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\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par AT SUVA \par CIVIL JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 CIVIL ACTION NO. 88 OF 2002 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Between: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 IOWANE TAROGA \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Plaintiff \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 1.\tab THE ATTORNEY GENERAL \par 2.\tab COMMISSIONER OF POLICE \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Defendants \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par Mr. J.K.L Maharaj for the Plaintiff \par Mr. J. Udit for the Defendant \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 DECISION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 By originating summons dated 28 February 2002 (as amended on 30 May 2002 ) }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Iowane Taroga}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 ) has brought this action against }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The Attorney-General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 and the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Commissioner of Police} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 defendants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \rquote ) seeking certain orders and declaration as more particularly set out in the said summons. \par \par This summons is supported by the affidavit of the plaintiff and filed herein. \par \par An Affidavit in Reply was filed by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Isikia Savua}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (the second defendant) on 24 June 2002 to which the plaintiff filed affidavit in Reply on 12 July 2002. \par \par On 18 June 2002 the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 defendants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 applied by Sum}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 m}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 ons to strike out the Amended Originating Summons filed on 30 May 2002 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 or alternatively}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 for the stay of this action pending the finalisation of the disciplinary proceedings instituted against the plaintiff. \par \par As ordered both counsel filed written submissions for the Court\rquote s consideration. \par \par The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Chronology of Events}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 is set out in the defendants\rquote submission at page 2. \par \par The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 full facts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 of the case are set out in the High Court judgments which are annexed to the sec}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15431892 ond defendant\rquote s said affidavit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Consideration of the application \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par The plaintiff is a former Police Constable who with another police officer was charged for murder on 28 February 1994. \par \par They were first tried in the High Court and were convicted for murder on 5 September 1995.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The Fiji Court of Appeal quashed this conviction and sentence on 11 February 1997 and ordered a retrial on the ground that they were not properly represented in the trial. \par \par On 6 March 1998, they were tried again before another Judge in the High Court and were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. \par \par On appeal, the Fiji Court of Appeal quashed both the conviction and sentence and ordered a retrial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Subsequently the Director of Public Prosecutions entered a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 nolle prosequi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 . \par \par Thereafter the then counsel wrote to the Commissioner of Police asking for the plaintiff\rquote s reinstatement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In reply, the plaintiff was informed that he had already been dismissed from the Police Force. \par \par This answer gave rise to the plaintiff instituting the present action by way of originating summons but the plaintiff in this summons has not asked for re-instatement. \par \par At the outset, it is worthy of note that the plaintiff submits through his counsel that there are }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 triable issues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 which require proof by reception of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 viva voce}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Even the affidavit of second defendant states that oral evidence will be required. \par \par This raises the question whether the correct procedure in bringing the action has been adopted or not, that is, whether the action should have been by way of writ of summons or by way of judicial review under }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Order 53}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 of The High Court Rules.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 These are the issues and grounds actually raised by the defendants in this application. \par \par The defendants oppose the originating summons procedure adopted by the plaintiff on three grounds. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Firstly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 , that the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 nolle prosequi}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 entered against the Plaintiff is not an acquittal therefore he should not be entitled to be paid salary and compensation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Secondly}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 the matter falls within the ambit of publ ic law thus it should have been initiated through an application for judicial review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Lastly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 , the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 third ground}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 is that the proper law to deal with engagement, discipline and removal of police officers is the Police Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Consequently the action by the Plaintiff is an abuse of the process of the Court. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Striking out \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par The defendants\rquote application is to strike out the originating summons. \par \par On the rule as to \lquote striking out\rquote , at the outset I refer to the case of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Doyle & Others v Northumbria Probation Committee}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (1991) 1 W.L.R. 1340 at 1347 where }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Henry J}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 stated three main principles, namely: \par \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93 Three main principles emerge from those decisions. (i)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In cases within the O\rquote Reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 A.C 237 doctrine, the courts will be astute to see that there is no evasion of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 the Order 53 protection designed to eliminate ground}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 less unmeritorious or tardy har}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 assment of}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 local authorities by the use of an action by writ which in reality is seeking a redress for the infringement of public law rights.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (ii) However, in cases not within the rule there is no necessary or overriding objection to public law issues being litigated in writ actions, whether in the Queen\rquote s Bench Division or in the Chancery Division\'85 (iii) Order 53 should not be used for the litigation of private law claims\'94. \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Nolle prosequi \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 One of the grounds on which the defendants say that the plaintiff cannot bring this type of action is because of the entry of }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 nolle prosequi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 He says that this is not equivalent to acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 This is not a ground sufficient enough to claim his unpaid salary and compensation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 He submits that if \'93acquittal\'94 is the sole available ground to claim for unpaid salary and compensation in their case, \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 nolle prosequi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \rquote cannot be used as basis for such claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par I am not required in this application to go into either the merits or demerits}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 of the entry of nolle prosequi or its consequences on the plaintiff\rquote s claim. