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\listoverridecount0\ls2}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid5845458\rsid5973508}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6764;}{\info{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Information Technology Unit}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo12\dy6\hr11\min32}
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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par MISCELLANEOUS JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 CRIM}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
INAL MISCELLANEOUS CASE NO: HAM0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 016 OF 2004S
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Between:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 PENI NADUANIWAI
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Applicant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 And:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 THE COMMANDER FIJI MILITARY FORCES
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 First Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 And:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 THE STATE
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Second Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par Hearing:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 5th July 2004
\par Judgment:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 12th July 2004
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Ms M. Waqavonovono for Applicant
\par Mr. K. Tuinaosara for Fiji Military Forces
\par Mr. B. Solanki for State
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par This is an application for constitutional redress.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 It was initially made by the Applicant in person.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 However, I recommended that he be represented by the Legal Aid Commission, and he is now represented by Ms Waqavonovono.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The application, now made by Notice of Motion with supporting affidavit, seeks the following remedies:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 A declaration that the Applicant\rquote 
s right to a fair trial will be breached if he is tried for treason and wrongful confinement under military law;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458\charrsid5845458 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
A declaration that a court-martial could not be impartial if it involved the events of May 19th 2000;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235 
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 An injunction ordering the court-martial proceedings against the Applicant to cease;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458\charrsid5845458 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 A stay of the court-martial until the High Court has determined the issues.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par The affidavit of Peni Naduaniwai is filed in support.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 It sets out the background to his application.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 It states that he became a soldier in 1989, and was recruited into the First Meridian Squadron in 1990.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The Squadron is also known as the Counter-Revolutionary Warfare Unit.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The Director of the Unit was Major Ilisoni Ligairi.
\par 
\par Between 19th May 2000 and 13th July 2000 a group from this Unit were in Parliament.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The group included the Applicant.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 They took orders from Major Ligairi.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 During this time, arms and ammunition were brought into Parliament by members of the Unit, apparently with the approval of some officers in the Fiji Military Forces.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The Applicant said that the Army was divided and that one faction was regarded as the \'93rebel\'94 faction.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
Between May and August 2000, Commodore Bainimarama, the Commander of the Army played a major role in resolving the conflict in Parliament.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The hostages were released on 13th July 2000 and the soldiers in Parliament returned to barracks.
\par 
\par On the 13th of August 2000, the Applicant was arrested by the police and remanded on Nukulau.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
He was charged with treason and treason felony under the Penal Code, in relation to his role in the takeover of Parliament.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
A nolle prosequi was then entered against the Applicant.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 On the 9th of November 2000, he was re-arrested and charged with mutiny.}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He was tried by court-martial and on the 14th of November 2002 he was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment.
\par 
\par On the 10th of March 2003, he was again charged, on 7 counts for treason-related offences and wrongful confinement under the Penal Code, and for mutiny under the 1955 Army Act (U.K.).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The offences are alleged to have bee
n committed between the 19th and 26th of May 2000, and the court-martial, including the President and the Panel are appointed under the FMF Act by the Commander.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The only non-military member of the Tribunal is the Judge Advocate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Paragraphs 28-31 of the affidavit read as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \'9328.
