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\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 JUDICIAL REVIEW NO. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9570192 HBJ000}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 5 OF 2004
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 Between:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 STATE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 v}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER FOR LABOUR,
\par INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & PRODUCTIVITY
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 THE MINISTER FOR LABOUR, INDUSTRIAL
\par RELATIONS AND PRODUCTIVITY
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 Respondents
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 Ex parte:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 FIJI PUBLIC SERVICE ASSOCIATION (FPSA)
\par FIJI TEACHERS UNION (FTU)
\par FIJI NURSING ASSOCIATION (FNA)
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Applicants
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par Mr. V. Kapadia for the Applicants
\par Mr. J. Udit for the Respondents
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526\charrsid16063526 A.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
The application and parties
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par An application for leave to apply for judicial review was on 23 February 2004 filed by the applicants pursuant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Order 53 r.3(a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The High Court Rules 1988}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 applicants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  are }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Fiji Public Service Association}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (\'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FPSA}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94), }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Fiji Teachers Union}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (\'93}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FTU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94) and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Fiji Nursing Association}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (\'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FNA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94).
\par 
\par The respondents are the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Chief Executive Officer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (\lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 CEO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote ) }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
for Labour, Industrial Relations & Productivity }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 and the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Productivity}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Minister}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 \rquote ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par The Notice of Opposition to the application was filed by the respondents on 26 February.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 B.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 Order granting leave
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par An order granting leave to apply for judicial review of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 decisions dated 2 February 2004 and 5 February 2004 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
of the respondents respectively to refer to an Arbitration Tribunal for compulsory arbitration the \lquote Trade Disputes\rquote  between the applicants and the Public Service Commission was made on }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 5 March 2004}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It was also ordered that the grant of leave shall operate as a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 stay}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the said decisions and all proceedings thereunder pursuant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Or.53 r.3(8)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 High Court Rules }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
until the determination of these proceedings.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 C.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Motion, affidavits and submissions
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par As required under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Order 53}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  the applicants filed a Notice of Motion on 15 March which was made returnable for 23 March.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 An order was made for Affidavit in Reply to be filed by the Respondents within 28 days an
d Reply, if any, thereto within 21 days thereafter and matter adjourned to 20 May.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
On application further time was allowed to the respondents to respond and then adjourned to 30 June to fix a date for hearing.
\par 
\par On 30 June various orders were made for the filing of affidavits in reply and I have before me the following affidavits for my consideration and the written submissions from both counsel and the Open Court hearing for the judicial review took place on }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 23 August 2004}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 :
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Answering affidavit of the Conciliator }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Surendra Shiudin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  filed 23 June
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Answering affidavit of the CEO }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Brian Singh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  filed 23 June
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Answering affidavit of the Minister }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Kenneth Zinck}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  filed 23 June
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Affidavit in Reply of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Rajeshwar Singh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  for the applicants filed 7 July
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Applicants\rquote  submissions filed 14 July
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Respondents\rquote  submissions filed 27 July
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Applicants\rquote  Reply to Respondents\rquote  submissions filed 6 August
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 D}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16056477 .\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Decisions impugned
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par The following decisions are impugned:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls47\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnb0\pnstart9\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls47\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 decision 
of the conciliator}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  dated }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 2 February 2004}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 which reads (Annexure FPSA 7):}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
Following a series of conciliation meetings held on 26th and 30th January 2004, where both parties failed to reach an agreement, I therefore declare the said dispute to have reached }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
deadlock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (ii)\tab Letter dated }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 5 February 2004}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  from }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 CEO}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to Permanent Arbitrator referring dispute on 2003 by way of claims for compulsory arbitration on the Minister\rquote s authorization in the following terms (Annexure FNA I):
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93WHEREAS }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
a trade dispute exists between the Fiji Nursing Association (hereinafter referred to as the \'93Association\'94) on the one part and Public Service Commission (hereinafter referred to as the \'93Employer\'94) on the other part.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 AND WHEREAS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
, I, Brian Singh, Chief Executive Officer, Ministry 
of Labour, Industrial Relations and Productivity have referred the said trade dispute to the Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Productivity who has authorized me to refer such trade dispute to an Arbi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ration Tribunal for settlement pursuant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 subsection 2(b)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Disputes Act, Cap. 97.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 NOW THEREFORE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
, I do hereby refer the said trade dispute to the Permanent Arbitrator for settlement over the refusal on the part of the Commission to negotiate and conclude a COLA claim of 5%
 for its members and the payment of increment/SSPP in its Log of Claims lodged on 04th August 2003.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 DATED}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 AT Suva this 2nd day of February 2004.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par Similar letters dated 2 February were sent to FPSA and FTU but the reference of trade dispute to an Arbitration Tribunal for settlement was made pursuant to subsection }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 2(b)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 2(c)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 of section 6 of the Trade Disputes Act respectively. 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 E.\tab The reliefs sought
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The relief sought are as follows:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 certiorari}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 to bring before this Court and quash the decisions o
f the CEO dated 2nd February 2004 in respect of FPSA and FNA and the decision dated 5th February 2004 in respect of FTU to accept and refer the Trade Disputes between the Applicants and PSC to an Arbitration Tribunal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 certiorari}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 to bring before this Court and quash the decisions of the MINISTER authorising the CEO to refer to an Arbitration Tribunal the Trade Disputes between the Applicants and PSC.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 interim stay}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 upon leave being granted of the decisions of the CEO and the MINISTER to refer the Trade Disputes between the Applicants and PSC to an Arbitration Tribunal and all proceedings thereunder.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16056477 F.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The grounds of review
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par The applicants have sought judicial review on a number of grounds and they are as follows:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Illegality \endash  Ultra Vires
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Mistake of Fact
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Not taking into Account relevant Considerations
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Misdirection of Law
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Frustrating the Policy of the Act
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Unlawful Dictation and Direction by the Minister to CEO
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Irrationality (Improper Motive and /or Purpose)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Bad Faith
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Wednesbury Unreasonableness
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (j)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Procedural Irregularity alleging Bias and Legitimate Expectation.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16056477 G.\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Background facts
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The undisputed background facts are as follows (as in Mr. Udit\rquote s submissions p5-7):}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Applicants namely, FPSA, FTU and FNA are all public sector}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Unions and are all members of the Confederation of Public Sector Unions (\'93}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 CPSU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FPSA is the Chair of CPSU.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In 2003, each of the Applicants lodged a log of claim with PSC separately.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Applicants (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
parties}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94) then entered into negotiations on the log of claims with PSC.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In most of these negotiations, the Applicants were represented collectively by CPSU.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Applicants were unanimous in demanding a 5% COLA payment.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 PSC was proposing a 1% COLA and 1% Merit pay increase (\'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
PSC proposal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 \'94).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The disputes were referred by the CEO to the various parties to conduct meaningful negotiations to amicably resolve the dispute.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 However, by December 2003, the parties had not resolved their respective disputes.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Applicants then each }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 reported a trade dispute}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to the CEO on the following dates:-
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FPSA\tab \tab \tab FNA\tab \tab 
\tab FTU
\par 27.12.03\tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 07.01.04\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 27.12.03
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 On 21st January 2004, }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 CEO accepted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  the Applicants\rquote  respective}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 reports}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of a trade dispute and appointed a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Conciliator}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 . 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 A }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
series of conciliation talks}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  were held.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (j)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
On 2nd February 2004, the CEO issued a letter each to the respective Applicants FPSA as FTU and on 5 February to FNA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
advising that the 2003 log of claims disputes had reached a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 deadlock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (k)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls12\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 On }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 2nd February 2004
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 , the CEO (as per Surendra Shiudin\rquote s letter \endash  see Affidavit of Rajeshwar Singh) }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
referred the dispute to the Permanent Arbitrator}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to arrange for a hearing of the dispute and submissions of Award in due course. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (l)\tab On }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 2nd February 2004}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 , the General Secretary of FPSA gave }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Notice of Strike}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  action to commence from 0800 hours 15 March 2003.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 H.\tab Circumstances giving rise to judicial review
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par The circumstances giving rise to judicial review arose out of a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 referral}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the trade disputes to the CEO under }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s.3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Disputes Act}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ) by the Unions on the inability of the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Unions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Public Service Commission }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Commission}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote ) to resolve their }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 log of claims for 2003}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  for 5% COLA and Merit Pay increase.
