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\f168\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 At Suva
\par Civil Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 CIVIL ACTION NO. 0020 OF 2002
\par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Between}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932\charrsid6554932 :}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
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\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 QUEENSLAND INSURANCE
\par (INVESTMENTS) LIMITED
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Plaintiff
\par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 - and}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932\charrsid6554932  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 -
\par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 RAGG & ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
\par LUKE RAGG
\par DAVID HUGH RAGG
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Defendants
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par Mr. F. Hanif for the Plaintiff/Respondent
\par Ms. R. Lal for the Defendant/Applicant
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 RULING
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\par The plaintiff company is the registered proprietor of a substantial commercial property in downtown Suva which is leased to a number of individual tenants.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 The first defendant company was one of the tenants and at the material time was engaged by the plaintiff to act as its }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote sole managing agent\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  of the entire property for a commission.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Its duties in terms of its engagement included the collection of rent for the premises and the payment of }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 VAT}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  for the rent collected.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par The second defendant is sued as a Director of the defendant company }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote in control of the day-to-day operations\rquote }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  at the relevant time and the third defendant is alleged to have }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
acted as a consultant of the First defendant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (and)}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  controlled its overall operations\rquote }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  (whatever that may mean).
\par 
\par The plaintiff company alleges that the defendants were collectively in breach of the sole management agreement in failing to collect and/or pay over rentals}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ; }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 in failing to maintain a separate account for the plaintiff\rquote s rentals}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ; }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 and in failing to pay }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 VAT}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 .
\par 
\par Alternatively, the plaintiff company alleges against the 2nd and 3rd defendants that }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (they) }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 knew that monies collected from the tenants \'85\'85 belonged to the plaintiff and were under a duty to e
nsure that 1st defendant did not convert monies belonging to the plaintiff for its own use and benefit \'85\'85\rquote }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
If I may say so in the absence of }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote particular facts\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 the existence of this latter duty runs contrary to the }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote general proposition\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  endorsed by the Pri
vy Council in the leading case in this area namely, }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Royal Brunei Airlines v. Tan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 (1995) 3 ALL E.R. 97 where their Lordships state (at }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 p.108}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 ):
\par 
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\lquote As a general proposition, beneficiaries cannot reasonably expect that all the world dealing with their trustees should owe them a duty to take care lest the trustees are behaving dishonestly.\rquote 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par Be that as it may the defendants acknowledged service on 22nd January 2002 and by Summons dated 30th April 2002 sought the dismissal of the }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote Alternative Cause of Action on th
e grounds that it discloses no reasonable cause of action\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  further the removal of the 3rd defendant as a party to the proceedings.
\par 
\par On 27th June 2002 pursuant to a court order the plaintiff filed an amended }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 expanding on the Alternative cause of action.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
The expanded pleadings included averments that the 1st defendant company was a trustee of the rental monies collected and that the 2nd and 3rd defendants as constructive trustees }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\lquote knowingly assisted\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  the 1st defendant company in breachi
ng its fiduciary obligations as a trustee of the rental monies and the plaintiff sought from them an account of the monies collected.
\par 
\par Despite the amended pleadings the defendants continued with their application to dismiss.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Submissions were ordered and filed.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 I am grateful for the assistance provided in the submissions.
\par 
\par The defendants submit that the central issue in the case turns on the nature of the relationship between the 3rd defendant and the plaintiff (sic) and whether it is sufficient to render the 3rd defendant liable as an accessory.
\par 
\par In this latter regard the pleaded relationship between the 1st defendant company and the 3rd defendant is that of:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
(a) consultant in control of the overall operations of the 1st defendant\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 No attempt has been made
 in the amended pleadings to identify the particular activities the 3rd defendant is alleged to have performed for the defendant company in relation to the rent collected, nor were particulars supplied of the general or precise nature of the 3rd defendant
\rquote s duties and powers as a }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote consultant\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  of the defendant company.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 This is particularly unfortunate as the term }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
Consultant\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  is capable of encompassing a host of functions some more active than others.
\par 
\par In that somewhat nebulous capacity the plaintiff avers in its amended pleadings that the 3rd defendant became a constructive trustee of the rental monies and }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowingly assisted
\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  the defendant company to breach its fiduciary duties.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
Again, no particulars are given to explain how?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 it is that the 3rd defendant came to know about the defendant company\rquote 
s alleged fraudulent activities }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  how}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ? }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 he is said to have assisted it in carrying them out.
