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\f532\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
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\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 CRIMINAL CASE NO. HAC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 0}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 005 OF 2003L}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
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\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 AKLESH PRASAD
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 s/o Surend Prasad}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Mr. K. Tunidau for the State
\par Ms. J. Nair for the Accused}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Hear}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 ing: }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 20, 25, 28 October 2004
\par Ruling:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 29 October 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
\par 
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\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Aklesh Prasad, you have pleaded guilty and have been convicted of two counts of murder, this is your sentence.
\par 
\par The facts presented to the court and acknowledged by you are that the two deceased are husband and wife.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Mr. Narain Singh a retired
 school teacher was 60 years old and his wife, Prakash Wati was 55 years old and they lived at Bilalevu settlement in Sigatoka.
\par 
\par On the 13}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  October 2002 at about 4.30pm, you entered the deceased\rquote s
\par 
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\par 2.\tab The accused was told to just sign.
\par 3.\tab The interview was not read back to the accused.
\par 4.\tab There was a breach of his constitutional and human rights.
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He was instructed that one Indian police officer (unfortunately, we do not know his name) assaulted the morning of 14}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  October 2002 when he was taken out of his cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
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The grounds upon which a confessional statement can be excluded from evidence are either, that it is not voluntary or that it was obtained unfairly and in breach of the rights given to persons in police custody under section 27 of the Constitution.
\par 
\par In relation to voluntariness, breaches of the Judges\rquote  Rules are relevant but do not determine what is voluntary.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
The real question under principle (e) of the preamble to the Judges\rquote  Rules is whether the statement is voluntary }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93
in the sense that it has not been obtained from him by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage, exercised or held out by a person in authority or by oppression.\'94
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par As to breaches of the Constitution, section 27(1) and (2) provide as follows: 
\par 
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 To be informed promptly in a language that he or she understands of the reason for his or her arrest or detention and of the nature of any charge that may be brought;
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 to be promptly released if not charged;
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
to consult with a legal practitioner of his or her choice in private in the place where he or she is detained, to be informed of that right promptly and, if he or she does not have sufficient means to engage a 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 legal practiti
oner and the interests of justice require legal representation to be available, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid;
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 to be given the opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by:
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\s15\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\ilvl1\adjustright\rin720\lin2880\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin; and
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\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 or or social worker.
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6978349 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 to challenge the lawfulness of his or her detention before a court of law and to be released if the detention is unlawful; and
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls65\adjustright\rin720\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6978349 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 to be treated with humanity and with respect for his or her inherent dignity.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 (2)\tab 
The authorities holding a person who has been arrested or detained must promptly take all reasonable steps to inform his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin of his or her arrest or detention.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 R v Mallinson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  (1993) 1 NZLR 528}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  (referred to with approval by the Chief Justice for Fiji in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Mul Chand}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
 Labasa High Court Case November 1999) the New Zealand Court of Appeal held that the onus was on the prosecution to show firstly that the suspect had been told of his right to consult a lawyer
 before the questioning began, and secondly that the suspect understood the substance of the right and that the exercise of the right would have been implemented if he chose to exercise it.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 However evidence that the right had been advised, normally led to an inference that the suspect understood the nature of the right.
\par 
\par In that sense }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Mallinson}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  was not told of this right until an hour after his arrest, but before he was interviewed.}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 His interview was excluded, and the jury directed to acquit.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 On a case stat
ed to the Court of Appeal decided that the right to consult a lawyer, and the right to be informed of that right, arose on arrest, and the right must be communicated immediately after arrest and before }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93the legitimate interests of the person who is arrested are jeopardized.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 The police have a duty to inform the suspect of this right but no particular formula is required as long as the suspect knows he may exercise the right before questioning begins.