\par 
\par The sequence of events after referral are as hereunder (as set out in Mr. Kapadia\rquote s written submission at pp3-4):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93Upon referral to the CEO of the trade disputes by the three Unions, the CEO purs
uant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 4(1)(d)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Act}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  appointed Mr. Surendra}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Shiudin, Acting Principal Labour Officer to }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 conciliate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 See Annexure \'93FPSA 14\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The Conciliator met with the parties on the 22nd January 2004, 26th January 2004 and 30th January 2004.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Conciliato
r then declared that the disputes had reached a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 deadlock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The CEO wrote to the parties on the 2nd February 2004 and 5 February advising that the disputes had reached a deadlock.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 See Annexure \'93FPSA 7\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
On the same day being the 2nd of February 2004, FPSA and FNA issued a notice of strike action as required under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 16}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 See Annexure \'93FPSA 8\'94 and \'93FNA 2\'94.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
A list of all members together with their addresses were also sent with that letter to the CEO, Commission and all Ministries as required by Section 6 of the Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Commission and the various employers therefore were also notified.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
FPSA advised that they would commence strike at 800 hours on the 15th of March 2004 and FNA advised that they would commence strike on midnight the 1st March 2004.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 There was therefore notice of 28 days in respect of FNA and 42 days in respect of FPSA before strike action was to be taken, if at all.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FTU not having any essential services members was not required to issue any strike notice but had contemplated giving at least 28 days notice in any event.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par On the 2nd February 2004 the Respondents referred }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FPSA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FNA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to compulsory arbitration under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 6(2)(b)}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 See Annexure \'93FPSA 6\'94.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 On the 5th of February 2004 the Respondents referred }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 FTU}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  under Section }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 6(2)(c)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 of the Act to compulsory arbitration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 See Annexure \'93FTU 1\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The referral to compulsory arbitration meant that pursuant to the provisions of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 5(A)(6)(a)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  the Unions could not proceed with any other conciliation talks or proceed to strike actio
n as that section prohibited the discontinuance or impedance of normal work either totally or partially in respect of a dispute referred to a tribunal\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In the event that the Unions proceeded to strike in any event then }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 5(A)(7)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  provides that the employees and Union officials who breach the provision of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 5(A)(6)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  would be guilty of an offence.\'94 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16056477 I.\tab }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Applicants\rquote  submission
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is the applicants
\rquote  contention that in referring the said disputes to compulsory arbitration the respondents acted in an 
arbitrary and pre-emptive manner so as to prevent the parties to the dispute from following other avenues within the framework of the Act in which to settle their disputes.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par Counsel submits that this was not a case where the Minister should have exercised his powers under section }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 6(2)(b)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and 
}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 6(2)(c)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 of the Act as there were still other avenues such as conciliation meetings, board of inquiry and an Independent Investigator who could have been appointed under the provisions of the Act.
\par 
\par He further submits that by teachers going on strike it would not jeopardise the essentials of life or livelihood of the nation or endanger the public safe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 ty or the life of the community}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .
\par 
\par Counsel says that the whole thrust of the Act is to provide alternative means of settlement of disputes with arbitration as the last resort and only where}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 all else has failed and strike action is imminent or commenced and it would endanger the public.
\par 
\par It is submitted that the crux of the judicial review proceedings is that the Respondents acted }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ultra vires}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 section 6(2)(b) and s6(2)(c) and misdirected themselves in law thereby frustrating the Policy of the Act when there were other means of resolving the trade dispute still available.
\par 
\par Counsel submitted that the respondents acted ultra vires s6(2)(b) by referring to compulsory arbitration which effectively stopped the applicants from going on strike; and if they did go on strike then under }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s6(4)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  the Minister can order or prohibit the continuance of and declare unlawful such strike.
\par 
\par Mr. Kapadia submits that to refer the members of FPSA who are members involved in non-essential services to compulsory arbitration under s6(2)(b) a section which deals with essential services is clearly ultra vires that section.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is an }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 error of law}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  which renders the decision of the Respondents a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
nullity and for which the decisions must be quashed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
In referring to compulsory arbitration the Minister has not taken into account matters which should have been or have not asked the right questions in applying s6(2)(b).
\par 
\par Counsel further submitted that that the Respondents took into account }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 irrelevant considerations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 in referring the members of the Unions to compulsory arbitration.
\par 
\par On misdirection in law counsel submits that the Respondents failed to understand the various provisions of the Act which promotes conciliation and resolution of dispute which referred to compulsory arbitration as a last resort if all else fails.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 At the time of the referral to compulsory arbitration the strike was one month away.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The parties should have been left to decide the next course of action.
