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)}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6635082 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par AT LAUTOKA \par CIVIL JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082 CIVIL ACTION NO. HBC0378 OF 2000L \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 MOHAMMED RAFIQ \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 V \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 SHER MOHAMMED \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082 \par }{\insrsid6635082 Gates J. \par \par }{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Dr M.S. Sahu Khan for the Plaintiff \par Mr Anu Patel for the Defendant \par \par 25 July 2001, 6 May 2004 \par }{\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11893071 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid14553824 Executor Trustee redeeming mortgage for estate; mortgagor requesting transfer to another mortgagee pursuant to section 73 Property Law Act Cap 130; mort gage not a transfer of land section 63 Land Transfer Act; prior oral agreement to subdivide collateral to mortgage; whether clog on equity of redemption; consent of Director of Town and Country Planning given, then revoked; oral agreement not made subject to consent of Director; unauthorised application to subdivide by mortgagee to Director; need for note or memorandum in writing of sale of lands section 59(d) Indemnity, Guarantee and Bailment Act Cap 232; powers and duties of trustee; informed consent of beneficiaries necessary for any contract terms in excess of reasonable commercial rates. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [1] \tab As executor and trustee of an estate the plaintiff seeks an order directing the defendant to transfer the mortgage held over estate property to another. The de fendant resists saying there was a prior oral agreement to subdivide and to give his daughter a 20 perch lot out of the land, but the agreement has not been performed. The plaintiff denies there was any such agreement. The question is can the defendant re sist the request to transfer? \par \par [2] \tab The plaintiff applies by summons pursuant to Order 5 rr.3 and 4 of the High Court Rules, and asks the court to make the order by virtue of section 73 of the Property Law Act Cap 130, and its inherent jurisdiction. Two aff idavits were filed in support by the plaintiff and one opposing by the defendant. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Background \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [3] \tab The plaintiff is the sole surviving executor and trustee of his father\rquote s estate. His father, Mohammed Hussain s/o Basir lived at Yalalevu, Ba and died on 12 July 1985. Probate was granted on 17 August 1989 to the plaintiff and another brother, who has since died. By his will the testator had given all of his property to his widow for her lifetime. On her death the property was to go to 8 sons in equal shares . \par \par [4] \tab The estate included a freehold land CT6006 which was mortgaged to the Bank of Baroda under mortgage No. 353989. In 1996 the bank commenced a mortgagee sale. The defendant came to the rescue of the estate, paid off the bank, and had the mortgage tran sferred into his name. The defendant\rquote s daughter was married to one of the plaintiff\rquote s brothers, one of the 8 residual beneficiaries. \par \par [5] \tab The plaintiff says the intention was to reimburse the defendant eventually, so that the mortgage could be transferred to the plaintiff or to someone of his choosing. It was decided that the mortgage be transferred to one Jan Mohammed. \par \par [6] \tab By a solicitor\rquote s letter of 3 October 2000 the plaintiff as trustee of the estate informed the defendant that the estate would redeem the mortgage debt of $7,176.50. The letter referred to section 73 of the Property Law Act which reads: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "73}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Where a mortgagor is entitled to redeem he shall by virtue of this Act have power to require the mortgagee, instead of discharging, and on the terms on which he would be bound to discharge, to transfer the mortgage to any third person as the mortgagor directs; and the mortgagee shall by virtue of this Act be bound to transfer accordingly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 (2) This section applies to mortgages made either before or after the commencement of this Act, and shall have effect notwithstanding any stipulation to the contrary; but does not apply where the mortgagee is or has been in possession." \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [7] \tab The plaintiff relies also on section 63 of the Land Transfer Act which states: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 "63. A mortgage registered in accordance with the provisions of this Act shall have effect as a security, but shall not operate as a transfer of the }{\insrsid6977112\charrsid6635082 land}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 or of the estate or interest therein, charged." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par Subdivision of Land Act \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [8] \tab By virtue of section 4 of the Subdivision of Lands Act, no subdivision may take place without the prior approval of the Director of Town and Country Planning. The subdivision of the estate property here could not be made without such prior consent. It doe s not come within any of the exceptions. As such the oral agreement, since it included such a term, was made in contravention of the Act, and was illegal. Application must be made in writing to the Director first, by the person seeking to subdivide the lan d [section 5]. The only person who could make such an application for the estate was the plaintiff as trustee. No application was ever made by the plaintiff. \par \par [9] \tab The position of the courts to such agreements has been consistent and adverse. In }{\i\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Devi Dayal v Jagdish Kumar}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 (unreported) Fiji Court of Appeal Civil App. No. 33 of 1980; 30 September 1980 the court said (at p.9): \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 "The granting of the relief sought would perfect a scheme, substantially performed, for dividing Farm No. 866 into two separate titles leaving one title \endash or one lot \endash less than five acres. Such a division contravenes section 5 of the Subdivision of Land Act and is illegal. It is nothing to the point that clause (e) of the agreement provides for consent to be obtained because a division i n fact has already been effected without any consent. The consent required by section 5 is the prior approval of the Director of Town and Country Planning. The Court will not lend its aid to perfecting such a scheme already carried out in fact. The defenc e of illegality succeeds." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par [10] \tab The defendant says: "it was agreed with the plaintiff\rquote s solicitors firm through their agent and/or servant one Abu Munam that the plaintiff would subdivide the land described in paragraph 2 of the said affidavit and transfe r 20 perches from Certificate of Title Number 6006 to my daughter Sabra Bibi." \par \par [11] \tab The defendant does not depose to any conversation with the plaintiff personally, nor explain the circumstances as to how it came about that he volunteered to provide the necessary finance to pay off the bank.}{\insrsid6635082 \par }{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par [12] \tab The defendant says he engaged a surveyor and paid for him to do a survey. He says a deposited plan was made and "sent to Suva". He exhibited a letter of 23 April 1998 from Messrs Sahu Khan and Sahu Khan, the plaintiff\rquote s solicitors. The letter deals at first with the payment of the mortgage matter and then continues: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 The work was substantially completed and we were only waiting for the plan which was not given to us for reasons best known to your client. