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\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 Civil Action HBC0092.98L
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 Virendra Sharma
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b0\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 v}{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b0\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Viliame Waqa and FSC Ltd.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 Fiji High Court, Lautoka}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 17 April, 1-3 Aug}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 ust, 21, 23, 24 November 2000}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 6-7 August, 27 September 2001, 1 August 2003
\par 7 July 2004
\par Gates J
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp20 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp20 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp20 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Negligence; collision on unfenced rail crossing between train and private motor vehicle; absolute priority to be accorded to rail traffic on level crossing, Reg. 149 Traffic Regulations Cap. 176; common law duty of care owed by defen
dants to plaintiff; scalp, brain, neck and chest injuries; scarring, sexual dysfunction, unsteady gait, cognitive deficiency, post concussion syndrome; 44 year old law clerk; future economic loss; multiplier of 16; less 15% for vicissitudes.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Mr R. Prakas
h and Ms L.R.M. Vaurasi for the Plaintiff
\par Mr A.R. Jungwirth and Mr S. Sharma for the Defendants
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Introduction
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [1]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab 
The plaintiff claims the driver of a private motor vehicle in which he was a passenger was not the cause of a collision between that vehicle and a locomotive which had been reversing across an unfenced level crossing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He claims the train driver was negligent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He says the train driver did not have warning lights on at the time, and crossed the main road at night without any lights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He also alleges that the train driver failed to heed the presence and proximity of the motor vehicle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 On the other hand, the defendants plead that precedence was not accorded to the train by the driver of the car as it should have been in order to comply with regulati
on 149(4) of the Traffic Regulations Cap. 176.
\par 
\par [2] \tab The defendants in their defence asserted that there were lights illuminated on the train, both the flashing amber beacon light and the locomotive front and rear lights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 They claim that the train driver [the 1st Defendant] had sounded the horn continuously when proceeding with the train across the main Lautoka-Ba road at the level crossing.
\par [3]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Regulation 149 grants absolute priority on a level crossing to rail traffic.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It is worthwhile to set out the regulation in full.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It reads:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93149.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The driver of a vehicle approaching a level crossing shall}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  \endash }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6357396 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 drive at a speed which will enable him to yield right of way to a train approaching or crossing the level crossing;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6357396 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 obey a sign or signal requiring the vehicle to stop or to slow down before the level crossing;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6357396 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396  yield right of way to a train at or approaching the level crossing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 (2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 A person shall not stop or park a vehicle on, or so as to obstruct, a level crossing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396 (3) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 A person shall not drive or attempt to drive a vehicle or an animal onto or across a level crossing so as to cause a risk of collision with a train.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
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Rail traffic shall have absolute priority on a level crossing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 (Substituted by Legal Notice 55 of 1985.)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'94
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [4]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The evidence, says the 
plaintiff, showed that the train driver commenced to cross the main road without checking to see if it were safe to do so, and without operating the train\rquote s horn, beacon, and lights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This manoeuvre he says was done in a hurry making it impossible for the driver of the car to avoid the collision which occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The plaintiff must prove the defendants were negligent to the civil standard of proof, of proof on a balance of probabilities.
\par 
\par [5]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The defendants submit the evidence points otherwise, namely, to an 
orderly crossing by the train whilst its horn, beacon, and lights were operating.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The accident occurred because of the inattention of the driver of the private motor vehicle and the excessive speed at which it was being driven.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The collision
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [6] \tab The accident happened on Wednesday 13 August 1997 shortly after 7.45 pm when it was dusk.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The plaintiff was travelling in a private motor vehicle AA263 on the Kings Road from Ba to Lautoka.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He was the rear left passenger.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There were two other passengers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The driver was Umesh Chetty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
They were going to attend a religious ceremony in Lautoka and to sing bhajans.
\par 
\par [7]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab It had been a dry day and the tar-sealed road surface was dry.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The plaintiff\rquote s witnesses said they were proceeding along at about 50 kmph when the train came out from the right into the road in front of them.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This was at the junction of the Kings Road and Naikabula Road, a short distance out of Lautoka.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The driver of the car tried to brake, swerved to his left, and was dragged further to the left by the train on impact.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Where did the impact occur?