\par 
\par Mr. Kapadia submits as a ground that the policy of the Act has been frustrated by denying the parties the right of fully negotiating and bargaining under the Act.
\par 
\par Counsel says that teachers do not fall under the provisions of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s6(2)(c)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
He says that the FNA members were ordered under s6(2)(b) to compulsory arbitration whether they liked it or not when there was still room for resolution through other means within the framework of the Act.
\par 
\par Mr. Kapadia has raised another ground and that is that the CEO has simply unquestionably accepted the Minister\rquote s authorization and allowed himself to be directed unlawfully by the Minister.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The CEO has not exercised his authority independently even though he may be authorized by the Minister.
\par 
\par A very serious allegation has been made against the Minister in that he was actuated by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ill-will}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 in the decision making process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Evidence on this is comprised in numerous newspaper cuttings.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is further submitted that referring to compulsory arbitration of FPSA members falls within the terms of \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Wednesbury unreasonableness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Similarly, in respect of members of FTU under s6(2)(c) on }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 public danger}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  is clearly within this \lquote unreasonableness
\rquote .
\par 
\par The ground of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 bias}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
on the part of the Minister has also been raised in the light of the statements made by the Minister as evidenced by numerous newspaper cuttings.
\par 
\par Finally, the question of \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 legitimate expectation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  has been raised.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 This the counsel says has
 been breached in that the legitimate expectations of the Unions that they would be allowed to continue negotiating with the Commission until such time, failing agreement, they could choose to go on strike should the negotiations fail.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 By making a pre-empt
ive decision to refer to compulsory arbitration the Minister breached the legitimate expectations of the members of the Union to negotiate within the framework of the Act and failing which such negotiation to exercise their fundamental right to strike.

\par 
\par For the above reasons the applicants want the decisions quashed.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 J.\tab Respondents\rquote  submission
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par The respondents deny that they acted ultra vires.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Counsel says that they were justified to treat the whole concerted conduct of the three applicants together in conciliation and in a referral to arbitration [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Secretary of State v Aslef}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (No. 2) (1972) 2 All E.R. 949 at 966].
\par 
\par This is a case where the FPSA, FTU and FNA had filed a similar log of claims against their common employer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The claims concern COLA and merit pay increments.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Whatever the resolution it would apply across the board to all members of the three Unions.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Counsel says that it would create a confusion if the applicants were treated separately as contended by applicants, because the same is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ues would be pursued concurrently through different forums, i.e. the FNA and part of FPSA will be subject to compulsory arbitration while FTU pursues \'93own\'94 means e.g. strike.
\par 
\par Mr. Udit submits that the respondents\rquote  action to refer to arbitration could not be ultra vires as all the means of resolving the dispute through private negotitations and conciliation had been exhausted.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
He said that it could not have been a pre-empt decision to refer to arbitration as it was on 2.2.04, curiously on the same day as the strike notice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Also 30% of members of the unions were involved in an essential service and it was impracticable to separate the \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
essential}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94 members from the \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 non-essential}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'94
.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He says that there is no merit on this ground.
\par 
\par Counsel submits that no irrelevant considerations were taken into account.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The affidavit of CEO (Brian Singh) outlines the effect that the \lquote strike\rquote  will have on students, there will be no teacher supervision which is a threat to their safety.
\par 
\par On the alleged \lquote misdirection of law\rquote  counsel submits that 
all procedures under the Act were followed but negotiation and conciliation and arbitration had reached a deadlock and the last resort was to the Permanent Arbitrator for compulsory arbitration.
\par 
\par Counsel submits that there was no attempt on the part of the Minister to frustrate the policy of the Act as alleged nor where his actions contrary to the policy of the Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He said that all meaningful negotiation between the parties to resolve the dispute had failed and conciliation had reached a deadlock.
\par 
\par Mr. Udit further submits that the CEO\rquote s decision was not influenced by the Minister\rquote s motives.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Also it is denied that the Minister had any improper and unlawful motives.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
He only acted on the facts presented when CEO made a referral to him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
It is the CEO who seeks direction from the Minister to refer to arbitration tribunal and not vice versa.
\par 
\par On \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 irrationality (improper motive and/or purpose}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 counsel submitted that the strike notice was not a factor which the Minister considered with any authority in his decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The applications must prove ulterior motive or purpose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
There was no improper motive and/or purpose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The respondent\rquote s decision was m
ade after considering a wide range of factors and the potential impact on the nation of the situation.
\par 
\par Counsel further submits that it cannot be further from the truth that the Minister only referred the disputes to arbitration after the Applicants had fi
led the notice to strike which was filed on the same day that the Minister referred the disputes to arbitration.
\par 
\par It is further submitted that the decision of the Minister was not \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Wednesbury unreasonable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In the light of the deadlock reached between the 
parties and the risks to public interest and national economic interest the decision was not unreasonable.
\par 
\par Counsel submits that the Minister\rquote s decision was reasonable, prudent and in accordance with the provisions of the Act under which he was exercising his powers and the same applies to the decision of the Chief Executive Officer.
\par 
\par Counsel submits that there was no \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 bias}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  or \lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 procedural irregularity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Minister acted on the recommendation from the CEO.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
It would have been impracticable to divide workers in essential and non-essential categories when authorizing the referral to arbitration.
\par 
\par On the ground of \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 legitimate expectation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote 
 the respondents deny that they breached any legitimate expectation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Counsel submitted that even when the matter was before 
Arbitration or Tribunal, the parties were still at liberty to make necessary application to the Arbitrator.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16056477 K.\tab }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Consideration of the grounds of review
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
I shall now consider the various grounds of review put forward by the applicants but not in the order submitted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
I find that there is much overlapping in the grounds as if the whole book has been thrown at me so to say.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par This approach has not been received with favour by the Courts, a criticism of which is found in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The State v. The Permanent Arbitrator ex parte Fiji Electricity Authority }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 (Judicial Review No. HBJ0001.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 1997S) where his Lordship }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Justice Fatiaki}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (now Chief Justice) at p4-5 of his judgment, inter alia,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 commented:

\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
This form of \lquote pleading\rquote  (for want of a better expression) which is fast becoming the norm in applications for \lquote judicial review\rquote  is unacceptable, unhelpful and often duplicitous\'94.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par For the determination of the issues before me I have various affidavits from both sides and also lengthy and comprehensive submissions from both counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Their arguments have already been stated hereabove.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (i)\tab Principles governing judicial review applications
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par As stated by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Templeman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Reg v Inland Revenue Commissioner Ex parte Preston }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (1985) A.C. 835 at 862:
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
Judicial review is available where a decision-making authority exceeds its powers, commits an error of law, commits a breach of natural justice, reaches a decision which no reasonable tribunal could have reached, or abuses its powers.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Judicial review should not be granted where an alternative remedy is available.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par In a judicial review courts ensure that administrative actions are intra vires and keep within the bounds of their authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
These actions will be ultra vires if they fail to comply with the requirements of certain statutes and by common law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
It is important that administrative actions take into account all relevant considerations and ignore any irrelevant considerations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The decisions must be reasonable; they must not be biased or pre-determined; they must be exercised with the rights of natural justice in mind, unless a statute, expressly or by clear implication provides a contrary intention.
