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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.: HAA0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
048 OF 2004
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 BETWEEN:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5964543\charrsid5964543 RAJENDRA NARAYAN
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 s/o Suruj Narayan
\par Appellant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 AND:
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 STATE
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Respondent
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\par Date of Hearing:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5964543\charrsid5964543  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 7th June, 2004
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5964543\charrsid5964543 Date of Judgment: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 25th June, 2004
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5964543\charrsid5964543  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Mr. E. Veretawatini \endash  for the Appellant
\par Mr. J. Rabuku \endash  for the State
\par 
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\par This is an appeal against conviction and sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
After a hearing the appellant was found guilty on one charge of permitting another}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 person to drive a motor vehicle withou
t being the holder of the driving licence (Section 56(6) and Section 114 of the Land Transport Act 1998) and one further charge of permitting a person to drive a motor vehicle when there was no current Third Party Risks policy in contravention of the Thir
d Party Risks section 4(1) and (2) of the Motor Vehicle (Third Party Insurance) Act 177.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 Particulars of the Offence
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 It was said that on the 2nd of March, 2003 the appellant being the owner of a private motor vehicle permitted Lepani Vakacegu to drive that motor vehicle on King\rquote 
s Road Nausori when the driver did not hold a driving licence.
\par 
\par As a result of that driving at the same time and place it was further said that the owner allowed the subject motor vehicle to be driven without the cover of a Third Party Risks Insurance Policy.
\par 
\par After conviction the appellant was sentenced on the first charge to a fine of $100.00 and in default 30 days imprisonment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
On the second charge a fine of $50.00 in default 30 days imprisonment and disqualification from driving for a period of 12 months.
\par 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 The appellant was represented at appeal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
The written grounds of appeal are contained at paragraph 4 of the notice:
\par 
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
That the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not evaluating the evidence of the appellant and the witnesses.
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
That the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not properly directing himself on the required standard of proof.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
That the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact that there were inconsistencies in the statements given by Lepani Vakacegu to the Police and the evidence which he gave in Court on behalf of the Respondent.
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
That the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact when he failed to give any weight to the evidence of Reginal Suruj Narayan on behalf of the Appellant in that he was the one who instructed the motor vehicle to be driven away by Lepani Vakacegu.

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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
That the Learned Trial Magistrate effed in law and in fact in not taking into account that the Appellant was a first offender.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 That
 the Appellant has been greatly prejudiced in that there are special and exceptional circumstances in the mitigating of the Appellant\rquote s case, which the Learned Trial Magistrate was, not aware of, hence there has been a substantial injustice.
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 That the sent
ence passed by the Learned Trial Magistrate is harsh and excessive in all the circumstances.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
That the Appellant reserves the right to argue and/or file further or revised Petition of Appeal after perusing the copy of the Court record.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 Appeal
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 At appeal t
hese grounds were simplified and refined to a point where essentially counsel submitted that the police had not proved some essential ingredients of these charges and accordingly the learned Magistrate erred in law in making the finding he did.
\par 
\par The appellant says the essential ingredients for these offences include:
\par 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Identification of the motor vehicle.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Identification of the owner.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Identification of the fact that the accused was the owner.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Identification of the fact that as owner he permitted the named person to drive this car.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 And in addition
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 For the second charge without a current Third Party Risks Policy of Insurance.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par The State submits that identification of the motor vehicle and its ownership are not essential ingredients in the proof and that accordingly the conviction was correctly entered.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 I should note that both counsel addressed me fully on issues of mitigation.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 Decision
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 The pivotal sections read as follows:
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Section 56
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 (3)\tab No person shall
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 (a)\tab \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart2\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 employ or permit or cause or allow any other
 person to drive a motor vehicle unless that other person is the holder of a driver\rquote s licence of the appropriate class issued under this Part.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Section 4\tab Users of motor vehicles to be insured against third party risks
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Subject to the provisions of section 
5, no person shall use, or cause or permit any other person to use, a motor vehicle unless there is in force in relation to the use of that motor vehicle by such person or other person, as the case may be, such a policy of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 insurance in respect of third party risks as complies with the provisions of this Act.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5964543 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang 
{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
Any person acting in contravention of this section is guilty of an offence and shall be liable for a fine not exceeding $400 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to both such fine an
d imprisonment and a person convicted of an offence under this section shall (unless the court for special reasons thinks fit to order otherwise and without prejudice to the power of the court to order a longer period of disqualification) be disqualified 
from holding or obtaining}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 a driving licence for a period of 12 months from the date of conviction.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 As to the first charge while ownership of the motor vehicle is not expressly stated in the section nonetheless I believe it must be inferred.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 That is particularly so in charges invol}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 ving permission for a non licens}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 ed person to drive a motor vehicle.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
I interpret the section in relation to this \'93permissive offending\'94 to mean that the person with dominion or control over a motor vehicle i.e. the owner offends when he permits someone to drive his motor vehicle.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par 
\par I am enforced in that view by the particulars of the offence for this charge. The police included this concept of ownership as an ingredient they must prove. The particulars of the charge read as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 \'93
RAJENDRA NARAYAN s/o Suruj Narayan on the 2nd day of March 2003 at Nausori in the Central Division being the owner of a private motor vehicle permitted LEPANI VAKACEGU to drive the said motor vehicle on King\rquote 
s Road, Davuilevu without being the holder of a driving license\'94.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 The police have clearly accepted the responsibility of proving \'93ownership\'94
 as an ingredient of the offence.