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal held that where he had been told of the right to a lawyer before questioning began, the proper inference should have been that he understood that the rights were exercisable immediately and before questioning began.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Thus the trial judge should not have excluded the statements, and a new trial was ordered.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 R v Butcher}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  (1992) 2 NZLR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
, Cooke P said at p. 266:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93As indicated in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Kirif}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
i, there may be circumstances in a particular case where, despite some degree of transgression of the rights, it is fair and right to admit a confession in evidence \'85
.. prima facie however, a violation of the rights should result in the ruling out of evidence obtained thereby.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
The prosecution should bear the onus of satisfying the court that there is good reason for admitting the evidence despite the violation.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
The Queen v Thompson}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  (1893) 2 QB 12}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  Cave J. at p. 18 said: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93
I would add that for my part I always suspect these confessions, which I suppose to be the offspring of penitence and remorse, and which nevertheless are repudiated by the prisoner at the trial.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 It is remarkable that it is of very rare occurrence for evidence of a confession to be given when the proof of the prisoner\rquote 
s guilt is otherwise clear and satisfactory; but, when it is not clear and satisfactory, the prisoner is not }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 i}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 nfrequently alle
ged to have been seized with the desire born of penitence and remorse to supplement it with a confession; - a desire which vanishes as soon as he appears in a court of justice.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Cleland v The Queen}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  151 CLR at p.15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
 Murphy J. said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93The voluntariness of
 a confession is suspect if it is obtained by interrogation rather than being volunteered, of it, although volunteered, the procedure involved interrogation; if the confessor was in custody, lawful or otherwise; or if anything suggests inducement by threa
ts, promises, false representations or other trickery.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
Because of circumstances appearing from the evidence, a judge may treat a confessions as suspect for involuntariness (even if this was not asserted by the accused because he denies making it).
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 If the a
ccused within custody the trial judge must be satisfied that, notwithstanding that the accused was under the control of the police or other custodians, the confession was voluntary.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 If there is suspicion of threats or other inducement, the judge must be satisfied that there were none, or that these did not operate by way of inducement.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par Also in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Cleland}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  Deane J. at p. 18 said: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93
At common law, a confessional statement is not admissible in evidence against an accused unless it be established that it was voluntarily made\'85
.If the making of such an alleged statement has been procured or influenced by unlawful or improper conduct on the part of law enforcement officers, that circumstance will be of relevance on the question whether the confession was voluntary.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
It will also, if it be established that the confession was voluntary, give rise to a subsequent question whether, in the discretion of the trial judge, evidence of the alleged confessional statement should be excluded for the reason that the reception of 
such evidence would be unfair to the accused: in this regard, the question is not whether the accused was treated unfairly; it is whether the reception of evidence of the confession would be unfair to him.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Collins v R}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  (1980) 31 ALR 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
 Brennan J. cautioned that it was important to ensure that a court does not tease out some fanciful meaning from or attribute some extravagant effect to what is said by a person in authority.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 When commenting on the observations of Lord Morris in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 DPP v Ping Lin}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 , His Hono}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 ur said:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 \'93
What His Lordship emphasizes is the importance of ascertaining all of the facts which may bear upon the confessionalist\rquote s state of mind, and the importance of a practical commonsense assessment of the effect of those facts upon his mind.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 But the is
sue of voluntariness is not to be regarded as a mere problem of semantics: it is not resolved by a simple inquiry as to the meaning of the words used by a police officer (or other person in authority).}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 An assessment must be made of the effect of the verbal
 and non-verbal conduct of the police officer (or other person in authority) upon the will of the confessionalist in the circumstances in which the confession is made.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 If the evidence does not show that the confession was made in the exercise of a free choice by the confessionalist to make it, the confession is inadmissible.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 As the means by which a confessionalist\rquote 
s will can be overborne are various, one cannot postulate in advance of particular cases the extrinsic circumstances which will necessarily resul
t in the exclusion of a confession as involuntary, or which will inevitably prove insufficient to found a challenge to its voluntary character.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 When all the facts are ascertained then in a commonsense way the court must find whether or no the will of the particular confessionalist was overborne.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par In considering the issues, the onus is on the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt, voluntariness, lack of oppression, no breach of the Constitution and, if there has been a breach, to show that the breach
 was inconsequential and did not result in unfairness or oppression.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par I turn now to the evidence in this matter.