\par 
\par The Court is required to consider whether the \'93process\'94 by which the decision was reached is authorised or valid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The basic question is whether the decision-maker has acted intra vires or within the discretion conferred reasonably and fairly.
\par 
\par In any review of a decision the court is concerned to evaluate }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 fairness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Hailsham L.C. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 has in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Chief Constable of North Wales Police v Evans}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 (1982) 1 WLR 1155 at 1160 very succinctly put the essential function of judicial review thus:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93It is important to remember in every case that the purpose \'85
 is to ensure that the individual is given }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 fair treatmen}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
t by the authority to which he has been subjected and that it is no part of that purpose to substitute the opinion of the judiciary or of individual judges for that of the authority constituted by law to decide the matter in question.\'94}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par Bearing in mind the principles governing judicial review as briefly stated hereabove I shall now deal with certain specific grounds which I think ought to be considered after amalgamating some of the grounds advanced.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls37\pnrnot0\pnlcrm\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls37\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Unions and strike 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Much 
has been said by the applicants as to how their strike notice has been affected by the Minister\rquote s decision.
\par 
\par The unions had given strike notice on the same day as the decisions which are impugned.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Whether the referral to compulsory arbitration came after t
he strike notices has not come out clearly in evidence except that in his submission Mr. Udit for the Respondents submitted that the strike notice was not a factor which the Minister considered with any authority in his decision.
\par 
\par A trade union\rquote s right to strike has a long history.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
At one time as late as 1867 the judges had declared that trade unions were illegal associations as being in restraint of trade but in England in 1871 Parliament said that people are free to bind themselves in trade unions}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 to better themselves.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Similarly, employers were free to combine together to look after their own interests.
\par 
\par In this case the respondents are not saying that the unions cannot go on strike.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The right to strike is not being taken away from them; but because of the Minister\rquote 
s decision the applicants say that they are now prevented from going on strike as they run the risk of the strike being declared illegal and/or prosecutions could result under the Trade Disputes Act.
\par 
\par In this case, assuming that strikes did take place because of the disputes many innocent people will suffer causing hardship and inconvenience.
\par 
\par In this regard it is pertinent to note the remarks of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Denning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  in his book the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Road to Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (1955) at 104 where he said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93\'85The whole community is struck.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
It is all very well to talk of the right to strike, but I know of no law which gives any man or any group of men the right to strike at the community at large.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is nothing more nor less than a claim to a right to inflict suffering on innocent persons in order to gain your own ends.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 That is a state of affairs which cannot be tolerated in a civilised community.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par In the context of this case, the important thing to consider is whether, without thwarting the right to strike directly or indirectly whether
 avenues of settlement of the disputes have been exhausted or not under the provisions of the Trade Disputes Act, Cap. 97.
\par 
\par The following statements of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Denning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  at 104-5 ibid are apt:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93If two men should quarrel and come to fisticuffs in the street \endash  o
r two gangs of men \endash  so that the people in the neighbourhood are put in trouble and distress, we should all say at once that they should not seek to resolve their quarrels by coming to blows, but should take them before the courts of law.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 So also with disputes between unions or between a group of men and the union to which they belong.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
They should be resolved, not by force of arms or force of strikes, but by some impartial person or persons in whom the people at large have confidence.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is unthinkable that
 professional men such as doctors or teachers should so far forget their duty to the public as to go on strike: or even that farm workers should forget their duty to their animals.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 So also it should be with dockers or seamen who have an equally high duty to the community, there may be no alternative.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 A strike may be the only way in which they can get justice.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
For over a hundr}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 ed years that has been the case. }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is the reason why we have recognized the right to strike as we have.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 But, at the present day, in a
 civilised community these trade union disputes should be settled by an impartial tribunal as a matter of course just as other disputes are settled by the courts.\'94
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par On strike as far as we are concerned in Fiji, sections 1, 24(1), 32(1) and 33(1), (2) & (3) of the Fiji Constitution 1997 do protect the fundamental rights to withdraw labour.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 However, }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 33(4)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 of the Constitution which provides as follows limits the right to strike in certain circumstances:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93A law may limit, or may authorise the limitatio
n of, the rights set out in this section:
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (a)\tab 
in the interests of national security, public safety, public order, public morality or public health;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls40\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls40\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 others; or 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls40\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls40\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 for the purpose of imposing reasonable restrictions on}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 members of a disciplined Force:
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
but only to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in a free and democratic society.\'94
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par For the purposes of a case of this nature we are governed by the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Unions Act \endash  Cap. 96, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Unions Regulations \endash  Cap. 96 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Trade Disputes Act}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 - Cap. 97.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Having stated the position regarding the right to strike in the present context, it is not for me to say or decide whether the applicants could still go on strike despite the Minister
\rquote s order for compulsory arbitration but one has to bear in mind the provisions of the Act in this regard.
\par 
\par However, }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s.6(4)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  does provide that:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93where a trade dispute has been referred to a Tribunal or to conciliati
on or to a Disputes Committee under this Act, the Minister may by order prohibit the continuance of and declare unlawful any strike or lockout in connection with such dispute which may be in existence on the date of the references.\'94
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par It is a decision which the Unions will have to make themselves.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (iii)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Procedural impropriety and error of law}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par In a judicial review the Court\rquote s function is to review not the merits of the decision in respect of which the application for judicial review is made, but the decision-making process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 a review of the manner in which the decision was made}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Brightman }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Chief Constable of the North Wales Force v Evans }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (1982) 1 WLR 1155 at 1174).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In other words, as }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Sir Thomas Bingham MR}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  said \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 we have one function only, which is to rule upon the lawfulness of decisions}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 R v Cambridge District Health Authority ex. p. B }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 C.A. N.L.J. 24.3.95 p.415); also to \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 see that the relevant authorities use their powers in a proper manner}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Hailsham}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  in Evans (supra at 1160).