\par  
\par Defence counsel finally submits that, even if one accepts that the 3rd defendant knew and assisted the defendant company, nevertheless, }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
The issue of importance here from the defendants\rquote  position is the necessary ingredient of dishonesty in accessory liability.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 There has been no such claim made }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (against the 3rd defendant)}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  by the present plaintiff in its Statement of Claim.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \'85
\'85 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (because)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 it has no evidence of any dishonest conduct 
\'85\'85 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (and)}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  \'85\'85
 by not claiming the 3rd defendant acted dishonestly, the plaintiff has not established a reasonable cause of ac}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 tion against him.\rquote }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par Counsel for the plaintiff company accepts that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
in order to hold a person(s) responsible for assisting the company in breaches of its trust or fiduciary obligations, the conduct must be dishonest and fraudulent,\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 but he nevertheless submits that }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote it is not necessary to use the word \lquote fraud\rquote  or \lquote dishonesty\rquote  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 [in the pleadings] }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 if the facts which make the conduct complained of fraudulent are pleaded}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ;}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 In this latter regard counsel points to }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 paragraphs 5, 6 & 9}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  of the }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 as clearly demonstrating that dishonesty is alleged against the defendant company in }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (its failure) }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 to keep all rent collected on behalf of the plaintiff in a separate trust account in its books of account and intermingled the plaintiff\rquote s monies with its own\rquote }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Furthermore, }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote whether a defendant to a claim of dishonest assistance has acted dishonestly is essentially a question of fact for the Court to determine.\rquote 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 I accept at once that the pleadings could be more clearly framed and particularised against the 2nd and 3rd defendants but that alone would not justify the dismissal of the clai
m on the basis that there is no reasonable cause of action if the pleadings can be amended or the necessary particulars supplied.
\par 
\par In }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Baden v. S.G. Development du Commerce S.A.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  (1992) 4 All E.R. 161 }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Peter Gibson J.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  at first instance conveniently enumerates the essential ingredients for a claim of }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowing assistance\rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  as follows (at }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 p.232}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote (1) The existence of a trust}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ;}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  (2) the existence of a dishonest and fraudulent design on the part of the trustee of the trust}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ;}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  (3) the assistance by the Stranger in that design}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ; }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 and (4) the knowledge of the Stranger \'85\'85
 it is important not to lose sight of the requirement that taken together these elements must leave the court satisfied that the alleged constructive trustee was a party or privy to dishonesty on the part of the trustee.\rquote 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 \f168\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
Plainly in this application the defendants complain that }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 elements (3) & (4) }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
are inadequately pleaded and/or particularised.
\par 
\par In }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Baden\rquote s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  case (op.cit) }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
Peter Gibson J.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  also dealt with the }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowledge\rquote  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 required of a constructive trustee in a }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowing assistance\rquote }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  case in the following terms}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  (at }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 pp.234 & 235}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 )
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
I think it is clear that he must know the 3 elements already mentioned.}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 He must know that there was a trust though \'85
not all the details.}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 He must know of the dishonest and fraudulent design of the trustee }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (though)}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  \'85\'85 not the whole design \'85\'85}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Further he must know that his act assisted in the implementation of such design. Further the relevant knowledge must be of facts and not of mere claims or allegations.\rquote 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 More particularly his lordship after discussing in some detail the five }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (5) }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 different mental states that might constitute }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowledge\rquote }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  which were propounded by counsel for the plaintiffs, said (at }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 p.248}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 )}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote The knowledge must be actual knowledge }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 or}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  knowledge which it would have obtained but for shutting its eyes to the obvious }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 or}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  wilfully and recklessly refraining from making such inquiries the reasonable }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (man)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 would have made \'85\'85
, the onus being on the plaintiffs to establish that }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (the defendant)}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  possessed that knowledge.\rquote 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par In this latter regard the plaintiff\rquote s amended }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  avers that the }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 3rd defendant at all material times knew that monies collected from the tenants \'85\'85
 belonged to the plaintiff and that the 1st defendant was a trustee of the monies collected \'85\'85\rquote }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 In other words
 the 2nd and 3rd defendants are alleged to have had }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote actual knowledge\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 .
\par 
\par As to }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 element (4)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  the pleadings aver that the 2nd and 3rd defendants }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowingly assisted\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 the 1st defendant in breaches of its obligations as a trustee and, alternatively, }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote the 2nd and}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 3rd defendants knowingly assisted the 1st defendant to breach its fiduciary duties.\rquote }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 As earlier pointed out no attempt has been made in the amended pleadings to particularise the type, nature and frequency of the }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote assistance\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  that the 3rd defendant is al
leged to have given to the 1st defendant company other than to describe him as a }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote consultant }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (who) }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 controlled the overall operations of the First Defendant\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 .
