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\f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid15288273 CIVIL ACTION NO.: HBJ00}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 19 OF 2004
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 BETWEEN:
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 STATE}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507163\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507163\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 v}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507163\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 LAND TRANSPORT AUTHORITY
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Respondent
\par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid15288273 EX-PARTE: }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
FIJI TAXI UNION}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par Applicant
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Counsel:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507163  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Mr. H. Nagin \endash  for Applicant
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Mr. F. Vosarogo & Mr. Raman \endash  for Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507163\charrsid15288273  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 12th October, 2004
\par Date of Judgment:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5507163\charrsid15288273  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 14th October, 2004
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Procedural Background
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 This is a judicial review application.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 It was agreed by the parties that the application for leave be treated as a hearing of the substant
ive motion for judicial review in an expedited process designed to save time and provide the parties with a decision as quickly as possible.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par The issues generated by the applications were fully argued before me by counsel on the afternoon of the 12th of October.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The urgency of the matter has meant that my decision needed to be delivered on the morning of the 14th of October.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Accordingly this judgment should be read subject to the caveat that it is prepared and delivered in that short time frame.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
In the time available I have not gone much beyond counsels written submissions and authorities.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid5507163 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Background (Introduction)
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The applicant (Fiji Taxi Union, \'93FTU\'94) is a registered association.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 It represents the interests of a large number of taxi drivers. It has the capacity to bring legal proceedings under Section 6 of the Industrial Associations Act (Cap. 95).}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I take note of the comments on the locus standi of the applicant raised in my brother Justice Jiten Singh in his Judgment of }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The State v The Land Transport Authority, Ex-parte: Fiji Taxi Union & Others}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 , HBJ000}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 1 of 2004 at page 9 and 10.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Despite the respondent\rquote 
s protests for the reasons expressed in his honour\rquote s judgment, I am satisfied that the FTU has the necessary standing to bring this action.
\par 
\par The applicant complains that the Land Transport Authority (LTA) respondent is using an electronic smoke detection machine (ESDM) to test exhaust emission from members}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163  taxis without proper regulatory approval from the Minister.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
It is primarily claimed that by using these machines without such approval t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 he LTA is exceeding its powers.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par 
\par The FTU also claims that the purported use of these ESDMs to issue defect notices is unreasonable, irrational, arbitrary and in excess of the LTA\rquote s jurisdiction.
\par 
\par They seek an order of certiorari removing the decision of the LTA authorizing the use of ESDMs to issue defect orders and declarations of unreasonable, irrational, arbitrary abusive and excessive jurisdictional action.
\par 
\par The respondent counters the application by challenging the applicant\rquote s standing and interest in bringing such a judicial review application.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I have earlier resolved that issue.
\par 
\par In the alternative, the LTA claims that the decisions to use ESDMs is authorized by a general administrative power contained within the legislation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Accordingly it is said the introduction of the ESDM was neither illegal nor ultra vires.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 It is further pleaded that in making this decision the LTA was under no duty to accord the applicant natural justice but even if it was it did not act unreaso
nably, arbitrarily, irrationally or in excess of jurisdiction when making its decision to introduce the ESDM programme.
\par 
\par The LTA claims on policy grounds that their statutory obligation to ensure the protection of the environment outweighs any other matter.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 They also complain that if I were to find against them, there would be exorbitant costs to undo the defect notices they have already issued.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I reject that argument.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 It has no merit.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Finally counsel submits that this is an unnecessary collateral challeng
e in judicial review to a matter that should be resolved by challenge to the admissibility of opinion evidence used in any criminal proceedings taken against a driver.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Accordingly, it is argued that the court must be slow to interfere with that process.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Exhaust Pollution
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Applicant\rquote s counsel quite correctly concedes that it is commendable for the LTA to try and protect our environment from pollution.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 However he says when doing so the LTA must act within the ambit of its powers.
\par 
\par People don\rquote t like being on roads or footpaths when smoky vehicles abound.
\par 
\par Smoke is a by-product of incomplete combustion.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Incomplete combustion can significantly increase the number and amounts of certain toxic chemicals which are released from vehicles into the air. In particular 
diesel motors which are not operating properly produce large amounts of black smoke containing high concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon particulates that drastically affect air quality health standards.
\par 
\par The major components of smoke all have significant health impacts.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Nitrogen oxide contributes to inflamed lung tissue and with long term exposure leads to permanent lung damage.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Hydro-carbons can have many health effects ranging from respiratory damage to damage to the immune system and an increased risk of certain cancers.
\par 
\par The soot pumped out of tail pipes known as \'93fine particulates\'94 can lodge deep in the lungs and cause serious respiratory disorders.
