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\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 \fs20\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12783352 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352\charrsid12783352 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 CIVIL ACTION NO.: HBC}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352\charrsid12783352 0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 459 OF 2004
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 BETWEEN:
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 1st Plaintiff
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 WAINIBASOGA & COMPANY LIMITED}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 2nd Plaintiff
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 EUGENE NARODETSKY
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 1st Defendant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 THE REGISTRAR OF TITLES
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 2nd Defendant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 Counsel: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Mr. Nawadra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  \endash 
 for the Plaintiffs
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Mr. R. Singh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  \endash  for the Defendants
\par 
\par Hearing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 : }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 8th December, 2004
\par Judgement:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 13th December, 2004
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 JUDGMENT
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\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Background
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par The plaintiff lent US$120,000.00 to the first defendant. In return the 1st defendant pledged full real and personal property in Fiji under his name or control to secure the loan. 
This included property in the name of his trust the Narodetsky Family Trust which principally owned property at Pacific Harbour, Deuba (CT 15625).
\par 
\par The first defendant defaulted in his loan repayment. The plaintiff lodged a caveat against the Pacific Harbour}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352  property. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 The Court extended that caveat on the plaintiff\rquote s }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 ex-parte}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  application. Subsequently the defendant applied to dissolve the extension order by way of injunction.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Preliminary Arguments
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 The matter c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 ame on before me under urgency.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  The first defendants filed skeleton submissions and drew my attention to 2 preliminary arguments that would effectively dispose of the proceedings in their favour.
\par 
\par The pledge made to secure the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352  loan was recorded in writing. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 It was apparent from the face of the documents t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 hat they had not been stamped.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  This was in breach of Section 29(1) of the Stamp D}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 uties Act (Cap.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 205). }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 The section requires that all instruments be stamped with duty for the various distinct matters contained in the document}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
 If the document is not stamped then Section 41 provides that no instrument or agreement is admissible at law or equity unless and until it is duly stamped}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 . }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 The Act goes on in Section 100(1) to provide that any document which ought to be stamped shall be invalid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 
 unless it is properly stamped.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  The Courts are prohibited from allowing any unstamped documents into evidence.
\par 
\par The practical effect of this argument is obvious.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 My original order extending the caveat was bas
ed on an annexure in an af}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 fidavit made by the plaintiff. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 That annexure was the written but unstamped pl}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 edge. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 At the time of making the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 ex-parte}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  order the fact that the document was not stamped was never}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352  drawn to my attention. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 The first defendant\rquote s counsel accepted responsibility for this inadvertent error.
\par 
\par The second issue was less technical but more subs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 tantial in my view. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
Counsel for the first defendant submitted that the pledged security was unenforceable as it breached Section 3(1) of the Exchange Control}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352  Act. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 This Act provides that no person in Fiji may deal that is buy or borrow any foreign currency except with the permission of the Minister}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14633515\charrsid12783352 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par 
\par It was argued that a breach of the provisions of the act leaves the parties to the security with an unenforceable and illegal contract that is void ab}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 initio (cf. }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Steven Singh v Martin }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352 
Mining Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352 , High Court of Fiji }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 261/1997 per the Hon Justice Madraiwiwi).
\par 
\par Again and reluctantly the first defendant had to conced}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  this point.
\par 
\par These preliminary issues were raised at the first hearing of the matter on Monday the 29th of November. When it became obvious that the plaintiff had difficulties he requested a short adjournment to obtain further instructions. 
In a co-operative and responsible manner his learned friend consented and the matter was adjourned part heard for resumption on Monday the 6th of December.
\par 
\par At the resumed hearing counsel for the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352 f filed additional submissions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  He had by then cured the defe}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352 ct under the Stamp Duties Act. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 The plaintif}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352 fs had stamped their documents.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
 I found they were admissible, properly annexed to the affidavit and that the Court could take their content into consideration.
\par 
\par However, counsel could not convince me that the Minister had granted his consent to the raising of the pledge to secure lending of foreign currency in Fiji. 
The plaintiffs accepted they were dealing in US dollars and admitted that they had breached the Exchange Control and Trustee Act. Arguments were raised that I should use my equitable jurisdiction to estop the defendants from avoiding}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352  their contractu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16145846\charrsid12783352 l obligations.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352  In my view it would be inappropriate to do so. This arrangement was void ab}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12783352  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 intio. The security was never a proper document upon which to lodge or maintain a caveatable interest against property owned or controlled by the first defendant.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Conclusion
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par For these reasons the first defendants application must succeed and I accordingly grant his application on the 19th of November 2004 and order the dissolution of the caveat lodged over the Certificate of Title No. 15628.
\par 
\par Costs are fixed for the first defendant on this application at $500.00.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12783352 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 Gerard Winter
\par JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14633515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2383694\charrsid12783352 At Suva
\par 13th December, 2004
\par }}