\par 
\par Most certainly no allegation of }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote dishonesty\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  or }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote lack of probity \lquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  has been specifically made aga
inst the 2nd and 3rd defendants albeit that plaintiff\rquote s counsel suggests that that is an inevitable inference from the defendant company\rquote s alleged dealings with the plaintiff\rquote s rental monies.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 The question is can that be imputed to the 2nd and more particularly the 3rd}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 defendant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ?}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par The leading authority on }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote accessory liability\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  is the decision of the Privy Council in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Royal Brunei Airlines v. Tan}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 (op.cit) where their lordships summarised the principle in the following passage (at }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 p.109}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 )}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote \'85\'85 their Lordship\rquote s 
overall conclusion is that dishonesty is a}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 necessary ingredient of accessory liability.}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 It is also a sufficient ingredient.}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 A liability in equity to make good resulting loss attaches to a person who dishonestly procures or assists in a breach of trust or fiduciary obligation.}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
It is not necessary that, in addition, the trustee or fiduciary was acting dishonestly although this will usually be so where the third party who is assisting him is acting dishonestly \'85\'85\rquote }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par Quite plainly from the foregoing it is neither necessary or sufficient to make an }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote accessory\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 liable for a breach of trust, that the trustee was acting dishonestly or fraudulently.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 The relevant }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote dishonesty\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
 must be personal to the accessory and must be judged according to his personal state of knowledge taken together with the nature and quality of his personal action(s) and/or omissions.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932\charrsid6554932 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 As was said by }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 May L.J.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  in }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Lipkin Gorman v. Karpnale Ltd}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 .}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (1992) 4 ALL E.R. 409 at }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (p.417)}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
Where an element in the alleged fraud or dishonesty relied on is the other party\rquote s knowledge of a given fact or state of affairs this must be explicitly pleaded.\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par In similar vein }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Or. 18 r.11(4)}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 of the }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 High Court Rules}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  clearly states}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote Where a party alleges as a fact that a person had knowledge}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \'85\'85 of some fact, matter or thing, then \'85\'85 the Court may,}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \'85\'85 order that party to serve on any other party \endash  
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s17 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s17\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls9\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 where he alleges knowledge, particulars of the facts on which he relies,\rquote 

\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par The usual form of such }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote particulars\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  would be }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote specific facts, documents or overt acts\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  on which}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 the plaintiff}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 intends to rely in support of the allegation that the 2nd and 3rd defendants had knowledge.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Plainly the plaintiff\rquote s bare assertion that the 3rd defendant is }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote 
a consultant in charge of overall operations\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  is quite inadequate to enable the 3rd defendant to plead to the averment that he }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowingly assisted\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  in the numerous breaches alleged against the defendant company.
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 In my view such particulars are also required to raise the plaintiff\rquote s claim beyond a suggestion of mere carelessness, imprudence, 
negligence and unconscionability which all fall short of the }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote dishonesty\rquote  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
required to be established in a claim of }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowing assistance\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  [}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 see}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Royal Brunei Airlines}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  case (op.cit) at }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 pp.106 }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 to }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 108}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 ].
\par 
\par I am not unmindful of the oblique reference in }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 paras. 17 & 18}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  of the amended }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  to the various matters referred to in the earlier }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 para.9}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 , but a close consideration of the seven }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (7)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  items mentioned therein is to my mind more apposite to a claim of }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowing receipt\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  than one of }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowing assistance\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  which is what is specifically alleged against the 2nd and 3rd defendants.

\par 
\par In light of the foregoing the plaintiff is ordered to provide, file and serve on the defendants within 14 days of the date hereof}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 :}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s17 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \s17\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Particulars of the }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote knowledge\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  alleged in paragraphs 16, 17 and 18 of the amended }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ;}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s17 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s17\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Particulars of the }{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \lquote assistance\rquote }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  alleged in paragraphs 17 and 18 of the amended }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6554932 ;}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s17 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \s17\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls10\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Such particulars to be contained within a reamended }{
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Statement of Claim}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932  and be clearly identified and s
eparately itemised in respect of each of the 2nd and 3rd defendants respectively.
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par In the event that the above order is not complied with within the time given, the defendant\rquote s Summons to dismiss of the 30th April 2002 is granted in terms.
\par 
\par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 (D.V. Fatiaki)
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 Chief Justice
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6554932 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid464650\charrsid6554932 
\par At Suva,
\par 23rd January, 2004.
\par }}