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [8]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab 
The locomotive engine had been reversing across the path of the motor vehicle from right to left, whilst the locomotive was on its way, without trucks, to pick up loaded cane trucks from the left hand side, as it appeared to the plaintiff\rquote 
s vehicle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
These trucks would then have been brought back across to the main line and attached to the trucks already in line and towed to the mill.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The tramline across the main road was a subsidiary line.
\par 
\par [9]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Two police officers attended the scene of the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 They were PC Hussein Abbas and PC Nitya.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Of these two, only PC Abbas gave evidence for the defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He said he left the police station at Lautoka at 8.04 pm and arrived at the scene about 3 minutes later.
\par 
\par [10]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab 
He found the private car AA263 on the grass verge along with the locomotive on the Naikabula Rd. side the left hand side for the car travelling towards Lautoka.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The locomotive was half on the road and still on the tramline.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
PC Abbas was the investigating officer in the case, and he had had 10 years experience in the traffic section.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He concluded that the point of impact was close to the edge of the Kings road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
No sketch plan was produced, nor measurements given to pinpoint the exact area where this witness had seen debris on the road which might have indicated a point of impact.
\par 
\par [11]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab A sketch plan had been drawn by his colleague PC Nitya.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 But PC Nitya was not called nor any explanation given as to why he might not have been available to give this evidence.
\par 
\par [12]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab At the place on the road suggested as point of impact by PC Abbas there was found to be mud and pieces of glass and headlight.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Besides stating that the road was in good condition at that point, \'93nice and flat, no potholes, properly marked\'94, the 
witness said the vehicle and train were not attached to each other.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He thought they were a metre or so apart but he also said he thought the officer who drew the sketch plan was the right person to answer the question.
\par 
\par [13]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab In cross-examination, PC Abbas said there was no mud in the centre of the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was near the train on the right hand side of the road as you face Ba.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
His evidence was given without measurements and was not therefore satisfactory on this issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said the glass was scattered on the 
right hand side heading towards Ba, and on the edge of the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He conceded it was night time when he arrived and he could not remember if he used a torch to see.
\par 
\par [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab PC Abbas also noted that there was a paint mark from the vehicle on the side-centre of the locomotive.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There was no evidence of the length of the locomotive, or as to how the paint mark corresponded in relation to the road and to the debris.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Viliame Waqa [1st Defendant] gave evidence of what happened just before he made the crossing of the road in the locomotive.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93We could not see any vehicles just before crossing\'94, and \'93I saw nothing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I was concentrating on my locomotive.\'94
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [15]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab He continued: \'93As we crossed the main road, we could not see any motor vehicles.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 As we crossed, about to enter the grass about 5 seconds the accident happened.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This account pinpoints the impact to the plaintiff\rquote s car\rquote s lane near the left hand edge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Waqa said he could not say how fast the locomotive proceeded across the road.
\par 
\par [16]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab He had almost reached the other side.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The car came at a very high speed and he could see it swerving.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The car hit the left hand side of the reversing train at the back.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Later he said he forgot how the impact occurred.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He did say the train had crossed over the centre white line of the road when the collision happened.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He accepted that the car and the train were attached immediately after the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He did not know who moved them apart.
\par 
\par [17]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The locomotive driver\rquote s pointsman, Ratu Isoa Waqaiwai, supported his driver in sayin
g the accident took place on the other side of the road, the Naikabula side.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He agreed the train and the motor car were still attached afterwards.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [18]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab According to the plaintiff, who said he himself was a driver, his vehicle was travelling along at about 50 kmph.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said they were caught up in a queue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The car in front went across the rail crossing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Then the train appeared in front of them from the right.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was 6-8 metres away.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The driver of the car took avoiding action, braked and swerved to the left.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The locomotive driver said at one stage he did not apply the autobrake, and then later said he could not remember if he did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
But by not stopping, it was more likely that the car which was swerving to the left had nowhere else to go and that an impact was inevitable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Even with the autobrake applied an impact was still probable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par [19]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The plaintiff said the car had stopped before the impact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 If so, less damage to the car might have been expected.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The photographs showed the driver\rquote s side front bonnet and engine compartment considerably crumpled.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The vehicle looked undriveable and the front screen was shattered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Even accepting the train\rquote 
s greater size and weight, I find that the motor vehicle was still moving forward when the impact occurred.
