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\rsid15877897}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6764;}{\info{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Gurmeet}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo12\dy17\hr16\min11}{\revtim\yr2005\mo12\dy17\hr16\min11}{\printim\yr2004\mo6\dy24\hr11\min8}{\version2}
{\edmins1}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords1567}{\nofchars8938}{\*\company Judicial Department}{\nofcharsws10485}{\vern16391}}\margl2160\margr2160 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace180
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\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 CIVIL ACTION NO. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897 HBC0}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 445 OF 2000
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Between:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 APISALOME ULUIVUTIA
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Plaintiff
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 WESTERN WRECKERS LIMITED
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Defendant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par Mr. S. Valenitabua for the Plaintiff
\par Mr. S. Chandra for the Defendant
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par By writ of summons }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Apisalome Uluivutia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote ) claims against }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Western Wreckers Limited}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote 
) special damages, general damages, interest and costs arising out of an alleged breach of implied condition resulting from the sale of motor vehicle registration number }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 D1967}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 vehicle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote ) by t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897 he defendant to the plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Background facts
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par The background facts, about which there is no dispute are as follows (as stated in the defendant\rquote s submission):
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The Plaintiff purchased vehicle and without a
ny dispute the vehicle registered number D1967 was registered from the Defendant to the Plaintiff on }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 10th day of November 1998}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  in consideration of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 $20,000.00 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 (herewith referred to 
\'93as the vehicle\'94).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The Plaintiff paid to the Defendant a deposit of $7,000.
00 on 10th November 1998 for the vehicle and the Plaintiff as the registered owner executed the Bill of Sale No. 98 of 3766 in favour of the Defendant as the Mortgagee.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Under the Bill of Sale No. 98/3766, the Defendant was to pay $542.00 p/a in reduction 
of his debt to the Defendant.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The Plaintiff also took possession of the vehicle from the Defendant on 10th November 1998.

\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (5)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
On 1st May 1999 the Plaintiff was in arrears of $1,130.00 to the Defendant and the Defendant seized the vehicle from the Plaintiff.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (6)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
The vehicle was advertised for sale under the Bill of Sale 98/3766 on 22nd February 2000 in the Daily Post news paper and was sold 29th day of March 2000.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Plaintiff\rquote s submission
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par The plaintiff says that two weeks after the purchase of the vehicle it broke down.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 He says that it was returned to the defendant\rquote 
s car yard at Ratu Mara Road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 It was repaired but no \lquote turbo\rquote  was fitted as none was available.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The plaintiff says that without the \lquote turbo\rquote  the vehicle could not run on full power and it was then parked 
at his home awaiting the availability of the \lquote turbo\rquote .
\par 
\par The plaintiff says that he returned the vehicle to the defendant\rquote s garage in June 1999 on defendant\rquote s instructions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
He did not hear any more about it until he came to know later that the vehicle had been sold.
\par 
\par The plaintiff admits that the vehicle was sold to him on \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 as is where is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \'94 basis.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 He says that he paid $350.00 for Credit Approval Form, $7000.00 as deposit and $1250.00 as payments.
\par 
\par He claims special damages in the sum of $8250.00 and general damages for \lquote loss of business and income due to the non-use\rquote  of the vehicle from November 1998 to June 1999.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 He says that these losses are due to the defendant\rquote s negligence and breach of contract.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Defendant\rquote s contention
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par It is the defendant\rquote s contention that no warranty or guarantee was given at the time of the sale of vehicle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
It says that there were minor problems and repair was done at the cost of the plaintiff who took possession of the vehicle from the defendant and kept using the same.
\par 
\par The plaintiff used the vehicle and made partial payment under the Bill of Sale.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
By 1 May 1999 he was in arrears of $1130.00 and the total debt owed to defendant under the Bill of Sale was $13,350.00 when the vehicle was seized from the plaintiff.
\par 
\par The vehicle was advertised for sale by tender on 22 February 2000 and sold on 29 March 2000.
\par 
\par The defendant says that the plaintiff purchased the vehicle after he inspected it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
There was no representation made by the defendant or its agents as to the fitness for the purpose, n}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897 amely, as a commercial vehicle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897\charrsid15877897 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The issues
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The issues for Court
\rquote s determination are as follows (as in Minutes of PTC):
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
Was the sale of D1 967 being a second hand vehicle by the Defendant to the Plaintiff subject to the relevant implied terms or conditions provided by the Sale of Goods Act, Cap. 230?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 If yes, were the relevant implied terms breached by the Defendant through:-
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 sale of defective vehicle? 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 failure to provide spare parts to the plaintiff
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Did the Defendant breach the terms and conditions of Bill of Sale when it was sold}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 without informing the Plaintiff after the vehicle was repaired by the Defendant?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
If the relevant implied terms and conditions as foresaid were breached, did the Plaintiff suffer damages?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897 If yes, how much?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Consideration of the issue
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par Helpful written submissions in law have been filed by both counsel I shall now deal with the issue for the Court\rquote s determination.
\par 
\par The plaintiff has alleged }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 negligence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
breach of contract}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  on the part of the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
It is for the plaintiff to prove on the civil standard.