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
Evidence was given by officer, Anup Kumar who indicates he been a police officer of 14 years, 17 years in the Crime Branch and on the 14}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  October 2002, he interviewed the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He says under oath that the accused was cautioned that he appeared well.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That he made no complaint before being interviewed.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par 
\par The interview was conducted in Hindustani at the request of the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That he informed 
the accused of his right to consult a lawyer of his choice and he further informed the accused of his rights to Legal Aid and that the police would organize it.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says he informed the accused of his rights to have family members or friends contacted.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says the accused refused, he did not want a lawyer of his choice, he did not want Legal Aid and he did not want friends present.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says that officer, Dharma Chandra was present as the witnessing officer.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He produced to the court, the record of interview in Hindustani and an English translation of it.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says that the record of interview records the questions asked and the answers given.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That at the conclusion of the record, it was read in its entirety to the accused and he was asked if he wanted to add to or correct anything and he inclined.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says there was no inducement, the accused was invited to sign the document and he signed it but he was not forced to sign it.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par 
\par In answer to cross examination, he said that he released the accused from the cell and took him to the Crime Office for interview but in fact the officer took him to the officer commanding the Police District\rquote s Office.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He described the building, Sigatoka Police Station with all of the relevant rooms and facilities being on the upper level, th
at is the charge room, cell block and the office in which the interview took place.
\par 
\par He says that the accused had his breakfast when he was released.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He had his shower and it was subsequent to that that the interview commenced.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says he saw the accused g
oing from the cell to the washroom for his shower.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 The washroom being beside the cell block.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 It was put to him that an Indian officer assaulted the accused on his way to the shower and he said this was a false allegation.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says when he saw him in the cell he was dressed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He acknowledged in cross-examination that belts are taken from prisoners and shoes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He denied in cross-examination that the only clothes the accused had on in the cell was his underwear.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He was questioned extensively by counsel for the accused as to the knowledge he acquired of the incident prior to conducting the record of interview.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
I give little weight to this line of cross-examination, as I would accept any interviewing officer, to have acquired some knowledge or a significant knowledge of the allegations prior to conducting a record of interview.
\par 
\par I note that no questions were put to the officer with respect to the accused being required to mix grog and serve grog to the officers, matters that I will refer to later when dealing with the evidence given to this court by the accused.
\par 
\par The officer denied in cross-examination to suggest that he had not read back the record of interview to the accused and said, he did read it back and he did explained.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He denied having offered cigarettes and kava to the accused but indicated in evidence that he did offer coffee and a cigarette.
\par 
\par He said again in cross-examination that he did ask the accused as to his health and if he is being treated well and he responded positively.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 It was put to the officer that the accused had no mattress or blanket in the cell, the officer\rquote 
s evidence was that the mattress and blanket was provided by the police and finally, it was gain put to him that he just made the accused sign the document, that is the record of interview and that the questions and answers were given by the accused.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 This was denied by the officer.
\par 
\par The next witness was Detective Sergeant, Dharmend Chandra, who said he had been a police for 22 years, 16 years in the Crime Squad and was the investigating o
fficer with respect to this matter and the witnessing officer with respect to the record of interview.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He identified the accused in court.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He confirmed the evidence given by the earlier officer that is the accused had been cautioned that 
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 he had been given the option as to the language to be interviewed in and he elected Hindustani.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That he had been told of his rights to consult a lawyer of his choice and the right to consult the Legal Aid Commission and that he did not exercise those rights.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He generally 
confirmed the evidence given by the interviewing officer with respect to the questions being put and the answers being given and the opportunity being given to the accused to alter or correct the record prior to him being asked to sign it.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says that no promise or inducement was held out to the accused and he was not forced to sign the document.
\par 
\par In cross-examination, the accused was asked if he had any complaints prior to the commencement of the record of interview, he said he had noted in his police notebook that the accused had no complaints.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He said in answer to questions he didn\rquote 
t know what was in the cell but that the accused had expressed no complaints to the way he had been treated when asked and again he was asked questions with respect to his lev
el of knowledge of what had occurred prior to the record of interview commencing and I have made comment earlier with respect to the relevance of that line of question.