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2566240 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 We could not have the final deed executed.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \tab In his second affidavit the plaintiff says that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 the defendant has himself and without our knowledge begun to subdivide the land in question}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 The plaintiff, when he discovered this, caused his solicitors to co mplain to the Director of Town and Country Planning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 They pointed out that neither his consent as trustee and registered proprietor of the land, nor those of the beneficiaries, had been obtained. \par \par [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \tab The plaintiff also exhibited a letter from the Ba Rur al Local Authority of 16 November 1998 in which the Secretary had written to the Director making recommendation for approval of the subdivision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 He said }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 the applicant\rquote s interest is to give Lot 1 to his son-in-law Mr Hafiz to build his house.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 This lot at present is vacant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 The balance of the land would be kept by Mr Sher Mohammed for his own use and future developments}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 None of this could have carried any authority, since the defendant was not a mortgagee in possession.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 He was simply at that stage the mort gagee. \par \par [15] \tab The plaintiff exhibited a letter to the Director of Town and Country Planning dated 13 March 1999 in which his solicitors remonstrated with the Director for having dealt with the mortgage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 On 18 March 1999 the Director wrote to the defendant advising him that the approval for the proposed subdivision had been revoked, since he was not the legal owner.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 None of this correspondence was exhibited by the defendant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par [16] \tab Neither of the parties }{\insrsid6977112\charrsid6635082 has}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 informed the court of the terms of the mortgage. However it is clear the mortgagee, the defendant, had no legal standing to prepare a subdivision or to apply for the Director\rquote s consent to such a scheme. If there had have been an agreement to provide a lot for the defendant\rquote s daughter, the agreement could have had no legal effect without the prior consent of the Director to such subdivision. There was no prior consent. Instead, to the defendant\rquote s unilateral application, the defendant not being the registered owner, there had been a considered revocation by the Director, amounting to a refusal to give approval. \par \par [17] \tab I do not find the defendant has raised a convincing account of this unusual transaction with a trustee of an estate. I do not consider I need to hear further evidence beyond the affidavits and I accept the plaintiff\rquote s account: Eng Mee Ong v Latchumanan [1980] AC 331. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [18] \tab Had I accepted that there had been such an agreement, which was otherwise enforceable, I would have found it to have been a collateral contract and therefore not a clog upon the equity of redemption.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Its existence could not have interfered with the plaintiff\rquote s entitlement to have the mortgage redeemed or transferred to another mortgagee of his choosing: }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Kreglinger v New Patagonia Meat Co Ltd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [1914] AC 25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 The plaintiff is entitled to his order directing transfer. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 No memorandum \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \tab The plaintiff through his counsel Dr Sahu Khan, also argues that if there were an agreement to give away land from the estate it would be unenforceable anyway since it fails to comply with section 59 of the Indemnity, Guarantee and Bailment Act Cap 232. \par \par [20] \tab Section 59 relevantly provides: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 59.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 No action shall be brought}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \'85\'85.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 (d) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 upon any contract or sale of lands, tenements or hereditaments or any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 interest in or concerning them; or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11893071 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11893071\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \'85\'85.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 unless the agreement upon which such action is to be brought or som e memorandum or note thereof is in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorised." \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [21] \tab Clearly there is no written evidence of this nature for the sale of the lot to the defendant or to his daughter. \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Powers and duties of a Trustee \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [22]\tab As executor and trustee of the estate the plaintiff was obliged to carry out the written i nstructions of the testator contained in the will. A trustee must always act in the best interests of the trust. A trustee would not be empowered to enter into a contract on behalf of the estate which contained unusual and highly favourable terms for a mo rtgagee. The trustee would have to keep within reasonable market and commercial rates of remuneration or interest. To go outside such ambit would require the informed consent of all of the beneficiaries: }{\i\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Re Jones, Jones v Cusack-Smith}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [1931] 1 Ch. 375 and cf. consent of all trustees, }{\i\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Luke v South Kensington Hotel Co}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 . [1879] 11 Ch.D 121; }{ \i\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Phipps v Boardman}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [1965] 1 All ER 849. There is no evidence of such disclosure and consent. \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 Conclusion \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 [23] \tab The plaintiff is entitled to an order: \par }{\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par Order: \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11893071 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 That the defendant do transfer the mortgage 353989 over CT6006 held by him to Jan Mohammed (son of Nabi Jan) of Martintar, Nadi or to a person or institution of the plaintiff\rquote s choosing. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11893071 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11893071 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 That the defendant do pay the plaintiff $750 costs of this application. \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11893071 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 A.H.C.T. GATES \par JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6635082 {\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 \par Solicitors for the Plaintiff: Messrs Sahu Khan and Sahu Khan, Ba \par Solic}{\insrsid6635082 itors for the Defendant}{\insrsid6635082\charrsid6635082 : Messrs S.B. Patel & Co., Lautoka. \par }}