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{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Gurmeet}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2005\mo12\dy17\hr16\min19}{\revtim\yr2005\mo12\dy17\hr16\min19}{\printim\yr2003\mo8\dy11\hr12\min51}{\version2}{\edmins5}{\nofpages9}{\nofwords2676}{\nofchars15258}
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 AT SUVA
\par CIVIL JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 CIVIL ACTION NO. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 HBC0}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 431 OF 2002
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Between:
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 PITA NAVE
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Plaintiff/Respondent
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 and
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 1.\tab THE PRINCIPAL ENGINEER,
\par SUVA WATER SUPPLY
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 2. \tab PERMANENT SECRETARY FOR WORKS,
\par TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ENERGY,
\par ROAD TRANSPORT & SHIPPING
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Defendants/Applicants
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\par Mr. S. Valenitabua for the Plaintiff
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 Ms. N. Karan for the Defendants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par 
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\par By }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 summons}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  filed herein on 10 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 February 2003}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  the State (for the defendants) seeks an order as follows pursuant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Order 18 Rule 18(1)(a) and (d) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 the High Court Rules}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 , }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 1988}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 :
\par 
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 that the Originating Summons filed in the High Court in this action}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 on 15th of October 2002 be struck out on the grounds:
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 that it is an abuse of the process of the Court;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\charrsid2297260 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 that the Plaintiff/Respondent has no reasonable cause of action.
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\par This interlocutory application arises out of this civil action commenced by way of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Originating Summons}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  dated }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 15 October 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  seeking the following relief:
\par 
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 A Declaration that the termination of the Plaintiff\rquote s employment by the 1st
 Defendant on 3 August, 1999 was wrong in law and in equity in that the said termination was double jeopardy for one misconduct by the Plaintiff.
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\charrsid2297260 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 A Declaration that the Plaintiff\rquote s re-appointment by the 2nd
 Defendant as a New Appointee to the position of A-Grade Fitter on 12 October, 1999 but with the subsequent erasure of his record of long service was wrong in law and in equity in that the said erasure of the Plaintiff\rquote s
 said record was a third penalty for one misconduct by the Plaintiff.
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 A Declaration that the 1st Defendant breached the rules of natural justice when the 1st
 Defendant failed to provide the Plaintiff with an opportunity to be heard before penalising him.
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 An Order directing the 1st and 2nd
 Defendants to re-instate the Plaintiff as an A-Grade Fitter together with his record of long service as A-Grade Fitter for 20 years.
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\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\charrsid2297260 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang {\pntxta .}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 An Order that the Defendants whether jointly and/or severally by themselves, their ser
vants and/or agents pay to the Plaintiff the following:-
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Damages;
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\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 Costs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Applicants\rquote  submission
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par In short, it is the applicants\rquote  submission that the circumstances which led to the respondent\rquote s termination contained a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 public law}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  element and therefore this action by Originating Summons should have begun by way of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 judicial review}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Counsel referred to a number of authorities in support of her argument.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 In these circumstances the applicant say that the procedure adopted is an }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 abuse of process}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  of the Court and that he has }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
no reasonable cause of action}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 . 
\par 
\par It is further submitted that the first applicant had written a memorandum to the respondent on }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 6 October 1999}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
 advising him that the Permanent Secretary had disallowed his appeal and on humanitarian grounds he has been given a position as a new appointee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 It was not until }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 15 October 2002 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
that the respondent filed the present action.
\par 
\par Counsel further submits that by proceeding by way of Originating Summons the respondent is trying to overcome the \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 delay}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \rquote  aspect under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Order 53 r.4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The High Court Rules, 1988}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 .
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Respondent\rquote s submission
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
Mr. Valenitabua, the learned counsel for the respondent/employeer submits that it was a claim for wrongful termination of employment and has therefore brought this action by way of originating summons.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par He submits that this is a case of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 master and servant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  relationship similar to the case of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Praveen Prakash Palani & Another v FEA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  (Civ. Appeal No. ABU0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 009 of 1996).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 He says that the respondent is the subject of a private relationship of master and servant in employment.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Counsel says that judicial review does not apply in the circumstances of this case.
\par 
\par He further submits that on the facts of this case there is a reasonable cause of action.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The respondent was penalised twice
 for one misconduct and this raises the issues of \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 double jeopardy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \rquote .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 He was penalised first by forfeiting his day\rquote s wages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 He was then penalised again for the same mistake by terminating his employment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Also there was a denial of natural justice before dismissing him from employment.
\par 
\par Mr. Valenitabua says that there is a question of law which needs to be addressed in Court.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Consideration of the summons
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Background facts
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par The Plaintiff was A grade fitter with the Public Works Department.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 On the 2nd of
 July 1999 the Plaintiff committed a serious act of indiscipline as he was found drinking rum during working hours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
His employment was terminated on the 3rd of August 1999 in accordance with Section 37 of the JIC Agreement (Joint Industrial Council Agreement for the un-established employees).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The plaintiff appealed against his termination which failed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
Later the plaintiff was re-appointed as a new appointee.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Is this a judicial review matter?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par On the facts of this case and the nature of plaintiff\rquote s employment, this indeed is a \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 public law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \rquote 
 matter.
\par 
\par As stated by Ms. Karan, the plaintiff\rquote s terms and conditions of employment were governed by the JIC Agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
He was not engaged in a contract but rather his employment was conditional on his continuing to render satisfactory service in accordance with the conditions stipulated in clause 34 of the JIC agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Therefore this brings in the public law element making it imperative that the Plaintiff institutes this action via judicial review.