\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls18\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Provisions of the Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 

\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Disputes Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (Cap. 97) (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Act}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote ) applies in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Under }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s.3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \lquote trade dispute\rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  was reported to the CEO by the Unions (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 applicants}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote ) on the inability of the Unions and the Commission to resolve their log of claims for 2003 for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763 5% COLA and MERIT PAY increase.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Part II}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the Act lays down the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Procedure for settlement of disputes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 4}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  states the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 steps}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 to be taken by the Permanent Secretary (CEO).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Since a lot of arguments centred on the provisions of section 4, I set it out in full and it is as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 4. \endash  (1)\tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477 
 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Permanent Secretary shall consider any tr
ade dispute of which he has taken cognizance and may take one or more of the following steps as seem to him expedient for promoting a settlement: -
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls32\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls32\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Inform the parties that he accepts or rejects the report of the trade dispute, having regard to the s
ufficiency or otherwise of the particulars set out in the report, to the nature of the report, or to the endeavours made by any of the parties to achieve a settlement of the dispute, or having regard to any other matter which he considers to be relevant i
n the circumstances:
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Provided that:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls35\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart9\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
No trade disputes which arose more than one year from the date it is reported under Section 3 shall be accepted by the Permanent Secretary except in cases where the delay or failure to report the trade dispute wit
hin the specified period was occasioned by mistake or good cause; 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (ii)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763 \tab }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 A report which has been rejected by the Permanent}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Secretary shall be deemed not to be made under the provisions of this Act.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (b)\tab inform the parties that any of the matters over which the trade}
{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 dispute has arisen or}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 is apprehended is not a trade dispute under this Act;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (c)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763 \tab }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 refer the matter back to the parties and, if he thinks fit, make}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
proposals to the parties or to any of them upon which}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 settlement of the trade dispute may be negotiated;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls40\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls40\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 appoint any person (who may be a public officer or any other}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 person considered by him to be suitable) to act as a mediator}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 and conciliator where the trade dispute is a dispute of interest;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls40\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls40\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 endeavour to conciliate the parties by all reasonable means at}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 his disposal;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls40\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls40\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
cause an investigation of the trade dispute, or any matter connected therewith, to be made by any person who appears to the Permanent Secretary to be independent and who may or may not be a public officer;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls40\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls40\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 report the trade dispute to the Minister, who may, if he thinks}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 fit, authorise the Permanent Secretary to refer it to a}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 conciliation committee appointed by the Minister for mediation}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
and conciliation;
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (h)\tab refer the trade 
dispute to a Disputes Committee, where the dispute is a dispute of right.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls36\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15474763 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The decision of the Permanent Secretary under this section shall be in writing and shall as soon as practicable be communicated in writing by hand or by registered post to the parties to the dispute or to their representatives.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid15474763 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Section 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  deals with \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
reference of trade disputes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Tribunal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote 
 and in so far as it is relevant provides:
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 6. \endash  (1)\tab 
Where the Permanent Secretary or any person appointed by him or by the Minister is unable
 to effect a settlement, the Permanent Secretary shall report the trade dispute to the Minister who may, subject as hereinafter provided, if he thinks fit, and if both parties consent, and agree in writing to}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 accept the award of the Tribunal, authorise the Permanent Secretary to refer such trade dispute to a Tribunal for settlement.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls31\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The Minister may authorise the Permanent Secretary, whether or not the parties consent, to refer a dispute to a Tribunal where \endash 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls34\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls34\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 A strike or lockout arising out of a trade dispute, whether}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 reported or not, has been declared by the Minister to be unlawful as provided for under section 8; or
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls34\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls34\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 A trade dispute whether reported or not, involves an essential}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 service; or
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls34\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls34\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The M
inister is satisfied that a trade dispute, whether reported or not, has jeopardised or may jeopardise the essentials of life or livelihood of the nation as a whole or a significant section of the nation or may endanger the public safety of life of the com
munity.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls31\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  \'85\'85\'85..
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls31\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls31\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  \'85\'85\'85..
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par As I see it one of the arguments of the applicants is that }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 was not fully complied with by the CEO for the section does provide }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 alternative means}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 of settlement of disputes with arbitration as the last resort.
\par 
\par On the evidence before me I find that there is force in that argument.
\par 
\par Although the CEO says in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 para 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of his }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 affidavit}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  that he \lquote followed }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 every}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 aspect of the above procedure in respect of all disputes\rquote  he did not actually do that for all he did was, after considering the report of the conciliator, he considered that the \lquote only means available to resolve through}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 an adjudication process i.e. a decision to be handed down by an independent person}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He said that \lquote 
the only adjudication process available was the referral of the trade disputes to the Arbitration Tribunal\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Then he referred the trade disputes to the Minister under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The Minister then authorized the CEO to refer the disputes to Arbitration Tribunal.