\par 
\par [20]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The plaintiff said the \'93impact occurred almost in the middle mark of the road.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He remembered nothing after the impact because he was rendered unconscious by it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Towards the end of his evidence in chief he said:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93
The collision was on the tar seal road, on the left hand side facing Lautoka on the tramline.\'94 
\par 
\par [21]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Umesh Chetty was in the motor vehicle sitting behind the driver Jagdish.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He also was a driver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He confirmed they were traveling at 40-50 kmph.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The headlights were on dipped beam.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There were a few vehicles in front of them, whey they approached the junction with Naikabula Rd, with which this witness was familiar.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The car in front had proceeded ahead.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was about two car lengths in front.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He saw the rear of the train as it reversed across the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Jagdish braked and tried to swerve towards the left.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
But the locomotive ran into their car, and dragged it to the left.
\par 
\par [22] \tab Chetty also confirmed that the train and the car were connected when stationary, a fact also observed by Subash Chand who came along on his way to work shortly afterwards.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Chand was the driver\rquote s brother. 
\par 
\par [23]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab I conclude that the impact occurred somewhere into the motor vehicle\rquote 
s left hand lane, and probably more to the left than to the centre of that lane.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It is not possible to be more precise than this.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6168310 Was there a line of traffic?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [24]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab All of the plaintiff\rquote s witnesses state that they were travelling in a line of traffic towards Lautoka.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 All that is except Mr G.P. Shankar who was near the parked vehicle on the other side of the level crossing facing Ba.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He was not feeling well at the time, and prior to the accident had no reason to notice such an occurrence.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [25]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The locomotive driver Waqa said the weather was good that evening.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There had been no rain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Presumably there was no atmosphe
ric impediment therefore to a clear vision up and down the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There was a slight bend in the road.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The driver had a clear vision towards the bridge on the Ba side.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said he saw a car which had not yet reached the bridge.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [26]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The surveyor\rquote s assistan
t said he had measured the distance from that bridge to the middle of the crossing, and it came to 171 metres.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The road he said was clear and without bushes or growth that might obstruct vision.
\par 
\par [27]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Later Waqa said \'93I did not see anything.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I was concentrating on the loco.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 As I went across, I did not see any vehicles.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I saw a car 100 metres away on the Ba side.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He added \'93As I was coming down to main road I saw the headlights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Before I entered the main road I saw the headlights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 When I came down the main line there were trees blocking.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 When I was coming to the main road, that is when I saw them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was 20 to 30 metres from the train to the bridge.\'94
\par 
\par [28]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab This estimate of distance was considerably wide of the mark in view of the surveyor\rquote s measurements.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The pointsman said he saw a vehicle \'93far away from where I stood.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He also thought the car was beyond the bridge towards Ba, about 100 metres away.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The next time he saw the car it was \'93going like zig zag.\'94
\par 
\par [29]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab I prefer the evidence of the plaintiff and hi
s witnesses on this issue and I conclude there was a line of traffic coming from Ba, the plaintiff\rquote s vehicle being the last in line.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6168310 Was the car speeding?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [30]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The two defence eye witnesses say the motor vehicle was travelling at an excessive speed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I find this not to be so.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The locomotive driver\rquote s estimate of distance was widely inaccurate, and other estimates in his evidence were similarly implausible and I find inaccurate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Had the plaintiff\rquote s vehicle been driven at the speed necessary to travel from the bridge to the crossing in such a short time the car would have been even more damaged than it was.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was an old car, and a small car.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I find that it was travelling at moderate speed at the end of a queue of cars.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I accept the estimates of the driver}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 wi
tnesses called by the plaintiff as well as the plaintiff\rquote s own evidence of a speed of 40-50 kmph.
\par 
\par [31]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab I find also that no brakes were applied by the locomotive driver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The plaintiff\rquote s driver Jagdish on the other hand did try to avoid an impact, swerved and braked.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Waqa said first he did not apply the brakes and then that he could not remember.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93
I had emergency brakes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There was still space at the back, space for it to go round at the back of the loco.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par I find the locomotive driver did not apply any brakes.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Did the locomotive display its lights and beacon and sound its horn?