\par 
\par Air pollution from motor vehicles is particularly harmful to young children and the elderly.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Ch
ildren are at risk because their lungs are not fully developed, they breathe faster and they often spend lots of time outdoors going to and from school during periods when motor vehicle emissions are at their highest.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The elderly are at risk because of the natural deterioration in lung tissue conditioning.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Indeed even the walkers and runners of our society and those seeking to partake in outdoor exercise are at risk of permanent damage to lung tissue and reduced resistance to infection from smoke emissions.
\par 
\par I detail the matter in this way because it is clear that without enhanced vehicle emission inspection and better vehicle maintenance this serious public health and environmental issue will not be addressed.
\par 
\par Accordingly it is not surprising the Governmen
t moved through the Land Transport Act to empower the respondent to inspect motor vehicles and issue defect notices when they were of the opinion that the vehicle was unfit for safe use or was adversely affecting the environment.
\par 
\par The applicant is entirely
 correct when it submits that however noble these objectives are, however sensible for the protection of our health, however appropriate enhanced vehicle emission inspection and vehicle maintenance programmes may be for the environment that process must r
emain within the ambit of the respondent\rquote s power.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The respondent is after all a creature of statute.
\par 
\par This judicial review is concerned with that process.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The issue for this Court to determine is whether or not the LTA has exceeded its powers by introducing ESDMs as part of its defect inspection equipment.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 The Applicant\rquote s Case
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid15288273 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The Act
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The Land Transport Act has generated immense controversy since its promulgation as law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The respondent\rquote s attempts to drag professional drivers into the 21st century has been fertile ground for litigation.
\par 
\par I have considered the statutory provisions of the Act and I detail those provisions:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Section 6 of the Act establishing the LTA as a statutory body.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid5507163 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Section 8 dealing with the functions and objects of the LTA.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Included in those functions and objects is an obligation to ensure protection of the environment.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid5507163 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Section 9 the powers of the authority are summarized in Section 9 of the Act.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The power to make regulations rests properly with the Minister.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid5507163 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Section 113 of the Act pre
scribes the ministerial powers to make regulations. Including the powers is the ability (Section 113(2(z)) to make regulations \'93to prescribe the type and standard of fuel and fuel systems to be used by motor vehicles and emission standards of vehicles
\'94 and under Section 113(6(a) to make regulations to \'93prescribe the equipment to be used for the enforcement of the provisions of the act\'94.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid5507163 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The section carries on (Section 113(6)(b)) to allow the Minister to prescribe the methods by which enforcement equipment 
is to be certified and although not strictly relevant but nonetheless instructive he has by way of example the power to make regulations relating to the analysis of breath and blood alcohol concentration.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par It is argued that this last section demonstrates by analogy that all measurements of concentration are meant to be properly prescribed by regulation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I disagree with the generality of that argument.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par 
\par I don\rquote t see Section 113(6)(c) as having a generally instructive usefulness beyond the strict area of the analysis of breath and blood alcohol concentration.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
My reason for that finding is that the process of breath and blood alcohol concentration analysis in Fiji involves assessment of intoxication from tables as opposed to direct scientific analysis and accor
dingly particular standard description is required to ensure fairness in the criminal process.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 The Regulations
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The need to control smoky vehicles has seen the Minister enact the Land Transport Traffic Regulations 2000 and the Land Transport (Vehicle Regi
stration and Construction) Regulations 2000, on the 7th of July in the year 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
These regulations were the subject of a most helpful judgment of my sister Justice Shameem in }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Suresh Chandra v The Land Transport Authority, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 HAA00}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 24 of 2004S}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163  For the purposes of this decision I adopt her honour\rquote s assumption on the validity of the regulations.
\par 
\par The principle regulation (Regulation 47) reads: \'93A driver of a motor vehicle on a public street must not cause or permit visible smoke to be projected from the exhaust 
pipe or any other part of the machinery of the motor vehicle for a period in excess of 10 seconds\'93.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par 
\par The applicant contends that R.47 details the method by which enforcement officers may make their decision about smoky vehicles.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The Minister clearly had in mind a process of observation as the prime tool for detection.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par 
\par Counsel placed great reliance on my brother Justice Jiten Singh\rquote s decision (supra).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 This was a judicial review of the LTA
\rquote s prescribed construction requirements for public service vehicles.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The LTA\rquote 
s prescription was quashed as the learned judge had the view that the Minister through regulations had already declared the criteria for the construction of public service vehicles and the LTA could not by itself graft on to regulations some more 
onerous requirement as it did not have the regulatory power to do so.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 At page 6 of the judgment Singh J. says:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15288273 \i\f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \'93
It (the LTA) can only do what the legislation has enabled it to do.}{\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The age and construction requirements as imposed (by the LTA) are the}{\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 refore ultra vires of the LTA\'94.}{\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 The LTA\rquote s Response
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 In answer to the applicant\rquote 
s submission counsel for the LTA responds by saying that Parliament; by virtue of The Land Transport Act and in particular Regulation 106 of the Land Transport (Vehicles Registration
 and Construction) Regulations 2000; has empowered the LTA through its authorized enforcement officers to inspect vehicles and if satisfied that there is a defect which could adversely affect the safety or emission control of the vehicle issue a defect or
der.
