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\f532\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
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\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 NO. HAC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 0}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 003 OF 1999L}{
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\par PENIASI LEE}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Counsel for the State: Mr. M. Korovou
\par Counsel for both Accused: Mr. I. Khan
\par 
\par Date of Hearing & Ruling:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 10 May 2004}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
\par 
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\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par ON NOTICE OF MOTION FOR A STAY}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 The accused in this matter applied by Notice of Motion filed on 6}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 th}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  May 2004 for a stay of the actions brought against them.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
In support of that Notice of Motion the accused rely upon the affidavit of one of the accused Mr. Koroi.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
That affidavit details that the accused were first brought before a court on the 5}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
 of October 1998 and that the trial of the proceedings commenced before the High Court on the 5}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
 of May 2004, that trial being aborted and the matter being adjourned until today for hearing.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Thus, I think there is a delay of about 5 years and 9 months from the first attendance before the Mag}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 istrates Court until today.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par 
\par It is relevant to look at a chronology of the events and in doing so I ignore the period in which the proceedings were before the Magistrates Court as that covered relatively a very short period, that is, from October 1998 until}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 st}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  February 1999 when the proceedings first came before this court.
\par 
\par The chronology from that point on is as follows: -
\par 
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\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 1 February 1999}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 -\tab Proceedings adjourned.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  Record not available.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
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\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 2.\tab 3 May 1999\tab -\tab Proceedings adjourned on the prosecution
\rquote s application.
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\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 3.\tab 2 August 1999\tab -\tab Proceedings adjourned.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Prosecution not able to serve information on the accused.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 4.\tab 4 October 1999\tab -\tab 
Accused represented for the first time by Mr. Khan. There is no appearance of the 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 st}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
 accused and proceedings are further adjourned.
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Proceedings adjourned on the application of the prosecution and with the consent of the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
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No appearance of the accused, Lee and a bench warrant issues for his apprehension.
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It appears there was no appearance of at least one of the accused and a bench warrant is again referred to in the court notes.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 8.\tab 2 October 2000\tab -\tab 
Again, Mr Khan appeared for each of accused and again reference is made to the issue of a bench warrant.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 9.\tab 5 February 2001\tab -\tab 
Again, Mr Khan appeared and there is reference to a bench warrant.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 10.\tab 7 May 2001\tab -\tab Second accused was se
rving term of imprisonment and a production order was issued for his appearance in court for he not being in attendance on that day.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 11.\tab 6 August 2001\tab -\tab 
Counsel for the accused indicated that there would be a trial within a trial and the proceedings be adjourned.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 12.\tab 9 October 2001\tab -\tab 
Mr. Khan appeared for the accused and the proceedings were adjourned and no reason is noted.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 13.\tab 25 February 2002\tab -\tab 
The prosecution sought a date for trial.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 14.\tab 1 July 2002\tab -\tab 
The matter was set down for trial on 13 November 2002 by consent.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 15.\tab 11 November 2002\tab -\tab 
There is no reason noted as to why the matter was then unable to proceed to trial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
Counsel for the accused sought a February date for hearing.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 16.\tab 3 February 2003\tab -\tab The matter was adjourned.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 17.\tab 9 June 2003\tab -\tab The
 matter was listed for trial and not reached.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 18.\tab 11 August 2003\tab -\tab The matter was adjourned to}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 21 October 2003 for trial.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 19.\tab 21 October 2003\tab -\tab The matter was not reached.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 20.\tab 5 December 2003\tab -\tab 
The matter was adjourned for mention.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 21.\tab 2 May 2004\tab -\tab Adj
ourned to the 5 May for hearing and the to the 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 nd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  April 2004 for mention.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 22.\tab 2 April 2004 \tab - \tab The hearing date of the 5}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 th}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  May 2004 was confirmed.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-2824\li3544\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin3544\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 23.\tab 5 May 2004\tab -\tab 
The trial commenced and was then aborted and the matter was listed for trial before me today.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par It is apparent from that chronology that the delay falls into three categories: -
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls56\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3363739 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Delay occasioned by the prosecution;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}Delay occasioned by the accused; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}Delay occasioned by the court.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par Counsel for the accused has referred the court to several authorities with respect to the issue of delay and the granting of a permanent stay. Perhaps the most relevant of those authorities is the decision of the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Apaitia Seru and Anthony Frederick Stevens v The State}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  \endash  Cr. App. No. AAU0041 of
 1999S and Cr. Appeal No. AAU0042 of 1999S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 .
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal in that case considered the law as it is in this country.