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Subject to what I say hereafter this is a straight out claim by the plaintiff against the defendants which includes the second defendant as his employer claiming, inter alia, \lquote salary arrears and other emoluments\rquote and \lquote compensation\rquote to be assessed by the Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 There has been correspondence between the plaintiff\rquote s counsel Mr. J K L Maharaj (now deceased) and the Commissioner of Police.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In one of these letters dated 26 April 2001 written on behalf of the Commissioner in reply to Mr. Maharaj\rquote s letter to reinstate the plaintiff after entry of mode, it is stated that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Please be advised that these two officers were dismissed from the Fiji Poli ce Force with effect from 05/09/95 with the concurrence of the Disciplined Services Commission after the two Officers were duly convicted on the charge of murder.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 It appears that the plaintiff is a dismissed employee of the defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 He is therefore making the present claim following the originating summons procedure which he is entitled to do.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In his case this is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 a \lquote }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Public law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \rquote matter to require him to proceed by way of judicial review. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 It has been stated in affidavit evidence in this case that oral evidence has to be given to prove the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Perhaps for this reason depending on what advice is given to the plaintiff, an application may have to be made under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Order 28 r.9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 High Court Rules}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 1988 which provides, inter alia:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'939. \endash (1)}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Where, in t he case of a cause or matter begun by originating summons, it appears to the Court at any stage of the proceedings that the proceedings should for any reason be continued as if the cause or matter had been begun by writ, it may order the proceedings to co ntinue as if the cause or matter had been so begun and may in particular, order that any affidavits shall stand as pleadings, with or without liberty to any of the parties to add thereto or to apply for particulars thereof\'94. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In this regard I refer to the case I dealt with in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Dharam Singh & Ors. v. Hardayal Singh & Others}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (40 FLR 156) where I }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 held}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 that the grounds advanced to strike out did not justify dismissing the action which the court could order to be continued or if commenced by Writ at a later stage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par Whatever course is adopted it will be for the plaintiff to prove his case on a balance of probabilities i.e. on the civil standard. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 As the pleadings stand at present and as stated earlier that more likely application may have to be made by the plaintiff to apply under }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 order 29 r 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 and the plaintiff may have an uphill battle to prove the case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Bearing in mind the principles involved in striking out I am inclined to let it proceed and let the plaintiff prove his case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In this regard I would draw the plaintiff\rquote s new counsel\rquote s (yet to be appointed) attention to the observation in }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Litiwai Setevano v The Attorney-General }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 41 FLR 135, as this case was somewhat similar in some respect and could have a bearing on this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Constitutional argument \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 On constitutional argument put forward by the plaintiff in reliance upon }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 section 28(1)(k) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 of the}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 1997 Constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 , I agree with counsel for the defendant\rquote s that this is not a case of autrefois convict/acquit and hence this section has no relevance to the plaintiff\rquote s ass ertion in his affidavit that the nolle prosequi disentitles the second defendant from subjecting the plaintiff to a disciplinary process if he could.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par Under s153 of the Constitution the Commission is independently allowed or the Disciplinary Service Commission to subject Officers in the discipline service to undergo a disciplinary process irrespective of an acquittal. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 However, in this case the plaintiff\rquote s employment was terminated and the issue before the Court is whether he could institute proceedings as he has done}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 by way of originating summons.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Without dealing with this aspect any further, since the matter of alleged breach of the plaintiff\rquote s fundamental freedom has been raised by the plaintiff I would like to draw the plaintiff\rquote s attention very strongly to the following passage from the judgment of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Lord Diplock}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 in the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Privy Council }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 case of }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Maharaj v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (No. 2) [1979] AL 385 at 399:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93\'85 no human right or fundamental freedom \'85 is contravened by a judgment or order that is wrong and liable to be set aside on appeal for an error of fact or substantive law, even where the error has resulted in a person\rquote s serving a sentence of imprisonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The remedy for errors of these kinds is to appeal to a higher court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Where there is no higher court to appeal to then none can say that there was error.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The fundamental human right is not to a legal system that is infallible but to one that is fair.\'94 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Public and Private Law \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The defendants\rquote second argument has been strongly put that this case falls within the ambit of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 public law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 and therefore it should have been initiated through an application for judicial review.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par In this case the plaintiff is a dismissed employee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 He is no longer in employment of the defendants as a police officer.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 He is aggrieved by the dismissal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 For so long after nolle prosequi has been entered the proposed or alleged disciplinary action had either not commenced or has not been finalized. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The question therefore is whether the plaintiff should have brought judicial review proceedings or an ordinary action against the defendants. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 It was stated in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Trustees of the Dennis Rye Pension Fund and Another v Sheffield City Council}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (The Times Law Report 20.8.97 C.A.) that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93\'85 the court should look at the practical consequences of the choice made rather than just technical questions concerning the distinction between the public and private rights.\'94 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The court went on to say:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93 If the choice made had no significant disadvantages for the parties, the public or the court, then it should not normally be regarded as constituting an abuse of process\'94. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In that case the issues also arose and commented upon as to the relationship between public and private law proceedings resulting in \lquote }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 substantial volume of the resources of the parties and the courts were still being consumed to little or no purpose over largely tactical issues as to whether the correct procedure had been adopted\rquote . \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In this case the fact that the plaintiff believes that he is entitled to \lquote salary and compensation\rquote bringing o rdinary action to enforce that right is not in itself an abuse of the process. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In this application I adopt the following words of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Master of the Rolls}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 in the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Sheffield City Council}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 case (supra) which fits this case:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93 Any challenge to a council\rquote s refusal to express satisfaction would depend on an examination of issues largely of fact which were more appropriately examined in the course of ordinary proceedings than on an application for judicial review.\'94 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Master of the Rolls ( Lord Woolf)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 further sta ted and it is worthy of note:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93 What could be done to stop the constant unprofitable litigation over the divide between public and private law proceedings?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The guidance which Lord Diplock gave in O\rquote Reilly v Mackman ([1983] 2 AC 237) involved recognising:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 That remedies for protecting both private and public rights could be}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 given in both private law proceedings and on an application for judicial review.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}} \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 That judicial review provided in the interest of the public, protection for public bodies which was not a vailable in private law proceedings: the requirement of leave and the protection against delay.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The proceedings would be heard by a High Court judge and would be managed by the Crown Office which had the necessary experience of public law proceedings to ensure that questions, such as expedition, were dealt with in a manner which was appropriate.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}} \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin720\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 That for those reasons it was a general rule that it was contrary to public policy and as such an abuse of the process of the court, to permit a person seeking to establish that a decision of a public authority infringed rights to which he was entitled to protection under public law to proceed by way of an ordinary action and by that means to evade the provisions of Order 53 of the Rules of the Supreme Court for th e protection of such authorities. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The following statements of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Master of Rolls}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 should be borne in mind and I consider that they are pertinent in determining the issue before me:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In the majority of cases it should not be necessary for purely procedural reasons to become involved in arid arguments as to whether the issues were correctly treated as involving public or private law or both.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 For reasons of substantive law it might be necessary to consider that issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 If judicial review was used when it should not, the court could protect its resources either by directing that the application should continue as if begun by writ or by directing it should be heard by a judge \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 His Lordship further stated:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \'93 If a case was brought by an ordinary action and there wa s an application to strike out the case, the court should, at least if it was unclear whether the case should have been brought by judicial review, ask itself whether, if the case had been brought by judicial review when the action had been commenced, it was clear leave would have been granted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 If it would, then that was at least an indication that there had been no harm to the interests judicial review was designed to protect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 In addition, the court should consider by which procedure the case could be appropriately tried.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 If the answer was that an ordinary action was equally or more appropriate than an application for judicial review that again should be an indication the action should not be struck out. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Conclusion \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 To conclude, I am of the view that what was }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 held}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 in the House of Lords case of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Davy v Spelthorne Borough Council}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 [1983] 3 All}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 ER 278 at 279 hits the nail on the head as far as this issue is concerned and that determines the issue. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 It was there }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 held}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 as follows:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The plaintiff\rquote s action was not a n abuse of the process of the court because \endash }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-698\li1418\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnb1\pni1\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin720\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (Per Lord Fraser, Lord Roskill, Lord Brandon and Lord Brightman) The plaintiff \rquote s claim for damages in negligence was an ordinary action in tort concerning his rights at common law and did not raise any issue of public law.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Accordingly, the rights concerned were not rights to which the plaintiff was entitled to protection under public law, and the general rule that a plaintiff was not entitled to defend by way of an ordinary action a right to which he was entitl ed to protection under public law did not apply.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Furthermore, if the claim based in negligence was struck out the only way in which the plaintiff could bring his claim for damages before the court would be by obtaining leave to seek judicial review and the n relying on RSC Ord 53, r 7(1) to attach a claim for damages to his claim for judicial review, and that would be an awkward and uncertain process to which the plaintiff ought not to be subjected unless it was required by statute.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-698\li1418\ri720\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnb1\pni1\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin720\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 (Per Lord Wilberforce) In order for the plaintiff\rquote s proceedings, which were proceedings at common law, to be an abuse of the process of the court, it had to be shown that the plaintiff\rquote s claim both could and should be brought by way of judicial review.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 However, since no prerogati ve writ or order could be sought in relation to the claim and consequently no declaration or injunction could be asked for, no right to judicial review existed under Ord 53, r 1 and consequently no claim for damages could be made under Order 53, r 7 since a claim to damages under that rule was linked to a claim for judicial review.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Furthermore, even if a claim could be brought under the procedure for judicial review.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Furthermore, even if a claim could be brought under the procedure for judicial review, Ord 53 did not state that the procedure which it authorised was the only procedure which could be followed, and accordingly the plaintiff could prima facie choose the court and the procedure which suited him best, the onus being on the council to show that in doing so the plaintiff was abusing the court\rquote s procedure. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 For the above reasons and in the circumstances the plaintiff\rquote s action is properly constituted, but I must say that he will need proper legal advice in the further conduct of this action as it will be for him to prove his case on the civil standard of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 I certainly am not able to strike the action out as the pleadings stand at present. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 The two applications of the defendants are therefore dismissed with costs in the cause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532 \par \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 D. Pathik \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 Judge \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325532 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12325532\charrsid12325532 At Suva \par 23 April 2004 \par }}