\par 
\par The regulation goes further and says:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \'93
R.106(2) if a police officer, authorized officer or an inspector is of the opinion that the defect or defects are such that the vehicle is unfit for safe use or protection of the environment, the police officer, authorized officer or inspector }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 MUST}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163  issue a defect order directing the driver or owner or persons in charge of that vehicle to:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 discontinue the use of the vehicle\'94\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.etc}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 (the emphasis is mine).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par By reference to my sister Justice Shameem\rquote s decision in }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Suresh Chandra (supra)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
, it is argued that merely because a piece of inspection equipment is not regulated does not mean that the authorized enforcement officer cannot use it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 In that case her honour was dealing with the challenge to an authorized officer\rquote s use of a wrist watch to time the ten second emission rule contained in Regulation 47.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Her honour was of the opinion and I agree that officers do not need to get certificates for verification on their watches before using them for the detection of crime. 
\par 
\par The respondent submits that authorized officers are only giving effect to Regulation 106 when they stop these vehicles and use the ESDM as an aid in forming their opinion about any vehicle.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Indeed I note that if they come to that opinion officers \'93must\'94 issue a defect order.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Decision
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 In his LTA decision to which I have earlier referred the Honourabl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 e Justice Singh at page 3 said:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 \i\f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \'93
It is axiomatic that a public or a statutory authority which derives its existence and its powers from a statute cannot lawfully act outside those powers\'94.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par The argument raised by Mr. Nagin in that case is the same that he advances now.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
His principal argument remains that the LTA has exceeded its jurisdiction by its decision to use ESDMs and has thereby usurped the powers of the Minister.
\par 
\par I accept that the empowering section for the LTA does not give the authority any power to make regulations or anything that has the substantive effect of regulation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The power to make regulations is vested in the Minister not the LTA.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The applicant submits that the use of ESDMs must be specified by regulation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I disagree.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
This case and the one of my brother Justice Singh can be quite clearly distinguished.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
In the former his honour was dealing with a situation where the LTA in reliance on Regul
ation 50 of the Land Transport (Public Service Vehicles Regulations 2000) published a prescription describing the construction, age, engine capacity, driver identity and air conditioning requirements for public service motor vehicles.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 His honour was there dealing with the respondent\rquote 
s creation of a regulatory like prescription to pre-emptively strike against all public service vehicles whose age and construction defied their publicized notice.
\par 
\par That is a completely different thing to a decision made by an enforcement authority to arm its authorized personnel with tools to assist in the assessment of defects in motor vehicles or indeed, crime.
\par 
\par If learned counsel Mr. Nagin is correct then the logical extension of his argument is that every piece of equipment used by any enforcement officer would require legislative fiat before its use was lawful.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 As a matter of common sense and logic that cannot be so.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Parliament can never have intended that enforcement authorities may only for example use torches, wrenches, watches, dogs or cameras prescribed by their Minister.
\par 
\par Mr. Nagin goes on to submit that the Minister by regulation has already specified what he considers are adequate requirements for the testing of smoky vehicles.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 He submits that the 10 second rule in Re
gulation 47 is the only measurement an authorized enforcement officer may use in coming to his opinion about the safe use and environmental appropriateness of a motor vehicle.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 However, with respect to counsel that argument goes too far.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The Minister may ma
ke regulation concerning emission standards but that does not in and of itself preclude authorized enforcement officers using any device be it a torch, wrench or ESDM to assist them in forming their opinion on the safe use and environmental suitability of
 any motor vehicle.
\par 
\par I am of the view that while the Minister has by regulation laid out some criteria, that cannot and does not preclude enforcement officers using assessment aids. 
\par 
\par It therefore follows that I must find against the applicant on its major ground.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
For the record I grant leave for the judicial review application to be bought but decline to accept that in using ESDMs the LTA is in any way acting in excess of its powers or usurping the regulatory powers reserved only to the Minister.