\par 
\par The Court of Appeal considered the provisions of sections 29(1) and 29(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands and in considering those provisions the court looked to a leading decision in the Supreme Court of Canada in }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 R v Morin}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 [1992]}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  C.R. (4}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 th}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 )}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  where similar constitutional provisions exist}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 ed as those that exist in Fiji.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par 
\par The court there quoted from the Canadian decision and said and I quote: -
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \'93
The general approach to a determination as to whether the right has been denied is not by the application of a mathematical or administrative formula but rather by a judicial determination balancing the interests which the 
section is designed to protect against factors which either inevitably lead to delay or are otherwise the cause of delay.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
As I noted in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Smith}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  [R v Smith (1989) 52 CCC (3d) 97], (1) it is axiomatic that some delay is inevitable.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 The question is, at what point does the delay become unreasonable?\'85
..While the court has at times indicated otherwise, it is now accepted that the factors to be considered in analyzing how long is too long may be listed as follows:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls57\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3363739 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 the length of the delay;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}waiver of time periods;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}the reasons for the delay, including
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s15\ql \fi-630\li2070\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls57\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2070\itap0\pararsid3363739 {
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 inherent time requirements of the case;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}actions of the accused;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}actions of the Crown;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}limits on institutional resources, and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}other reasons for delay, and
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 4.\tab prejudice to the accused.\'94}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par The Court of Appeal then further quoted Sopinka J. where he said and I quote: -
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \'93The judicial process referred to as \'93balancing\'94
 requires an examination of the length of the delay and its evaluation in the light of the other factors.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
A judicial determination is then made as to whether the period of delay is unreasonable.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
In coming to this conclusion, account must be taken of the interests which s.11(b) is designed to protect.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
Leaving aside the question of delay on appeal, the period to be scrutinized is the time elapsed from the date of the charge to the end of the trial\'85.The length of this period may be shortened by subtracting periods of delay that have been waived.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 It must then be determined whether this period is unreasonable having regard to the interests s.11(b) seeks to protect, the 
explanation for the delay and the prejudice to the accused.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par As the Court of Appeal noted section 11(b) of the Canadian Charter is in the same terms as section 29(3) of the Fiji Constitution and accordingly the passages that I have quoted and the passages
 considered by the Fiji Court of Appeal would appear to be relevant to any consideration of an application such as the application now before this court.
\par 
\par The court then went on to consider each of the relevant criteria that had been identified and to which I have referred in the passages that I have quoted.
\par 
\par The first of those issues is the:
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Length of Delay}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 .
\par 
\par The length of delay as I have said is approximately 5 years 9 months.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
It is inevitable that there would be some delay in criminal trials of this nature but it would seem that a delay of that magnitude is certainly a delay that might be considered to be unreasonable.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Waiver of time periods
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par Whilst in the chronology that I have detailed there is no specific waiver.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 It is apparent that from time to time
 the defence consented to adjournments and that from time to time the delay was occasioned by the defence and by one at least of the accused failing to appear.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Reasons for the delay}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par 
\par As I have already said the reasons for the delay are many and varied an
d perhaps without doing any precise mathematical analysis one could conclude that the delays fail perhaps equally into the categories that I earlier identified, that is, delays at the hands of the prosecution, delays at the hands of the accused and the de
lays at the hands of the court.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Limited Resources
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par The resources as identified by Mr. Justice Govind in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 State v Armugam & Ors -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 HAC}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 0013 of 1998L}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  are in any country limited.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 He also there identified that this is more so in less prosperous country such as Fi
ji in comparison to the more affluent countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 He went on to say and I quote: -
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \'93
However limited resources can not be allowed to stand in the way of securing to the citizen a right that is entrenched in the Constitution.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Thus there is a constitutional duty on the State to ensure that sufficient resources are made available so that trials can take place within a reasonable time.\'94}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 It is trite to note that this court both in its civil and criminal jurisdictions ha
s had a paucity of resources made available by the authorities and that has resulted in insufficient resources being available to facilitate criminal and civil trials taking place within a reasonable time.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Prejudice to the Accused
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par There is nothing placed before me that indicates to the satisfaction of the court that there is any particular prejudice to the accused that would result in the accused or either of them not having a fair trial.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 The only evidence of prejudice is the allegation contained in parag
raph 7 of the affidavit in support of the Notice of Motion, which states and I quote:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \'93
Our witnesses cannot be located in order to present and prepare our defence to the charges against myself and the 2}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 nd}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  named applicant.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 There is nothing before the court as to who those witnesses might be as to the relevance of their evidence and as to the reasons why they are unavailable or unable to be located.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 If it were that prejudice alone were necessary to enable the application to succeed then it must fail but as
 I have earlier indicated the Court of Appeal in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Seru}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
 has clearly indicated that prejudice is not essential; that delay sufficient to result it in not being a fair trial is not essential and that mere delay is sufficient to cause a stay to be granted by virtue of section 29(3) of the Constitution.
\par 
\par The charges with which the accused have been charged are indeed serious charges.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 The Court of Appeal in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Seru}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
 again identified that the more serious the charge the greater the interests of the community in ensuring the case goes to trial but the Court of Appeal then said and I q}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 uote:}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 \'93
But the fact remains that this country has adopted s.29(3) thus confirming that one of the fundamental rights of all citizens is to have a charge disposed off within a reasonable time.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 If the court fails to acknowledge unreasonable delay when it occurs, the constitutional right will become a dead letter.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Unless the relevant authorities address delays such as have occurred in this instance and provide sufficient resources to ensure
 that matters come to trial expeditiously then the community interests will not be served.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 
There will be no deterrent to the commission of crime in e society and the system will flounder.
\par 
\par By virtue of the Court of Appeal decision in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 Seru}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739  and applying the 
principles that are therein expressed, I am of the opinion that the stay sought in the Motion with respect to each of the accused must be granted and accordingly I order that the trial with respect to each of the accused be stayed and that each of the acc
used be discharged.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 JOHN CONNORS
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 JUDGE}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3363739 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3363739\charrsid3363739 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8798958\charrsid3363739 AT LAUTOKA
\par 10 MAY 2004
\par }}