\par 
\par He says the record of interview was read back in his presence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 The accused was offered
 coffee and cigarettes but denied that the accused was offered cigarettes and kava to sign the document.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
When it was put to him in cross-examination that the accused was only asked for his details and nothing more, this was denied and he said that all questions were put to the accused and all the answers were given by him.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 The third witness for the prosecution was Davendra Prasad Maharaj, a social worker of 20 years, a Hindu priest and a Justice of the Peace, who was requested by the police to attend upon 
the accused on the 14}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  October 2002.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says he went to the police station and he spoke with the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He says the accused appeared friendly and was not worried at all and he was in good condition that he had no complaint.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He says that he asked him if he had any complaint and he said in reply that he was fed properly and slept well and discussed the incident with him.
\par 
\par In answer to cross-examination, he describes the accused being in a room and not being handcuffed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
There was no police officer present when the conversation took place and that he told him what he had done.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He says that he was there for about half an hour.
\par 
\par The accused gave sworn evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says that he was arrested on the 13}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349  October and was taken to the police station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He was kept in custody, his clothes were removed, he was left in the cell with only his underpants, he couldn\rquote t sleep because of the mosquitoes and the smell of the air.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That nothing was provided for him and at 2 or 3 o\rquote clock, he requested water and that was provided.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He was told to use the toilet in his cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He described the size of his cell.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He says he had nothing to sleep on.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That in the morning he was told by a Fijian police officer to clean his cell.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 An Indian officer told him to have a bath, asked him about the off
ence, swore at him, hit him and it was after that he was given his clothes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
\par 
\par He said the two police officers that gave evidence then took him to a separate room and asked him some questions about his name and his parent\rquote s names.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 That he was then sent to another room to mix grog.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
In that room, there were two police officers.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He mixed the grog, served the officers, he then gave a lengthy description about serving grog for some period.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
None of this material was put to the officers and is clearly a breach of the ruling in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Browne v Dunn}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
 and I give little weight to it.
\par 
\par He says one of the officers had a book in his hand.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says he was asked the level of his education and he told them he didn\rquote 
t complete class 6.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says he was asked which language he wanted to be interviewed in and he said, Hindustani.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He said he was not asked about the offence and that all he was asked were questions relating to his particulars and to his parents and subsequently, he was asked to sign the document and that the officer with the bo
ok told him where to sign and that in the afternoon, his fingerprints were taken.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He was then taken back to the cell.
\par 
\par The next day he went to hospital.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
There appears to be no relevance in the evidence of his trip to hospital with respect to the admission of the record of interview or the grounds of objection and he was subsequently taken to Nadi Courthouse.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says he wasn\rquote t asked any question at all apart from those relating to his particulars.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He wasn\rquote t told why he was arrested.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 Didn\rquote t know why was he was taken to the police station.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
He says the Justice of the Peace was only present for about 5 minutes.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says that he was relaxed at that time.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 He says that the Justice of the Peace did not ask him whether he had any complaints.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 So, he didn\rquote t tell the Justice of the Peace what happen.
\par 
\par He agreed that his level of education enabled him to write stories in Hindi and English and to read Hindustani and he agreed if it was read back to him, he would understand. He then identified the signatures on the record of interview as being his.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 
The burden rests with the State to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the confessions were voluntarily made, that there was a lack of oppressions and that there was no breach of the Constitution or of the Judges\rquote  Rules.
\par 
\par On the evidence that has been placed before the court to which I have referred, I am satisfied that the record of interview was properly conducted, that is the questions were asked and the answers were given and that it was not fabricated.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 I accept the evidence of the two police officers and of the Justice of the Peace in this regard.
\par 
\par So far as the alleged assault is concerned, it seems to be separate in time from the conduct of the record of interview and minor in nature and if it did occur, it would appear to have
 had no adverse bearing on the record of interview and certainly not such as to make its admission unfair to the accused.
\par 
\par I do not accept the version given to the court by the accused.
\par 
\par I am therefore satisfied beyond reasonable doubt, that the caution interview was voluntarily made in circumstances of fairness to the accused and accordingly, the admissions contained in that interview are admissible.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 JOHN CONNORS
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 JUDGE}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6978349 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6978349\charrsid6978349 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6423080\charrsid6978349 At Lautoka
\par 25 October 2004
\par }}