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6168310 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [32] \tab It is much easier to accord precedence in the day time to rail traffic at a crossing because it is easier to see a locomotive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 But at night time it is necessary for the locomotive driver to alert other road users to the locomotive\rquote s presence so that precedence can be accorded.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There were no street lights provided on this road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The period from dusk to darkness is a particularly dangerous time since users of the road have to accustom their eyes to the change in visibility.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It is imperative that all of the precautions provided in the instruction manual to drivers and pointsman by FSC be strictly followed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 For the public roads are primarily for vehicular traffic not trains.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Though in this part of Fiji, everyone expects trains to cross roads at level crossings, train usage of the roads is obviously a much smaller percentage in comparison with vehicular usage.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [33]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The locomotive driver maintained that all his lights were on, two at the front and two at the rear and the flashing light.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 They had been on whilst the train was still on the mainline.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Waqa said his pointsman Ratu Isoa started the horn 10 yards from the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He said he sounded it for 5 to 10 minutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This estimat
e did not seem to fit with the evidence of Mohammed Yusuf called by the defence also, a traffic officer at the Lautoka mill, who said it would take between 75-80 seconds for the train to cross the road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Once across there would be no need to keep the horn tooting, which had to be done by hand.
\par 
\par [34]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Waqa had denied that the horn tooting by Ratu Isoa had gone on for 10-15 minutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Later he said it was for 10-20 minutes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
These seemed to be incongruous timings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par [35]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Crucially he described the accident circumstances as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93I was concentrating on the locomotive and I saw nothing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I saw a car 100 metres away.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I have lost my memory from crisis of last year.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I did not see anything.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I was concentrating on the loco.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 As I went across, I did not see any vehicles.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [36]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab His evidence often seemed to chop and change.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 At one time he said before he entered the main road he saw the headlights, and at another that he had not seen anything.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Of the road crossing he made he said:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93
I had made up my mind to cross because most of the Ba vehicles usually turn into Naikabula Junction Road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
I thought I could still get across because the car was still 100 metres away.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [37]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab He also thought that the car approaching could get round the back of him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I find Waqa\rquote s decision to cross when he did to have been the main cause of the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 As with most of his estimates of time and distance, the locomotive driver miscalculated seriously.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [38]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab He did not appreciate that the plaintiff\rquote s car was part of a queue of traffic from Ba, 
and that there was neither time nor space for making the crossing at that time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He should have waited for that one remaining car to clear and he could have crossed the road to the Naikabula Junction in safety without rushing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I find also that he rushed across either thinking he could clear the main road in time, or at least that the plaintiff\rquote s car could go behind him.
\par 
\par [39]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab In taking this course the driver miscalculated and was negligent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He just came out into the road when it was not safe to do so and hurried across.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The plaintiff\rquote s car which I have already found was not speeding, applied its brakes, swerved to the left, and unavoidably collided with the train.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The train was too close and was too long for the car to avoid.
\par 
\par [40]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Waqa\rquote s police statement was put to him in which he had stated that he himself had started tooting the horn.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This he denied in evidence and said his pointsman had operated the horn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 At another time he said \'93I pulled the alarm for all the period whilst crossing.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 On the lights, he said to save the battery, he usually put the light on inside the cabin.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Further on in his evidence, he said \'93the light is on all the time\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Ratu Isoa supported his driver on these aspects.
\par 
\par [41]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The first witness for the plaintiff was Mr G.P. Shankar, the Ba lawyer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He knew the plaintiff and had at one time employed him in his office as a law clerk.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He was feeling sick that day and had asked his driver to stop.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He had a heart problem.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 That vehicle was facing Ba and was parked on the left just before the crossing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This witness got out of the car and was facing towards Ba.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par [42]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab He saw a dark object going to the right along the tramline.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It had no lights on, nor did it \'93blast its whistle\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
This witness, who said he was 2-3 yards from the mainline on the grass verge, said the train had no lights on, none in the cabin and no beacon flashing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He saw a car coming from the Ba side.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He heard a crash.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 His car moved forward and then he blacked out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 In fact, Mr Shankar was taken to the Lautoka Hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 A day or two l
ater he was evacuated overseas for treatment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He concluded his evidence by saying the train had not sounded its horn either.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par [43]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The plaintiff was smoking at the time and the windows of his vehicle were down.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was an old car without air conditioning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
There was no impediment to his hearing the train\rquote s horn, nor indeed of hearing its familiar diesel engine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He asserted there were no lights, beacon or horn that night operating on the locomotive.
\par 
\par [44]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Umesh Chetty sitting behind the driver of the motor vehicle said there were no lights on the train that night.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He went on:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \'93We hear the horn everyday from our home at that crossing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 We are about 1 km away.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 We did not hear the hooter.
