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\f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
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\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO: HAA0}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656515 0}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 54 OF 2004S
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\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 THE STATE
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 Appellant
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\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 ANTHONY PETER BATIYALA
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 Respondent
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\par Counsel:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095\charrsid5195095  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 Ms K. Bavou for State
\par Mr. A. Tikaram for Respondent
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095\charrsid5195095  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 9th July 2004
\par Judgment:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095\charrsid5195095  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 16th July 2004
\par 
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\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
This appeal by the Director of Public Prosecutions, is on a narrow question of fact.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The Respondent was charged as follows:
\par 
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Statement of Offence
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CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL IN EXCESS OF THE PRESCRIBED LIMIT}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 : Contrary to sections 103(1) and 114 of the Land Transport Act No. 35 of 1998.
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Particulars of Offence
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
ANTHONY PETER BATIYALA on the 18th day of August 2001, at Suva in the Central Division, drove
 a motor vehicle registration number DR 008 on Victoria Parade whilst there was present in 100 millilitres of his blood a concentration of 84.4 milligrams of alcohol, which was in excess of the prescribed limit.
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\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 SECOND COUNT
\par 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 : Contrary to sections 98(1) and 114 of the Land Transport Act No. 35 of 1998.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 Particulars of Offence
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
ANTHONY PETER BATIYALA on the 18th day of August 2001, at Suva in the Central Division, drove a motor vehicle registration number DR 008 on Vi
ctoria Parade in a manner, which was dangerous to the public having regards to all the circumstances of the cases.
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\par On the 15th of January 2002, the Appellant pleaded guilty to the charges but disputed the facts, saying he had not been breath tested at the roadside.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 Pleas of not guilty were entered and the trial finally commenced on the 24th of November 2003.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 Previously, on the 30th of September 2002, the charge had been amended to read \'93blood\'94 for breath, and 184.8mg for 84mg, on Count 1.
\par 
\par The evidence led was that on the 18th of August 2001, before 2am, the Respondent was involved in an accident on Victoria Parade.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
He was seen driving very fast past the FINTEL building and overtaking a government vehicle at a pedestrian crossing on a bend.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
He did not negotiate the bend, and instead drove into the lamp post at the crossing.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The Respondent emerged from his vehicle.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He had red eyes and smelt of liquor.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The government vehicle took the Respondent to the Central Police Station.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 At the station the Respondent was tested for alcohol by PC Rajesh Kumar using the Alcotest 7410.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The reading was 171 mg.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
He was then tested on the Dragger 7110.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
The Dragger 7110 produced a printout, which showed a reading of breath alcohol of 84 microgrammes per 100 millilitres of breath.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 T
he Alcotest result was obtained at about 2.05am.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The Dragger result time is 2.12am.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 There is no dispute that the results varied considerably on the machines.
\par 
\par Police Constable Kapieni was cross-examined on these results.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He tendered a certificate (at p.30 
of the court record) issued under Regulation 11(2) of the Land Transport (Breath Test and Analysis) Regulations 2000, to the effect that the Dragger machine was in proper working order and had been adjusted correctly.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He said:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
The first test is for the breath to find out if alcohol is present.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The second to confirm or negate the first test.}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The second test should be done during the 2 hours.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 A copy of the test is given to the accused.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
I signed, accused didn\rquote t sign.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 I didn\rquote t charge accused.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 No idea if accused was allowed to leave the station.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
Accused was tested by me less than 10 minutes after the first test.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 Not aware of the result of the first test.}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The huge reduction of mg from 171 to 84 can happen.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 It can be due to fault in the machine.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 I don\rquote 
t agree mechanical thing can malfunction.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The roadside test is to gauge the alcohol in the breath.}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The second one to enable the alcohol in the blood.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 It\rquote s normal that the 2nd test result is lower than the first test.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 No extraction of blood in the machine.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par The Respondent\rquote s defence was that although he had drunk \'93about 2 mugs\'94 of alcohol at an office party that night, he was not drunk.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He said the accident was caused because the government vehicle had suddenly stopped near the pedestrian crossing.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He said, on oath, that he had become drowsy because of the collision and that he was breath-tested twice.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He was kept in custody overnight and later charged.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
He admitted that he had been careless in that he had driven too close behind the government vehicle.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The Respondent\rquote s
 evidence in court was consistent with his statement to the police.