\par 
\par The said }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 4 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 lays down the steps to be taken by CEO and he applied }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s.4 (i) (d)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  by appointing a conciliator with negotiations resulting in a \lquote deadlock\rquote .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He did not invoke the provisions of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s4(1)(e)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (f)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  which authorizes him to \lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 cause an investigation of the trade dispute, or any matter conne
cted therewith, to be made by any person who appears to the Permanent Secretary to be independent and who may or may not be a public officer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .\rquote 
\par 
\par Instead of adopting the steps in (e) and (f) the CEO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526  goes straight to the Minister.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par In these circumstances I find that there was a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 procedural impropriety}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 and an }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 error of law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 on the part of the CEO and the Minister in administering the provisions of section 4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
When a point of law arises the reigning rule as stated by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Wade, Administrative Law 5th Ed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  at p817 is as fo
llows and is apt to be applied to the facts and circumstances of this case in the light of what I have said hereabove:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93\'85the reigning rule today is more sophisticated and less legal.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is designed to give greater latitude to tribunals, where there is room for difference opinion.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
The rule is, in effect, that the application of a legal definition or principle to ascertained facts is erroneous in point of law only if the }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 conclusion}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  reached by the tribunal is }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 unreasonable}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 If it}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
is within the range of interpretations within which different persons might reasonably reach different conclusions, the court will hold that there is no error of law.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par This concept of \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 error of law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  as a ground fo
r review could on the facts and circumstances of this case be properly explained and understood in so far as it is material here by the following passage from }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Notes 48.1.5 Judicial Review Handbook}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  3rd Ed. by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Michael Fordham}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 :
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'9348.1.5.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Need for material error of law/misdirection.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
R v Hull University Visitor, ex p Page [1993] AC 682, 702 C-D (Lord Browne-Wilkinson, referring to a \'93relevant error of law, ie. an error in the actual making of the decision which affected the decision itself\'94: there, counsel contended that \'93
the recent decision of this House in R v Independent Television Commission, ex p TSW Broadcasting Ltd [(1982) [1996] JR 185], has thrown doubt on the proposition that all errors of law vitiate the decision.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In my judgment this is a misreading of that authority.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
This House was asserting that the mere existence of a mistake of law made at some earlier stage does not vitiate the actual decision made: what must be shown is a relevant error of law, ie., an error in the actual making of the decision wh
ich affected the decision itself\'94), applied in R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex p Levin [1997] AC 741, 749A; R v Wolverhampton Coroner, ex p McCurbin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 [1990] 1 WLR 719, 730 H-731 A (Woolf LJ:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
The position here is that, in the case of any application for judicial review, the remedy is discretionary.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
If, albeit there has been a misdirection but the misdirection has not affected the outcome in any way, the court were to intervene, they would, in view, be misusing judicial review.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Judicial review is required to put right a situation where things have gone wrong and an injustice requires to be remedied\'94); R v Knight}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 s}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
bridge Crown Court, ex p Marcrest Properties Ltd [1983] 1 WLR 300 (remedy refused where errors of law in oral judgment had not affected the decision or caused any prejudice);]\'94.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The CEO did not follow correctly and fully the procedure for settlement of disputes as stated in section 4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It was incumbent on him to do so otherwise }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 4(1)(e)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (f)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  will be meaningless.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is my view, that he cannot just }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 pick}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 and}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 choose}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  what he wants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
That discretion is not there in the face of those specific statutory provisions although }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s.4(1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  does say that the CEO 
\lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 may take one or more of the following steps as seems to him expedient}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote .
\par 
\par The CEO therefore acted }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ultra vires}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  in applying the provisions of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 4.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
He should have exhausted all other avenues open to him under that section which he failed to do.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
By going straight to the Minister he wrongly advised the Minister in the wrongful exercise of a discretion which he did not have at the very first stage of negotiation when there was a deadlock.
\par 
\par In the procedure followed by the CEO the door was shut on the applicants for further negotiation and settlement of the disputes contrary to what was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 envisaged in section 4.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The applicants were }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 denied a fair hearing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .
\par 
\par As already stated hereabove in a judicial review courts ensure that administrative actions are intra vires and keep within the bounds of their authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 These actions will be }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ultra vires}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 if they fail to comply with the requirements of cert}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 ain statutes and by common law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par In any review of a decision the court is concerned to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 evaluate fairness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 [Lord Hailsham L.C. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Chief Constables of North Wales Police v Evans}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (1982) in WLR 1155 at 1160 supra]. The parameters of
 this ground called the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 procedural impropriety}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  has been explained by }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Diplock }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  (1985) AC 374 at 408 thus:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93I \'85describe the third head as \'93procedural impropriety\'94
 rather than failure to observe basic rules of natural justice or failure to act with procedural fairness towards the person who will be affected by the decision.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 This is because the susceptibility to judicial review under this head covers also the failure by an administrative tribunal to observe }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 procedural rules that are expressly laid down in the legislative instrument}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 by which its jurisdiction is conferred, even where such failure does not involve any denial of natural justice.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 (emphasis added)
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par In this case the omission to
 follow the procedure stated in section 4 by the CEO resulted in the applicants being denied their common law right to actually go on strike if they decided to do so at the expiry of period of notice in respect of which proper notices were given by the th
ree Unions.
\par 
\par Hence in this case there was }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 procedural irregularity}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  or }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 impropriety or unfairness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .
\par 
\par This is a good ground for judicial review and its success.
\par 
\par From the procedure adopted by the C.E.O. there clearly was an }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 error of law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 and on this aspect }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Diplock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 In }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 re Racal Communications Ltd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  [1981] AC 374 at 382 \endash  383 has succinctly summarised it as follows: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
Where Parliament confers on an administrative tribunal or authority, as distinct from a court of law, power to decide particular questions
 defined by the Act conferring the power, Parliament intends to confine that power to answering the question as it has been so defined: and if there has been any doubt as to what that question is, this is matter for courts of law to resolve in fulfilment 
of their constitutional role as interpreters of the written law and expounders of the common law and rules of equity.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
So if the administrative tribunal or authority have asked themselves the wrong question and answered that, they have done some}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 thing that the Act does not emp}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ower them to do and their decision is a nullity.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Parliament can, of course, if it so desires, confer upon administrative tribunals or authorities power to decide questions of law as well as questions of fact or of administrative policy; b
ut this requires clear words, for the presumption is that where a decision-making power is conferred on a tribunal or authority that is not a court of law, Parliament did not intend to do so.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The break-through made by Anisminic [1969] 2 A.C. 147 was that, 
as respects administrative tribunals and authorities, the old distinction between errors of law that went to jurisdiction and errors of law that did not, was for practical purposes abolished.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Any error of law that could be shown to have been made by them in the course of reaching their decision on matters of fact or of administrative policy }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 would result in their having asked themselves the wrong question with the result that the decision they reached would be a nu}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 l}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 l}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 i}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ty}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .\'94}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (emphasis added).
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par It is quite clear
 from the affidavit evidence of Brian Singh (CEO) that just because there was the alleged deadlock he decided that there was no other way of resolving the disputes, without even considering the rest of the provisions of section 4 after the conciliation at
tempt failed then to refer it straight to the Minister.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (iv)\tab Minister\rquote s decision and Bias}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par The Minister in authorizing the CEO to refer the disputes to an Arbitration Tribunal for settlement pursuant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 s6 s.s 2(c) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 of the Act, evidently relied heavily on the advice of the CEO.
\par 
\par It appears that the Minister did not exercise his own independent mind to the issues after receiving the CEO\rquote s report under section 6.
\par 
\par In fact he said in his affidavit that:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 \'93Under the Trade
 Disputes Act the principal functions relating to a trade dispute resolution process is assigned to the Chief Executive Officer of the Ministry.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16063526  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 I have a very limited role and function in respect of the statutory functions under the Act\'94.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par After looking at all the facts as submitted to him by the CEO he considered that \lquote there existed a trade dispute which needed a resolution through an adjudication process.\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He then referred the trade dispute to the Arbitration Tribunal for a resolution.