\tab In the present case, Commodore Bainimarama has issued a convening order for a General Court-Martial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
The following officers have been appointed: Colonel I. Kacisolomone (President), Commander S. Natuva, Lt. Col. John Pickering, Major S. Balawa, Captain P. Sloan, Captain J. Waqanisau, Captain S. Seru, Captain S. Motufaga and Captain Pio Tikoduadua.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 29.\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart29\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
The President of the Court-Martial Colonel Kacisolomone was a member of the Military Council that advised Commodore Bainimarama during the events of May 2000.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 All other officers who are members of the panel were loyal to the Commodore during and after the May 2000 conflict and who regarded us as the rebel or enemy soldiers.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458\charrsid5845458 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart29\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The President and members of the Court- Martial Panel have 
yet to be sworn-in and I have been informed and believe that all defence counsels representing the 61 defendants object to their being sworn because they are of the view that the jurisdiction of the Court-Martial does not extend to inter alia treason case
s.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458\charrsid5845458 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart29\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
I am informed that an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court on the issue of jurisdiction has been filed and will be heard in the September 2004 sitting of the Supreme Court.\'94
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par Further, paragraph 35 reads:
\par 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 \'9335. Further, as the convenor, C
ommodore Bainimarama, cannot be impartial as he is an \'93interested party\'94 as can also be deduced from the statements he has made to the media recently about those who were allegedly involved in the May 2000 events.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Annexed hereto and marked \'93PN 2\'94 are extracts from the various local newspapers which illustrate this point.\'94
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par Annexed to the affidavit are the charges, and several press cuttings which quote the Commander as having said that all those involved in the coup of 2000 should be brought to justice and left to \'93the hands of the law.\'94
\par 
\par In her well-researched submissions, counsel for the Applicant Ms Waqavonovono, submitted that the High Court had jurisdiction to firstly stay the court-martial and secondly to hold that it would be impossible for the Applic
ant to receive a fair hearing before any court-martial convened by the Commander.
\par 
\par In reply to the affidavit filed by the Applicant, Lieutenant Colonel Baledrokadroka Chief of Staff of the FMF, filed an affidavit on the 11th of June 2004.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He states that th
e bringing of arms and ammunition into Parliament was an unlawful act, and if such an act was authorised by senior military officers, then such authorisation was also unlawful.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He states that there \'93were certainly two groups of soldiers, the rebel ones who
 helped George Speight in trying to remove a democratically elected Government in Parliament and the loyal ones who remained true to their Oath of Allegiance to uphold the law of this country.\'94}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He further states that the President of the Court-Martial Colonel Kacisolomone was one of the many senior military officers who worked with the Commander after the 2000 coup.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
He states that the question of the jurisdiction of the court-martial to hear treason cases has been ruled upon and the question is currently be
fore the Fiji Court of Appeal for determination, and in any event the Applicant is no longer charged with treason under the amended charges.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Leave to the Supreme Court being refused by the Court of Appeal on the issue, there is now only an application before the Supreme Court appealing against the refusal of leave.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
The affidavit further states that under the Court-Martial Rules of Procedure, it is open to the Applicant to object to the officers who are members of the Court-Martial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Lastly, it states that the Commander as a person responsible for the security of the nation, has every right to express a view about the bringing of coup perpetrators to justice.
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Jurisdiction}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par 
\par Counsel for the FMF firstly questions the jurisdiction of the High Court to inquire into the lawfulness of a court-martial hearing.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
He says that as Pathik J ruled in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Lt. Charles Dakuliga and Ors. v. State}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 JR 33 of 2001 a court-martial hearing is not a \'93subordinate court\'94 hearing in relation to the High Court and therefore not subject to review.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
Further he says that a constitutional redress application is not appropriate in this case, when the Applicant already has alternative and available remedies available to him at the court-martial hearing.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 
 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 If he is dissatisfied with the decisions of the court-martial, then he has available remedies in the appellate process.
\par 
\par Obviously, if these submissions succeed, then it becomes unnecessary to consider the substantive complaint of a breach of the right to a fair trial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 On the issue of alternative remedies, counsel for the Director of Public Prosecutions submits:
\par 
\par \'93It is the respectful submission of the State that the applicant ought to be making this application before the General Court-Martial and not before this Honourable Court.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Any application on the
 basis of bias needs to be put before the General Court-Martial in order for the tribunal to have the opportunity to respond to the allegation of the likelihood of bias on their part.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Should the ruling go against the applicant, the applicant has the option of taking his grievances to the Court of Appeal.\'94
\par 
\par In the case of }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Abhay Kumar Singh v. State}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458  HAM0}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 0}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 43 of 2003S, I discussed the scope of a constitutional redress application where alternative remedies exist.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 In that case the applicant sought a re-trial det
ermination on the issue of the admissibility of a tape-recorded conversation between the applicant and a man who was a prosecution witness in a case in which the applicant was defence counsel.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 I held that the applicant had an adequate alternative remedy in the trial process and the powers of the trial judge to determine the admissibility of all disputed evidence.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The issue, in determining the scope of section 41(4) of the Constitution is whether any alternative remedy is an adequate one.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Relevant is ready access by the applicant to any such remedy, and the efficacy or practicality of such remedy.