\par 
\par The defendant is a dealer in second-hand motor vehicles and spare parts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
On the evidence I find that this vehicle when sold did not contain any express or implied conditions of warranty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
It was sold on 10 November 1998 on \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 as is where is basis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 It was at the end of November 1998 that a part (the \lquote turbo\rquote ) broke down.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 It was in June 1999 the vehicle was left at the defendant\rquote s garage to fit a turbo.
\par 
\par I find that the plaintiff was in arrears of payment under the Bill of Sale and therefore the vehicle was seized and sold by the defendant.
\par 
\par The evidence reveals that the plaintiff has been operating mini bus service for years and knows the type and condition of vehicle he purchases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 After inspection himself he purchased the vehicle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
In doing so he relied on his own judgment as to the condition of the vehicle.
\par 
\par On the evidence I find that there was no misrepresentation in the circumstances leading to the purchase on the part of the defendant or its agents.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Sale of Goods Act, Cap. 232
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par The plaintiff relies upon the provisions of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Sale of Goods Act, Cap. 230}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  (the \lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Mr. Valenitabua refers particularly to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 section (3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
 which defines \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 contract of sale}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 section 16(3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  of the Act which deals with }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 conditions implied}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  in a contract of sale.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Section 3(1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  provides:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \'93
A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a money consideration called the price \'85..\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par Section 16(3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \'93Where the seller sells g
oods in the course of a business and the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller any particular purpose for which the goods are being bought, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit
 for that purpose, whether or not that is a purpose for which such goods are commonly supplied except where the circumstances show that the buyer does not rely, or that it is unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller\rquote s skill or judgment.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par On the facts and circumstances of this case, I agree with Mr. Chandra that }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 section 16(3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  of the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Sale of Goods Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  does not apply for the reasons (inter alia) that: the vehicle was sold on \lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 as is where is basis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote , it is a second-hand vehicle which is an accepted fact by b
oth parties, the plaintiff as a driver and mini-bus operator purchased the vehicle after his own inspection and judgment.
\par 
\par Furthermore, the plaintiff executed a Bill of Sale in favour of the Defendant, paid a deposit and took possession of the vehicle on 10 November 1998.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Even in Receipt No. 23477 it is stated as one of the conditions of sale that \'93goods once sold cannot be taken back\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 He even used the vehicle for two weeks and then complained about the \lquote turbo\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The fact that the defendant also sells spare parts does not mean that it guarantees the supply of parts to vehicle it sells unless it undertakes to do that at the time of selling.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 All this shows that in the circumstances, as the section says \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
the buyer does not rely, or that it is unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller\rquote s skill or judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \rquote .
\par 
\par On the facts and circumstances of this case, Mr. Valenitabua\rquote s argument on \lquote breach of implied term\rquote  of contract of sale has no relevance in terms of the said sections 3(1) and 16(3) of the Act.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 The cases referred to by him also have no relevance to the situation in this case.
\par 
\par As submitted by Mr. Chandra the property with risk in the goods (the vehicle) passed to the plaintiff when he executed the Bill of Sale back to the defendant paid deposit and took possession of the vehicle on 10 November 1998.
\par 
\par The plaintiff must realize that he is not purchasing a new vehicle but a second-hand one.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
He bought it with his eyes open after a proper inspection.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 In these circumstances the term \lquote as is where is\rquote  is appropriate.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
The fact that some part is found to be defective after taking delivery does not mean that the contract is at an end and the vehicle is useless.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Section 13(3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  of the Act is relevant here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 It provides:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \'93where a contract of sale is not severable and the buy
er has accepted the goods or part thereof, the breach of any condition to be fulfilled by the seller can only be treated as a breach of warranty and not as a ground for rejecting the goods and treating the contract as repudiated, unless there be a term of
 the contract express or implied.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par And under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 section 20 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 of the Act the property passes to the buyer as in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Rule I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  which states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 \'93
where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, the property in the goods passe
s to the buyer where the contract is made and it is immaterial whether the time of payment or the time of delivery or both be postponed.\'94}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par The plaintiff evidently did not do anything else on his part to have the \lquote turbo\rquote  fitted in apart from leaving the vehicle at the defendant\rquote s garage.
\par 
\par In the situation that existed in this case the plaintiff was still required to make payments under the Bill of Sale.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
He fell in arrears and the vehicle was therefore seized and sold by the defendant which it was entitled to do.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15877897  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par 
\par I do not find that there was any negligence on the part of the defendant.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Conclusion
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
In the outcome, on the evidence before the Court I find that the plaintiff has not discharged the burden of proof on the civil standard in proving his claim.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par I do not find that there was any misrepresentation on the part of the defendant or its agents at the time of the sale or after delivery of the vehicle was taken.
\par 
\par Also there was neither any breach of implied term of contract of sale in the circumstances of this case nor negligence in any respect on the part of the defendant.
\par 
\par Therefore, the plaintiff\rquote s claim fails and is dismissed with }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 costs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897  to the defendant in the sum of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 $400.00 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 four hundred dollars}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 ) to be paid within 21 days.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 D. Pathik
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 Judge}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15877897 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5578614\charrsid15877897 
\par At Suva
\par 12 July 2004
\par }}