\par 
\par The Minister says in his affidavit that he considered the pros and cons in regard to the position of the Unions going on strike and said in regard to FTU that \lquote 
if young children were left unsupervised, there was a possibility of danger or risk to the children\rquote .
\par 
\par The Minister by his affidavit denies that \lquote he acted in bad faith or my decision was bias\rquote  and that his decision to \lquote refer the dispute to the Arbitration was not pre-emptive}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote .
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He said that \lquote my exercise of the power\rquote  was not \lquote designed to frustrate the Unions right to go on strike\rquote .}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is admitted by the Minister that the referral to Arbitration Tribunal \lquote was contingent upon\rquote  a \lquote recommendation by the CEO for any authorisation\rquote .
\par 
\par In these circumstances because of my findings on CEO\rquote s non-compliance with the provisions
 of section 4, his recommendation to the Minister proceeded on a wrong footing having misdirected himself on law in the face of specific statutory provision in the Act resulting in my view in the Minister\rquote s decision being a nullity.
\par 
\par In the light of the affidavit evidence before me on the aspect of \lquote media to publicity\rquote  the Minister said that his comments about deregistration of Unions is in the hands of the Registrar of Trade Unions and}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 not him if they acted contrary to law.
\par 
\par Although the Minister said in his affidavit that \lquote it was and has never been my intention to deprive the Unions from exercising any of their Constitutional rights, including the right to strike\rquote 
 but that exactly was what he did by his decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The trade Disputes Act under which he acted provides for that.
\par 
\par Had the CEO not made the errors I had already referred to, the Minister I consider would not have come to the decision to which he did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
No doubt it would be much preferable for teachers and nurses as professional people to have their grievances dealt with by an Arbitration Tribunal bearing in mind the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 statements made by}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Denning referred to hereabove.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 However, it should not be lost sight of that section 4 should have been fully complied with by the CEO.
\par 
\par It is quite obvious that both the CEO and the Minister were well aware of the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 strike notice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote 
 having been given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
By acting as they did in coming to their decision they acted prematurely without exhausting all the other avenues open to them under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 4}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .
\par 
\par Why did the Minister not satisfy himself whether s4, a statutory requirement, has been fully complied with by the CEO.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
When he knew of the \lquote strike notices\rquote , why did he have to by his decision prevent the applicants from exercising their Constitutional right without giving any reason and when the alleged strike was a month away?}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
There is no answer I find he could have, if the applicants were to go on strike have declared it illegal which power he had and no one will question him in that regard.
\par 
\par The steps set out in section 4 are there for a purpose and it was incumbent on the CEO to comply with its provisions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
It is a statutory provision and failure to implement the relevant portions of it in this case is fatal and, in my view, vitiates the decisions of both the CEO and the Minister.
\par 
\par It was wrong on the part of the Minister to lump all the three Unions together and send them all in one decision to arbitration in complete disregard of the facts pertaining to each union.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 I agree with Mr. Kapadia when he said:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 \'93The Respondents were awa
re that 70% of the members of FPSA were not in a essential services and that teachers were not going to jeopardise the essentials of life or livelihood of the nation as a whole or endanger the public safety or the life to the community if they were to go 
on strike.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477\charrsid16063526  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
The Nurses had given 1 month Notice so the parties still had time to resolve the dispute in any way of their choosing with the Minister\rquote s power to declare their strike unlawful as soon as they went on strike or even an hour before to refer them t
o compulsory arbitration\'94.
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par The \lquote administrative convenience\rquote  view of the respondents is of no avail to them to thwart the rights of unions to bargain collectively and freely.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It is a protection which is enshrined in our }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Constitution}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and in the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Conventions of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 International Labour Organization}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 (ILO)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  Nos. 87 and 98 which were ratified by Fiji on 19 April 1974.
\par 
\par Upon the whole of the evidence the decision of the Minister smacks of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 bias}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 on his part coupled with the fact that the Minister is also a member of the Cabinet of the Government of the day which is the employer of the members of the Unions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 I agree with counsel for the applicants in this regard.
\par 
\par There was a war of words between the Minister and the FPSA General Secretary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The evidence in regard to \lquote bias\rquote 
 is to be found in numerous newspaper cuttings (annexure e.g. affidavit of Rajeshwar Singh) which show that the Minister was actuated by ill-will in making his decision under section 6(2)(b) and (c) of the Act.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 For the Minister to say that the \lquote strike\rquote  was not a factor which he considered does not tie up with the facts.
\par 
\par The law on bias has been stated in a number of cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Latchman Brothers Limited v Sunbeam Transport Company Limited}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  FCA Appeal Nos. 45, 51, 57 and 67 of 1983 where it is said: }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93would the circumstances cause a reasonable onlooker to think that there was a real likelihood of bias\'94.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Also, }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Hope}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  in the House of Lords in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Porter v Magill}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  [2003] 2 WLR 37 at p84 on test for bias said:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
The question is whether the fair-minded and informed observer, having considered the facts, would conclude that there was a real possibility that the tribunal was biased.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In the context of this case the following statement of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Diplock}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  on \lquote bias\rquote  in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 O\rquote Reilly v Mackman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 [1983] 2 AC 237 at 276 E is apt:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
It is another fundamental rule of natural justice or fairness, too obvious to call for express statement of it, that a tribunal exercising functions such as those exercised by the board [of Prison Visitors] \'85
 should be constituted of persons who enter upon the inquiry without any pre-conceived personal bias against the prisoner.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Failure to comply with this implied requirement would likewise render the decision of the tribunal a nullity.\'94
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (v)\tab Is this a case of Wednesbury unreasonableness?
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It was the duty of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 CEO}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  and the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Minister}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to have regard to all }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 relevant }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 matters and disregard any }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 irrelevant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
ones for failure to comply could lead to their decisions being rendered invalid.
\par 
\par It is obvious from his affidavit that the CEO not only failed to comply with the requirements of section 4, particularly on the steps he was required to take in settling the dispute as already stated hereabove, he took into account irrelevant matters.

\par 
\par The matter of strike notices was an irrelevant consideration by the CEO for the applicants were well within their rights to have given strike notices.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 There was still plenty of time within which they could have exercised their right to strike if they wanted to when the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 time came.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The e
ffect of strike by union members in essential services was an irrelevant consideration by the CEO at the stage there was a deadlock.