\par 
\par As for the second charge, in my view, this flows from the first.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 
The ownership of the motor vehicle needs to be established.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 A
gain, the police accepted this responsibility as the particulars of the offence were expressly worded as follows:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 \'93
RAJENDRA NARAYAN s/o Suruj Narayan on the 2nd day of March 2003 at Nausori in the Central Division being the owner of motor vehicle on Kings
 Road, Davuilevu did permit LEPANI VAKACEGU to drive the said motor vehicle when there was not in force in relation to the use of the said motor vehicle third party risks as complied wi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
th the provisions of this Act\'94.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 \f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
The appellant was unrepresented at his defended hearing.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 He denied permitting Lepani Vakacegu a permission to drive any motor vehicle.
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 PW.1 sets up evidence in contra distinction to this.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 However, he fails to specifically identify a vehicle he claims he drove at the appellant\rquote s request.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 He also fails to identify any ownership of that subject vehicle.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
It is not clear from his evidence which of two vehicles involved on the day he actually drove.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par PW.2 was the Interviewing Police Constable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 He simply presents the caution interview where it is said there are admissions.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 However, on review of that caution interview its clear that the admissions are of limited value.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 The pivotal question reads:
\par 
\par Did you on 2/3/03 at about 10.00 hrs on King\rquote s Road Davuilevu permitted Lepani Vakacegu to give a motor vehicle with a track plate No. A001.
\par 
\par Answer: Yes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 \f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
The essential feature of the question as recorded is that clearly the word \'93give\'94 was substituted for the word \'93drive\'94 in the question.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 However, when presenting his evidence the Interviewing Constable made no reference to this.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 Accordingly the learned Magistrate\rquote s mind was not directed to establishing whether or not that pivotal question required explanation.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par In his well reasoned judgment at page 14 of the record in fact the learned Magistrate misquotes the question as being \'93Did you on 2/3/03 at about 10.00 hours on Kings Road Davuilevu permitted Lepani Vakacegu to drive a motor vehicl}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 e with a track plate No. A001\'94.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par 
\par Answer: \'93Yes\'94.
\par 
\par The learned Magistrate has not transposed the question correctly.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 He has assumed that the word \'93drive\'94 was used.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 It was not.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5964543 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5537773 Decision}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 I find that the issue of ownership in both of these charges is an essential ingredient of the offence that the police must prove beyond reasonable doubt.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 This is particularly so because of the framing of the charge.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 It is said to create a \'93permissive\'94 type of offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
I find that for there to be permission for someone to drive a motor vehicle must involve the concept of authorization which in turn involves some question of dominion or control over the thing to be used.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 I further find that it is significant that the charges as framed require proof of ownership of the motor vehicle.
\par 
\par I find that none of the prosecution evidence reliably proves the charge to the appropriate criminal standard.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 This fin
ding alone would suffice to grant the appeal.
\par 
\par However, and in addition the learned Magistrate did not properly direct himself on this issue.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
He was mistaken in his consideration of the express language used in the interview.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 In his judgment he transposed the word \'93
give\'94 for the word \'93drive\'94 without any evidential basis to do so and moreover without consideration of any reasons from the witness to do so.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 This admission in the evidence required explanation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
There was none.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 It was a pivotal feature in the judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 The finding was factually wrong.
\par 
\par I accordingly find that the conviction of this appellant in these circumstances was unsafe.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
The appeal against conviction is granted and the conviction in the lower court is quashed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 I direct that the charges be ref
erred back to the Magistrates Court for re-hearing before another Magistrate.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 Gerard Winter
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537773 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5537773\charrsid5537773 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 At Suva
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5964543 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5537773 Friday 25th June, 2004}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12743122\charrsid5964543 
\par }}