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin720\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 At page 403 he said: - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93We are not here dealing with the administration of a statute or s tatutory instrument which on its proper construction involves judicially recognizable limitations upon the discretion confided to the body or official.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 We are dealing with the exercise of a fundamental national power exercisable according to government policy, for which ultimately there is responsibility to the Parliament.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 (3)\tab The only exception to the principle that Judicial Review does not lie in such cases is when a Government gives reasons either expressly or by clear implication for refusing to admit a person to its borders or, as in the instant case, refusing to grant a work permit; then, and only then may those reason be examined by a court, and if found unsatisfactory or incorrect Judicial Review may be granted.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 (4)\tab That the grant or refusal of an entry permit amounts not to \'93a civil right\'94 in the sense referred to in Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights but to a mere licence revocable at any time by executive act is supported by a number of cases based on comparable foreign statutory provisions.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Article 6 says: \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li2160\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri2160\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2160\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 His Lordship went on to quote Lord Denning in }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Birdi\rquote s}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 case (1976) 92 L.Q.R. 34 which draws a distinction between civil rights and administrative procedures such as licenses given by licensing authority. \par \par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Cui Zhong Yi and Huang Yihat and Jin Qin Hao}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \endash Judicial Review No. 0002}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 of 1997S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 , Mr. Justice Scott considered similar issues and said at page 3 of his judgment and I quote: - \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 The second problem is that the Department of Immigration has a clear statutory duty not only to exercise its discretion but to exercise it within the fairly stringent limitations imposed by the legislation.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Thus, applicants for permits must be required to show that they are able to support themselves at the time that their applications for a permit are made (see sect ion 11(c) of the Act) and therefore promises or support from friends or family do not meet the statutory requirement.\'94}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri90\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin90\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 His Lordship further at page 4 of his judgment referred to Mr. Justice Byrne\rquote s decision in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Victor Jan Kaisiepo v Minister for Immigration}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 and there said and I quote:}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 While I would not go quite so far as to exclude Judicial Review altogether (for example, the proviso particular to section 11(2)(g) raises some doubts) I agree that immigration cases are indeed in a category of their own.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The Court of Appeal in the appeal from Mr. Justice Byrne\rquote s decision in }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Victor Jan Kaisiepo v Minister for Immigration}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 being }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 ABU0054 of 1996S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 at}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 page 6 of their judgment said:}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 It is helpful to bear constantly in mind the principles enunciated by Lord Mustill in Doody v Secretary of State for the Home Department (1995) 3 All ER 92 at 106 where he said: - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li1440\ri1440\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 What does fairness require in the present case?}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 My Lords, I think it unnecessary to refer by name or to quote from, any of the often-cited authorities i n which the courts have explained what is essentially an intuitive judgment.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 They are far too well known.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 From them, I derive the following: - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls63\adjustright\rin1350\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Where an Act of Parliament confers an administrative power there is a presumption that it will be exercised in a manner which is fair in all the circumstances. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls63\adjustright\rin1350\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The standards of fairness are not immutable.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 They may change with the passage of time, both in the general and in their application to decisions of a particular type. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls63\adjustright\rin1350\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The principles of fairness are not to be applied by rote identically in every situation.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 What fairness demands is dependent on the context of the decision, and this is to be taken into account in all its aspects. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls63\adjustright\rin1350\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 An essential feature of the context is the statute which creates the discretion, as regards both its language and the shape of the legal and administrative system within which the decision is taken. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (5)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls63\adjustright\rin1350\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2108444 { \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Fairness will very often require that a person who may be adversely affected by the decision will have an opportunity to make representat ions on his own behalf either before the decision is taken with a view to producing a favo}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 u}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 rable result, or after it is taken, with a view to procuring its modification, or both. \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (6)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls63\adjustright\rin1350\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Since the person affected usually cannot make worthwhile representations without knowing what factors may weigh against his interests fairness will very often require that}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 he is informed of the gist of the case which he has to answer.\'94}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri1350\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1350\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Their Lordships later said: - \par \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93We do not think that decisions of authorized persons under the Immigration Act are exempt from the scrutiny of the court from its orders.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The first principle postulated is general in application and thus decision made under the Immigration Act must be made in a manner which is fair in all the circumstances.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 As I said earlier, the relevant legislation is the Immigration Act being (Cap 88). \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par Section 18 of that Act provides: - \par \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 18(1)- Any person aggrieved by a decision of an immigration officer under the provisions of this Act may appeal therefrom by petition in writing to the Minister who may, in his discretion, uphold, vary or revoke such decision.\'94 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 The applicants in the present application have availed themselves of the provisions of section 18 and have appealed to the Minister who has exercised his discretion and in doing so, has rejected the appeal. \par \par Counsel for the applicants refer the court to the provisions of section 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands and in particular to section 29(2) which section provides: - \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93Every party to a civil d ispute has the right to have the matter determined by a court of law or, if appropriate, by an independent and impartial tribunal.\'94}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 These provisions of the Constitution are not dissimilar and in fact are almost identical to the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights \endash Article 6(1) considered by Mr. Justice Byrne in }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Victor Jan Kaisiepo v Minister of Immigration. \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par The fact that His Lordship\rquote s decision predates the commencement of the Constitution is, I think relevantly immaterial in the light of His Lordship\rquote s consideration of the same issue and in any event notwithstanding, I am of the opinion that the provisions of section 29(2), even if they apply don\rquote t mean that leave is not required for judicial review or that leave should be automatically granted for judicial review. \par \par There is in fact an application to the court for the issues to be considered by virtue of Order 53 and that in itself would appear in my opinion to be compliance with section 29(2), should it be, that compliance with that sec tion is required in these circumstances. \par \par Counsel for the applicants refers the court to the decision of the Federal Court of Australia in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Hicks v Minister of Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs}{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 [2003] FCA 757 (21 July 2003).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 This is a decisio n of Mr. Justice French who is also a member of the Supreme Court of Fiji.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 At page 27 or paragraph 76 of his judgme}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 nt, His Honour says and I quote:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 - \par \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \'93 The injunction to judicial comity does not merely advance mutual politeness as between judges of the same or co-ordinate jurisdictions.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 It tends also to uphold the authority of the co}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 urts and confidence in the law }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 by the value it places upon consisten}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14118081 cy in judicial decision-making }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 and mutual respect between judges.\'94 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2108444 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Conclusion}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \par \par I am of the opinion that by virtue of the tests as expressed by Mr. Justice Byrne in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Victor Jan Kaisiepo v Minister for Immigration}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 and by Mr. Justice Scott in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Re:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Cui Zhong Yi and Huang Yihat and Jin Qin Hao}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 that leave for judicial review in the instant matter should be refused. \par \par I am of the view that the decision of Mr. Justice French whilst not requiring strict adherence to a decision of another judge at first instance, is instructive as to the benefits of so doing. \par \par Accordingly, t}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13121685 he Orders of the Court will be:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 - \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls64\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid14118081 { \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 Leave to apply for Judicial Review is refused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 JOHN CONNORS \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 JUDGE}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14118081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2108444\charrsid14118081 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid14118081 AT LAUTOKA \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10451230\charrsid2108444 5 JULY 2004 \par }}