\par 
\par Judgment was delivered on 29th March 2004.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The learned Magistrate referred to the \'93huge reduction\'94
 in the blood alcohol level, from 171 microgrammes to 84 microgrammes and said on the basis of the evidence of PC Kapieni that the discrepancy \'93could be due to fault in the machine which he didn\rquote t agree was malfunctioning.\'94}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He said that the evidence of Police Constable Kapieni needed further analysis in relation to the first test.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The court said:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
Since there is no breath test on Alcotest 7410 at the scene, the Court feels that this accused should have been tested under section 102(5)(a) or (b) and if found incapable under section 102(2) of the Land Transport Act 1998 \'85\'85
 on the whole in Count one, I find that this accused has been charged under [the] wrong section of the Land Transport Act, I order that the charge be dismissed and he be acquitted under section 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par He convicted on Count 2, and sentenced the Respondent to $250 and $50 costs.
\par 
\par The grounds of appeal are:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
That the learned Magistrate erred as a matter of law when:
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He acquitted the Respondent under section 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code, and}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8656515\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He acquitted the Respondent on the first count on the
 basis that the Respondent was wrongly charged and that the evidence did not support the charge."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 The appeal
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par At the hearing of this appeal, counsel for the State submitted that the acquittal under section 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code was an error o
f law, that a roadside test is not a pre-requisite to a conviction under section 103 of the Land Transport Act, that the testing machines were presumed to be in working order under the Land Transport Breath Tests and Analysis Regulations, and that the acq
uittal on Count 1 should be quashed and substituted with a conviction.
\par 
\par Counsel for the Respondent conceded that these submissions were correct in law, except for the last.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
He agreed that the acquittal should have been entered under section 215 of the Criminal Procedure Code, that a road test was unnecessary to prove a section 103 offence, and that there was a presumption of \'93good working order\'94
 in respect of the breath testing machines.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 However he submitted that the evidence led at the trial successfully re
butted that presumption, and an acquittal was supported by such a rebuttal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
In the light of these concessions, the issue in this appeal is a narrow one, and one specific to the facts of this case.
\par 
\par Counsel for the Respondent was right to concede the other grounds of appeal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
Section 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies at the end of the prosecution case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 It provides:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
If at the close of the evidence in support of the charge it appears to the court that a case is not made out against the accused person sufficiently to require him to make a defence, the court shall dismiss the case and shall forthwith acquit the accused.
\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par At the end of the trial, after the defence case, the magistrate must decide either to convict or acquit, under section 215 of the Criminal Procedure Code.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The acquittal entered was therefore erroneous and must be quashed.