\par 
\par The manner in which the decision that the CEO reached in substantial disregard of section 4 and after taking into account irrelevant matters is something which no reasonable person in the position of CEO would have reached.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 As Mr. Kapadia says the \'93
decision to refer 70% of the members of the FPSA to compulsory arbitration when they are not involved in essential services again clearly smacks of Wednesbury unreasonabl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063526 e}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ness\'94 particularly where fundamental rights are involved where the express provision of the Act has been ignored or applied in an ultra vires manner.
\par 
\par The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 guiding principles}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  on unreasonableness has been well stated in the leading case of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  [1947] 2 All ER 680 on the question of Court\rquote 
s powers in reviewing administrative decisions.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Lord Greene}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 ibid at page 682 stated:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93When an executive discretion is e
ntrusted by Parliament to a local authority, what purports to be an exercise of that discretion can only be challenged in the courts in a very limited class of case.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 It must always be remembered that the court is not a court of appeal.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The law recognizes c
ertain principles on which the discretion must be exercised, but within the four corners of those principles the discretion is an absolute one and cannot be questioned in any court of law.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par He went on to say at }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 682-683}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93It is frequently used as general description of the things that must be done.
}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 For instance, a person entrusted with a discretion must direct himself properly in law.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He must call his own attention to the matter which he is bound to consider.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 He must exclude from his consideration matters which are irrelevant to the matter that he has to consider.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 If he does not obey those rules, he may truly be said, and often is said to be \lquote acting unreasonably\rquote .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Similarly, you may have something so absurd that no sensible person could ever dream that it lay within the powers of the authority.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par And at }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 p685}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  he concluded by saying:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
The Court is entitled to investigate the action of the local authority with a view to seeing whether they have taken into account matters which
 they ought not to take into account, or, conversely, have refused to take into account, or, neglected to take into account matters which they ought to take into account.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Once that question is answered in favour of the local authority, it may still be poss
ible to say that, although the local authority have kept within the four corners of the matters which they ought to consider, they have nevertheless come to a conclusion so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever have come to it.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In such a case, I think the Court can interfere\'94. 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The following extract from the judgment in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 R v Hillingdon London Borough Council}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  [1986] AC 484 at 518, on unreasonableness in amplication of Wednesbury case (supra) is apt and have been borne in mind by me in considering unreasonableness in this case:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93
The ground upon which the courts will review the exercise of an administrative discretion is abuse of power e.g. bad faith, a mistake in construing the limits of the power, a procedural irregularity (for example, breach
 of natural justice), or unreasonableness in the Wednesbury sense \endash  unreasonableness verging on absurdity\'85
 Where the exercise or non-existence of a fact is left to the judgment and discretion of a public body and the fact involves a broad spectrum ranging 
from the obvious to the debatable to the just conceivable, it is the duty of the court to leave the decision of the fact to the public body to whom Parliament has entrusted the decision-making power save jn a case where it is obvious that the public body,
 consciously or unconsciously, are acting perversely.\'94
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 (vi)\tab Conclusion
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 To sum up, for the reasons given I uphold the applicants on most of their grounds for judicial review.
\par 
\par The Chief Executive Officer has failed to comply fully with the provisions of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Disputes Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 This is a statutory requirement and it was not within the CEO\rquote s discretion to skip the steps laid down therein.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The issue in this case raised the fundamental rights of the applicants and for this reason both the Minister 
and the CEO should not have rushed into making the decisions which they made without first exhausting all the available avenues of settling the disputes under section 4.
\par 
\par The Minister also should have exercised his own independent mind to the situation and attempted another mode of resolving the disputes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
It appears that he was going to give tit for tat judging by all the battle of words that went on between the General Secretary of FPSA and the Minister as revealed by the numerous press cutting filed as annexures in this case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 This clearly is a case where the Minister was biased against the applicants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Hence it is not surprising that he came to the decision which he did, namely, ordering compulsory arbitration thus preventing the Unions from exercising their fundamental right to strike.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 The timing of the decision was wrong, he could have held on for some time yet.
\par 
\par Although the unions have the right to strike, it should be duty of the parties concerned to use their best endeavours to utilise all the machinery available to settle disputes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Strikes should be the last resort.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
Bearing in mind the drastic effect strikes have, inter alia, to the nation and inconvenience to innocent people, one ought to take note of the said words of Lord Denning: \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
But at the present day, in a civilised community these trade union disputes should be settled by an impartial tribunal as a matter of course just as other disputes are settled by the Courts\rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In this case the party should exhaust all avenues open under section 4.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 When I am
 dealing on issue of this nature I cannot resist saying that in my experience as a trade unionist some forty-three years ago, there is nothing like negotiating a case in a calm atmosphere while understanding each other\rquote 
s point of view and situation without killing the goose that lays the golden egg.
\par 
\par Having expressed my view, in the circumstances of this case I would invoke the provisions of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Or. 53 r.9(4)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 which provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \'93where the relief sought is an order of certiorari and the Court is satisfi
ed that there are grounds for quashing the decision to which the application relates, the Court may, in addition to quashing it, remit the matter to the court, tribunal or authority with a direction to reconsider it and reach a decision in accordance with
 the findings of the Court.\'94
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 In these circumstances, the decisions were \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Wednesbury unreasonable}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \rquote  with the CEO and the Minister taking into account irrelevant considerations and disregarding the relevant factors.
\par 
\par The applicants were justified in having the decisions reviewed and they have succeeded in doing so.
\par 
\par The application for judicial review therefore succeeds.
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s20 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (vii)\tab}}\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls41\pnrnot0\pnlcrm\pnb1\pnstart7\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls41\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par I }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 grant certiorari quashing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
 the decision of the CEO dated 2 February 2004 in respect of FPSA and FNA and decision dated 5 February 2004 in respect of FTU }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 AND it is further ordered}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  that the decision of the Minister authorizing the CEO to refer to an Arbitration Tribunal the Trade disputes between the Applicants and PSC be quashed }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 AND it is further ordered}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  that the matter }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 be remit
ted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  to the CEO to deal with the disputes afresh according to law in full compliance with }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 section 4}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Trade Disputes Act}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16056477  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 within 7 days from the date of this judgment.
\par 
\par The respondents are ordered to pay the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 costs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477  of the application to be taxed by the Chief Registrar unless agreed.

\par 
\par }\pard \s20\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16063526 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 D. Pathik
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 Judge}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16056477 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16056477 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15474763\charrsid16063526 At Suva
\par 17 November 2004
\par }}