\par 
\par However, in fairness to counsel I shall now deal briefly with the other grounds raised in submission.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Unreasonableness
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 It was submitted by the applicant that the use of the ESDM is unreasonable as the Minister has already prescribed a method for monitoring smoke emission from vehicles.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
It is said that such a drastic change in methodology is both unreasonable and arbitrary. This was in effect an extension of the previous argument.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Counsel submits that before using ESDMs the LTA had to go to the Minister and have th
e ESDM properly regulated as it could not in itself introduce a machine and start issuing defect orders based on its readings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
I reject that argument.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I do so again on the basis of the logic portrayed in the decision of my brother Justice Singh.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 At page 8 he says:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 \'93
If I may add they are like proprietors of restaurants who cannot conduct business the way they want to but have to consider health matters as well.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Public safety and comfort is important in road transport.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Are these unreasonable demands?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 In judi
cial review proceedings the standard of unreasonableness which will justify a court quashing a decision reached is very high\'94 \endash  Justice Scott in }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The State v Public Service Appeal Board and Ministry of Education Ex-parte: Sharda Lal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 \f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
A decision is unreasonable in the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Wednesbury}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163  sense if it is \'93
so wrong that no reasonable person could sensibly take the view\'94.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
Simply because someone differs from the view taken by the Authority does not render the Authority\rquote s decision unreasonable as \'93two unreasonable persons 
can perfectly reasonably come to the opposite conclusion on the same set of facts without forfeiting their right to be reasonable}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 \'94 (}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273\charrsid15288273 In re: W. (A}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 n infant)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163  1971 A.C. 682 at 700D.

\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par At paragraph 7, 8 and 9 in the respondent\rquote s affidavit in reply, the deponent details the ESDM methodology.
\par 
\par On the basis of that affidavit I find the authority\rquote s decision to use ESDMs is not so outrageous or so absurd that no reasonable person could have reached it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Indeed quite the opposite.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
A reasonable and calm person would expect an authority charged with protection of the environment to use the most modern equipment possible as an aid in defect assessment for safety and environmental concerns.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 This ground does not succeed.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Abuse of Discretion
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 In reliance on the dicta from }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Associated Pictures Limited v Wednesbury Corporation}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163  [948] 1 King\rquote 
s Bench 223 counsel for the applicant argued that a decision of a public authority is illegal when it takes into account irrelevant matters or it fails to take account relevant matters.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
\par 
\par The point was not forcefully put and occupied only one bare paragraph of generalized submission but I detect counsel to be saying that the LTA failed to take into account the Minister\rquote 
s 10 second rule regulations as determinative of emission control measures and therefore acted illegally by starting to use ESDMs.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 Further counsel was concerned at the lack of consultation citing a breach of common law duty to consult }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
State v Minister for Tourism and Transport, Ex-parte: Tower Insurance Limited}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I reject each argument.
\par 
\par I repeat the ESDM is merely an aid in assessment for the authorized officer to form an opinion that the vehicle may have safe use and environmental defects.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The respondent makes it clear in its affidavit that this is the process it uses.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 It has not is
sued a detailed prescription of some arbitrarily defined standard, rather it has simply decided to let its authorized officers use a more sophisticated device to assist in defect determination.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The LTA must be left free to do so and it is not an abuse of discretion for any law enforcement authority to decide it will use any particular device to aid in its detection obligations.}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 For these reasons I can see no valid basis for a claim that the LTA was under any duty to consult.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 I am not satisfied on the evidence before me that relevant considerations were ignored or irrelevant matters considered.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 The Land Transport Authority\rquote s decision to use ESDMs as an aid to assess vehicle safety or environmental defects is not ultra vires and is a reasonable, r
ational and logical decision for it to make in pursuit of its obligations to control the safe and environmentally sound use of motor vehicles.
\par 
\par I further find based on the affidavit material supplied that the respondent is not using ESDMs to issue defect orders.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
The machines are a tool to assist authorized enforcement officers in the detection of defects rendering vehicles as unfit for safe use or as environmentally hazardous.
\par 
\par I hold that the LTA has acted within its powers and in accordance with the rules of natural justice in the introduction and use of the ESDMs on the public roads of Fiji.
\par 
\par However, the Authority must equally be aware that for the purposes of prosecution of motor vehicle owners for failing to remedy defects or driving vehicles while sub
ject to defect notices it will in each and every case have to satisfy the Court that the defect opinion reached}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15288273  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 
is properly admissible for evidential purposes. 
\par 
\par These issues were of great public interest and accordingly there will be no order for costs against the unsuccessful applicant.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid5507163 [ Gerard Winter ]
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15288273 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 At Suva
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5507163 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6323984\charrsid15288273 14th October, 2004
\par }}