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 We would have heard it.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [45]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab He also said he saw the locomotive driver switching on the train\rquote s lights on top about 2-3 minutes after the accident.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This was the orange light, the beacon.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said he saw the lights come on.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He did not notice the other lights.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The driver was the only person inside the train.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He said he had known the locomotive driver for years.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [46]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab 
PC Hussein Abbas said the train lights were on when he was at the scene, the swivel light, the front and rear lights and the cabin light.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
At that time the occupants of the motor vehicle were no longer at the scene.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 They had left for the hospital.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This witness accepted that he did not know when the lights were switched on.
\par 
\par [47]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab There is a complete divergence by the two sides on the issue of the lights, beacon and horn.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 On a balance of probabilities I find the evidence of the plaintiff\rquote s witnesses is to be accepted.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
In view of my findings on the other material issues and the unsatisfactory nature of the evidence of the locomotive driver, there would be no other reason for the driver of the motor vehicle not to accord precedence to the train.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I have found that the locomotive came out onto the road suddenly, and crossed hurriedly when it was not clear to do so.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I also find that this manoeuvre further handicapped the motor vehicle driver from responding to that sudden 
manoeuvre by a complete lack of warning devices being operated by the train driver.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
It may be the pointsman was not, as Chetty testified, on board the train when it crossed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
This would explain why the locomotive driver could not sound the horn.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He was conc
entrating he said on driving the train across the crossing, as soon as the pointsman had changed the points.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
In his hurry, he must have omitted to put on the lights or beacon.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par [48] \tab I find no merit in the defendants\rquote  arguments concerning the giving of statements to police in Jagdish Chand\rquote s case, or the failure to call Jagdish or others in Shankar\rquote s car as witnesses.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 On the evidence, I find the plaintiff\rquote s witnesses to be more credible and their evidence to be more plausible.
\par 
\par [49]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab In view of all these f
indings, I conclude that the defendants are liable for the breach of duty of care to the plaintiff for the negligent driving of the train that night.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6168310 Quantum of damages
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 [50]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab There are various items claimed under special damages, transport to hospital, medicine, damaged clothing and the like.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 These have been agreed at $508.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 There will be judgment for special damages for that amount.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [51]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Immediately after the accident the plaintiff lay in the front of the car, having been thrown forward.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He had his head on the dashboard and his feet towards the rear.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This was the account given by the witness Chetty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The plaintiff said he was unconscious.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He woke up in hospital at about 10 pm, and was in pain.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par 
\par [52]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Prior to the accident he had had no health problems.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He remained 2 weeks in hospital recovering from his injuries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He was attended to by Dr Viliame Taoi, who noted the plaintiff was distressed by pain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He had minimal movement of neck, profuse bleeding from a scalp wound extending 25 cms from the bridge of the nose shearing up across the forehead to the vertex (occipital bone).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The skull was exposed and the gap was filled with gravel, pieces of grass and soil.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He had soft tissue trauma and bruises on the chest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
On x-ray it was found he had suffered a fracture of the 2nd cervical spine.
\par 
\par [53]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Under anaesthetic, the wound was cleaned and stitched.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He recovered and had physiotherapy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He was found to complain of headache, weakness over the lacerated area, and limited neck movement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He also suffered visual disturban
ce and dizziness.
\par 
\par [54]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Dr Taoi reviewed the plaintiff a number of times, and he also interviewed the plaintiff\rquote s wife.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The complaints were that the plaintiff had become very irritable, intolerant to noise, very forgetful, and easily fatigued.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The plaintiff\rquote s wife confirmed these symptoms.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He also had an unstable gait and was unsteady.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The prognosis was that he had suffered some brain injury and post concussion syndrome.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He was sometimes dizzy.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 It was a condition that \'93comes and goes\'94.
\par 
\par [55]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab The 2nd cervi
cal spine injury resulting in the stiff neck with osteoarthritis was a permanent injury according to Dr Taoi and would give rise to pain from time to time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Dr Taoi also concluded that there was an incapacity for sexual dysfunction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
He calculated the percentage of permanent incapacity with reference to an American Medical Text as being:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 1. \tab Post concussion syndrome\tab \tab 25%
\par 2. \tab Neck injury\tab \tab \tab \tab 10%
\par 3.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Facial disfigurement\tab \tab \tab  5%
\par 4. \tab Sexual dysfunction\tab \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab  5%
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab \tab \tab \tab Total\tab \tab 45%
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [56]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab These figures met with the approval of the Consultant Psychiatrist Dr S. Narayan of St. Giles Hospital.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Dr Narayan was able to confirm some of the symptoms reported by the plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The plaintiff still has the limp and difficulty in sitting without pain in a chair for long periods.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He has pain in his neck and back, and a restricted range of movement in his neck and head.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He has unsettled sleep, and is often anxious.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
His wife says he is isolated and withdrawn.