\par 
\par In this case the fact that the Applicant is a prisoner at the Maximum Security Prison, and has no apparent means, are relevant to the adequacy of available alternative remedies.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Dakuliga & Others}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 (supra), Pathik J considered an application for judicial review of a court martial proceeding on the ground of apprehended bias.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
The grounds for the application are remarkably similar to the application for constitutional redress before me.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
In considering whether leave should be granted, Pathik J held that a General Court-Martial was not susceptible to judicial review because it was a court of equal status to the High Court.
\par 
\par The same question arose in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 State v. General Court-Martial & Anr. ex parte Shane Stevens and Others}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 J.R. No. 30/2001 and Pathik J came to the same conclusion.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
Neither of these applications were made, however in the Constitutional Redress jurisdiction of the High Court.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 In }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 21269 Staff Sergeant Maikeli Kaumaitotoya and Others v. Commander FMF and Others}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 Mis. App. No. 1 of 2003, however the applicants who were members of the FMF awaiting trial by court martial for inter alia, treason and mutiny, did make their application in the constitutional redress jurisdiction of the High Court.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 They sought a declaration that their right to fair trial within a reasonable time had been breached.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Pathik J did not consider whether he had jurisdiction to make the order sought (indeed the submission was not made to him that
 he had no such jurisdiction) and his decision was on the basis a declaration would produce no foreseeable consequences for the parties because a properly convened Court-Martial had been adjourned by consent of all parties to an agreed date.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He held that the applicants could raise the issue of delay before the Court-Martial and that a declaration had \'93
no practical consequence or utility.\'94
\par 
\par Penlington JA in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Metuisela Railumu & Others v. Commander FMF & Others}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 Civil Appeal No. ABU0043 of 2003S, considered the scope of the Constitutional Redress jurisdiction of the High Court in an application for leave to appeal out of time.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 In that case}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  Jitoko J had considered a habea}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
s corpus application in relation to the detention of soldiers awaiting court martial on charges arising out of events of 2nd November 2000.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 In refusing leave, his Lordship took into account the fact that a successful appeal could not have resulted in the grant of habe}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458 a}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 s corpus, that the applicants could raise their complaints at the court-martial and that an appeal would lead to further delay.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He refused leave.
\par 
\par In none of these cases, did the High Court find that it had no jurisdiction to consider matters which might be within the jurisdiction also of a court-martial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Instead the High Court held that it was either undesirable, or futile to trespass into matters governed by Military Law.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Similarly in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Abhay Kumar Singh}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 (supra) I did not rule out the possibility of constitutional redress in a court of similar jurisdiction.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 However I held it was inappr
opriate to rule on a matter which would not be binding on the brother judge who would eventually hear the case.
\par 
\par In this case, I consider that the High Court\rquote s Constitutional jurisdiction to consider breaches of the Bill of Rights and to provide appropriate remedies, is a jurisdiction which is not to be lightly dismissed.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Section 41 itself makes no exemption for proceedings governed by disciplinary law.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Indeed section 41 of the Constitution is broadly drafted and must be assumed to apply to all matters where breaches of the Bill of Rights are alleged.
\par 
\par However, the existence of a jurisdiction to consider breaches of the Bill of Rights in matters governed by military law, does not automatically lead to the exercise of powers in that jurisdiction.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The propriety of granting remedies in matters already before a General Court-Martial, and the existence of adequate remedies, are relevant.