\par 
\par Section 103(1) of the Land Transport Act provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93(1) A person who \endash 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
drives or attempts to drive a motor vehicle or is in charge of a motor vehicle while more than the prescribed concentration of alcohol is present in his blood; or 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
fails or refuses to undergo a breath test or breath analysis when required to do so by a police officer,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 commits an offence.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
Section 104 of the Act provides that a breath test must be conducted within 2 hours of the driving unless an earlier test was not possible due to the condition of the driver.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The Land Transport (Breath Tests and Analyses) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 provide for the taking of tests, the computing of blood alcoh
ol levels and the admissibility of machine-generated readings.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par Regulation 3 provides:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
(1) For the purpose of section 103(1)(a), the prescribed concentration of alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 (2) Evidence that there is 
alcohol in the blood in excess of the prescribed concentration at a relevant time may be given by reference to a sample of the person\rquote 
s blood taken with his or her consent, or by reference to the reading on a breath analysing instrument in accordance with sub-regulation (3).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
(3) A reading on a breath analysing instrument in microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood is to be multiplied by 2.2 in order to arrive at the number of milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par Regulation 9 provides:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
(1) In proceedings for an offence under section 103(1)(a) or 105(1) evidence may be given of the concentration of alcohol present in the blood of the person charged, as determined by a breath analysing instrument operated by a police officer autho
rised in that behalf by the Commissioner of Police, and the concentration of alcohol determined as aforesaid is deemed to be the concentration of alcohol in the blood of that person at the time of the occurrence of the event referred to in section 103(1)(
a) or 105(1) where the breath analysis was done within 2 hours after the event, unless the defendant proves that the concentration of alcohol in his blood at the time of that event was less than the prescribed limit.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 (2) The fact that a person has undergon
e a breath test or submitted to a breath analysis and the result of a breath test or breath analysis are not, for the purposes of any contract of insurance, admissible as evidence of the fact that the person was at any time under the influence of or affec
t
ed by alcohol or incapable of driving or of exercising effective control over a motor vehicle, but nothing in this regulation precludes the admission of any other evidence, including evidence of a conviction under section 102(1), 103(1) or 105(1) of the A
ct to show any such fact.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par Regulation 11(2) of the Land Transport (Breath Test & Analysis) Regulations 2000 provides:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \'93
In proceedings for an offence under section 103(1)(a) or 105(1) a certificate purporting to be signed by a police officer stating any of the following facts \endash 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
the officer is authorised by the Commissioner of Police to operate breath analysing instruments;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 the person named in the certificate submitted to a breath analysis;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 the apparatus used by the officer to make the breath analysis was
 a breath analysing instrument within the meaning of these regulations;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 the apparatus was in proper working order and adjusted correctly;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 the apparatus was properly operated;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 the analysis was made on the day and completed at the time stated in the certificate;

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
the breath analysing instrument should a concentration of alcohol in the breath expressed in microgrammes of alcohol in 100 millilitres of breath on the day and at the time stated in the certificate; and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 a statement required by regulation 5(5) wa
s delivered in accordance with that sub-regulation,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 is prima facie evidence of the matters stated in the certificate.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par In accordance with this Regulation, Constable Kapieni tendered the certificate at page 30 of the record, certifying that the breath-testing machine (Dragger 7110) was in good working order.
\par 
\par Thereafter the evidential burden of proof in respect of the reliability and accuracy of this machine was on the defence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
The standard of proof is the civil standard, that of a balance of probabilities.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
I consider that this is the standard of proof in all cases in the criminal law, where the burden rests on the defence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
Negative averments are an example.
\par 
\par In this case, did the defence prove, on a balance of probabilities, that the breath-testing machines were not accurate or reliable? I do not consider that they did.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The defence case was that the Respondent did drink alcohol (2 mugs) but that the readings on both tests were in excess of the actual alcohol consumed.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 It was never suggested to Constable Raj
esh, the officer who conducted the first test, on the Alcotest 7410, that his machine was defective.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
Constable Kapieni said that it was possible to get a wide discrepancy between the two tests even if the tests were only minutes apart.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 He denied that the Dragger 7110 was defective although he agreed that there could be a fault in a machine leading to widely different results.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 However he said it was normal for the results of the second test to be lower than the first.
\par 
\par Clearly on this evidence, the defence could not say that the burden of proof to show malfunction was discharged.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
Further, even if it had been discharged, in respect of the Dragger test, the prosecution could still have relied on the result of the Alcotest result.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 It was never suggested, as I have said, that the first test was inaccurate.
\par 
\par On the facts of this case, I consider that there could not have been an acquittal on Count 1.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
I therefore consider that the learned Magistrate was in error when he purported to acquit on that count, and I enter a conviction.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5195095  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 The matter is remitted to the learned Magistrate to sentence on that basis.
\par 
\par This appeal is allowed.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656515 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 Nazhat Shameem
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid8656515 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5195095 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13657530\charrsid5195095 
\par At Suva
\par 16th July 2004
\par }}