\par 
\par [57] \tab He used to be outgoing and sociable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He joined in social events, religious, charitable and musical groups.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He also did fishing and hunting.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He does none of these now.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Instead he presents, though well groomed and co-operative, as a rather sad figure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Clearly his personality and behaviour have changed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The psychiatrist concluded 
he had difficulty with cognition in a way that indicated he fulfilled the criteria for post concussional syndrome on the ICD-10 classification.
\par 
\par [58]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Dr Narayan concluded that he suffered a 30% mental disability on the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 This dovetailed in with Dr Taoi\rquote s estimate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Dr Narayan concluded this deficit had been caused when the brain had been shaken up against the skull in the accident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He thought the condition could develop either way, improve or deteriorate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The plaintiff could go on to develop epilepsy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Dr Narayan was cross-examined thoroughly on his methodology, but I am satisfied that he has made a careful and accurate assessment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
I also accept the evidence of Dr Taoi on these matters.
\par 
\par [59] \tab The psychiatrist said that he had undertaken certain tests to ensure there was no functional overlay here, and that the symptoms were genuine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 He was satisfied they were.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The lack of superior diagnostic machinery does not undermine the value of the plaintiff\rquote s witnesses evidence in toto.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
The defendants brought no contrary medical evidence.
\par 
\par [60] \tab For the pain and suffering following the accident, the pain also continuing, the bruising, the skull wound and scarring, the neck injury, the limp, the loss of social life, the sexual d
ysfunction, and the cognitive decrease and change in personality and behaviour I award $65,000.
\par 
\par [61] \tab I award the agreed component of $1,200 for past loss of wages, the reduction in wages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Clearly the plaintiff, 44 years old at trial, has shown he is incapable of holding down a job as law clerk in a busy law office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
Taking the defendants\rquote  counsel\rquote s figures but allowing a figure of loss of $240 pw (not $200) and applying a 30% loss of earning capacity (not 25%), but in all other respects accepting defence counsel\rquote s factors I award the following:

\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 $240 (gross loss of wages per week) x 30% [= $80 pw]
\par x 579.5 (multiplier for 16 years to retirement)
\par [= 46,360] x 85% (less 15% for vicissitudes) [= 39,442]
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par That comes to an award for future economic loss of $39,442.
\par 
\par [62] \tab I also award the figure of $2,000 for FNPF which defence counsel submits as reasonable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
In the circumstances of the total award, I decline to award interest.
\par 
\par [63]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab As for costs, this was a lengthy trial and I award the plaintiff his costs fixed summarily.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 For the trial I award $10,000, and $1,500 for all other matters, pleadings, preparation and interlocutories.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 I also award $500 for court fees and $1,500 for expert witnesses and witnesses attendance costs.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 The total global award for costs comes to $13,500.
\par 
\par [64] \tab I tabulate the award as follows:
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 General Damages\tab \tab \tab $ 65,000
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 Pain and suffering}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Past economic loss \tab \tab \tab $}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 1,200
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 (as agreed)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 3.\tab Future economic loss\tab \tab \tab $ 39,442
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 4.\tab Loss of FNPF\tab \tab \tab \tab $}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 2,000
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310 (as agreed)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 5.\tab Special Damages\tab \tab \tab $}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 508
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 (as agreed)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 6.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6357396  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 \tab Interest\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Nil
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 7.\tab Costs\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 $ 13,500_
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par }\pard \ql \li5040\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5040\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 $121,710
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 
\par [65] \tab There will be judgment for the plaintiff against the defendants in the sum of $121,710 inclusive of costs.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6168310 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 A.H.C.T. GATES
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6357396 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6168310 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Solicitors for the Plaintiff:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Messrs Chandra Singh & Associates, Tavua

\par Solicitors for the Defendants:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6168310\charrsid6357396 Messrs Vijay Naidu & Associates, Lautoka
\par }}