\par 
\par In this case the Applicant alleges apprehended bias.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 He has not explained why he has not made the application before the Court-
Martial, or why he considers it inappropriate to make such an application on the 13th of July 2004 when the Panel is sworn in.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
However as his alleged ground for bias is that any panel convened by the Commander is doomed because of the position taken by the
 Commander in relation to the upholding of the law, appears to suggest that he could never receive a fair trial by Court-Martial.
\par 
\par I find the basis of the application difficult to understand.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 If the Commander is alleged to be biased against all rebel soldi
ers because they allegedly assisted in the unlawful takeover of the Government, then every judge, magistrate, and tribunal who considers himself or herself a supporter of the law and an enemy of crime, would be assumed to be biased against criminals.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 To sa
y that you are against crime, or illegal coups, or unlawful mutinies is not to say that you have a pre-disposition or a bias against individual accused persons who are presumed to be innocent until proven guilty.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Further, to say that all persons should be subject to the law, or should be \'93brought to justice\'94
 is to assert a faith in the justice system.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 It is not to allege guilt without proof.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 I make these comments because I consider that an application on the ground of apprehended bias must always be careful
ly and responsibly made, and on sufficient grounds.
\par 
\par Thus in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Findlay v. UK}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
 ECHR, a decision submitted by counsel for the Applicant, the basis for the allegation of bias was that the members of the Court-Martial were subordinate in rank to the convening officer and the prosecuting authority.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 The European Court found that there were \'93
fundamental flaws in the court-martial system which were not remedied by the presence of safeguards, such as the involvement of the judge advocate\'94, and that there had been a vio
lation of the right to a fair hearing by an independent and impartial hearing.
\par 
\par However the question for the High Court is not whether a case for bias has been shown, and therefore a breach of the Constitutional right to a fair hearing by an impartial trib
unal, but whether this application is more appropriately brought at the Court-Martial on the 13th of July.
\par 
\par In all cases of apprehended bias, the initial application must be ordinarily brought before the tribunal itself.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
If the application for disqualification is refused, then there is usually a right of appeal against such refusal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
Further, in cases of apprehended bias based on a belief in a pre-disposition, the way in which the proceedings are conducted is crucial to any appeal from the refusal to recuse (}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
Amina Begum Koya v. State}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 ).
\par 
\par Lastly, a tribunal\rquote s knowledge about an accused\rquote s previous convictions, or about a previous trial of the accused\rquote s does lead to automatic disqualification unless there is evidence that there is a pre-existing hostility or pre-
disposition.
\par 
\par In practical terms, not only is it impossible to ascertain any of these matters when all proceedings at pre-hearing stages have been conducted under military law and in another \'93court\'94, but the High Court is unable in any way to assess how th
e proceedings will be conducted in due course.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
The Court of Appeal on the other hand will have the benefit of all material and all transcripts of evidence at the Court-Martial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
All I have before me is a rather bald assertion that Commodore Bainimarama was 
and is against armed rebellions and coups, and that this translates into a pre-disposition or hostility against the Applicant, which has been adopted also by the members of the court-martial he convened.
\par 
\par In the circumstances I find myself unable to consider this application.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
Clearly the Applicant has a logical and available remedy in the challenge to the Court-Martial on the 13th of July 2004.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
He then has a clear and obvious right of appeal from any refusal of that challenge to the Court of Appeal and, subject to leave being granted, thenceforth to the Supreme Court.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 These courts would have the advantage of hearing not only Ms Waqavonovono\rquote 
s submissions on apprehended bias in cases of courts-martial, but also of having information about existing charges, previous charges and amended charges.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Further, the Court of Appeal (and possibly the Supreme Court) would have the benefit of transcripts with details about the way in which any hearing was conducted.
\par 
\par In the circumstances I consider that the Applicant has adequate alternative remedies in the Court-Martial procedures and I refuse to grant relief accordingly.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5845458  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 There will be no order for costs.
\par 
\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 Nazhat Shameem
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 JUDGE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5845458 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10775235\charrsid5845458 
\par At Suva
\par 12th July 2004
\par }}