\par 
\par In determining whether the decisions of a particular body were subject to judicial review, it was held in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 R v Panel in Take-overs and Mergers, ex-parte Datafin}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  [1987]1 All ER 564 that:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93In determining whether the decisions of a particular body were subject to judicial
 review, the court was not confined to considering the source of that body\rquote s powers and duties }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 but to look at their nature}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
Accordingly, if the duty imposed on a body imposed whether expressly or by implication, was a public duty and the body was exercising public law functions the court had the jurisdiction to entertain an application for judicial review of that body\rquote 
s decision\'94.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 (emphasis mine)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par Further }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 De Smith, Woolf and Jowell}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  in the book \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
Judicial Review of Administrative Action\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Sweet and Maxwell}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (London) 1995) at page 190 paragraph 3 \endash  064 state:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93
Where the dispute is as to some decision of a disciplinary or other body established under the prerogative or by statute in which the employer or employee is entitled or required to refer the dispute 
affecting relationship, the issues are likely to be one of public law.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
This is because the supervision of inferior tribunals including disciplinary bodies which are of public, as opposed to private or domestic in nature, have always been appropriate subjects for pubic law proceedings.}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Where there is such a disciplinary body, and then frequently within the Public Service there will be one form of appeal.}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 If this is a situation, the courts will normally expect the internal forms of appeal to be exhausted b
efore there is an application to the courts and may refuse if this has not been done.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
However, this does not alter the nature if the issues which were involved\'94.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par Also in this regard counsel referred to the case of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 R v East Berkshire Health Authority, ex-parte Walsh}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 [1984] 3 All ER 425 where }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Sir John Donaldson MR }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
stated at p.430 after referring to the cases of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Vine v National Dock Labour Board }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 [1956]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 3 All ER 939}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 , Ridge v Baldwin}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  [1963] 2 All ER 66 and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Malloch v Aberdeen Corp }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
[1971] 2 All ER 1278, stated:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93
In all three cases there was a special statutory provision bearing directly on the right of a pubic authority to dismiss the plaintiff.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 In Vine\rquote s case the employment was under the statutory dock labour scheme and the issue concerned the statutory power to dismiss given by that scheme.}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 In Ridge v Baldwin the power of dismissal was conferred by statute (s.191(4) of the Municipal Corporations Act 1882).}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 In Malloch\rquote s case again it was statutory (s.3 of the Public Schools (Scotland) Teachers Act 1882).}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
As Lord Wilberforce said, it is the existence of these statutory provisions which injects the element of public law necessary in this context to attract the remedies of administrative law.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Employment by a public authority does not per se inject any element of public law.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Nor does the fact that the employee is in a higher grade or is an officer.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 This only makes it more likely that there will be special statutory restrictions on dismissal or other under pinning of his employment\'85 It will be this unde
rpinning and not the seniority which injects the element of public law.\'94
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par I have dealt with the aspect of \lquote public law\rquote  and \lquote private law\rquote  quite comprehensively in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Ram Prasad s/o Ram Rattan and The Attorney-General of Fiji}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (Civil Action No. 311 of 1992 \endash  judgment 12 September 1997).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
This judgment was on 27 August 1999 upheld by the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 I would suggest that counsel read these judgments carefully.
\par 
\par In this case the defendant was relying and acting upon the JIC agreement which governed the unestablished employees of the Public Service.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
On the authority of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Ram Prasad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (supra) the issue in the case before me involves a \lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 public law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \rquote  matter and therefore has to be dealt with by way of judicial review.
\par 
\par In this regard the following passage from the judgment of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Lord Diplock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  in the Court of Appeal case of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 O\rquote Reilly v Mackman}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
[1983] 2 AC 237 at 285 hits the nail on the head:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93Now that\'85
..all remedies for infringement of rights protected by public law can be obtained upon an application for judicial review,\'85.it would in my view as a general rule be contrary to public policy, and as such an }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 abuse of the process of the court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
, to permit a person seeking to establish that a decision of a public authority infringed rights to which he was entitled to protectio
n under public law to proceed by way of an ordinary action and by this means to evade the provisions of Order 53 for the protection of such authorities.\'94 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 (emphasis mine)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par Mr. Valenitabua repeated that this was a case where there was a master and servant relationship and he referred the Court to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Palani & Another v Fiji Electricity Authority}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  C.A. ABU0028 of 1996 (judgment 18 July 1997).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The case of }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Palani }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 does not apply here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 There Palani applied for judicial review following his suspension and subsequent dismissal by the respondent in that case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 As stated by Court of Appeal at p.8 of judgment:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93
Lyons J held that he could not proceed by judicial review, a decision which was upheld by this court.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
This was because there was in that case a strict master and servant relationship between the appellant and the respondent sufficient to give rise to a private law obligation.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The Court adopted the approach of Sir John Donaldson MR in R v East Berkshire Health Authority ex parte Walsh [1984] 3 All ER 425.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par In the case before me the respondent is governed by the JIC Agreement and the Regulations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
It was the provision of the agreement which injected the element of public law and hence giving rise to the application of remedies of administrative law\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The distinction was stated by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Purchas L. J.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 ex parte Walsh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 [1984] 3 All ER 425 at 439 thus:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93
There is a danger of confusing the rights with their appropriate remedies enjoyed by an employee arising out of a private contract of employment with the performance by a 
public body of the duties imposed on it as part of the statutory terms under which it exercises its powers.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
The former are appropriate for private remedies inter partes whether by action in the High Court or in the appropriate statutory tribunal, while the latter are subject to the supervisory powers of the court under Ord 53.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par In }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Ram Prasad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
 (supra) at p6-8 (Court of Appeal) is discussed as to when a contract of service exists in relation to employment by the Government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
The Court said, inter alia, that \lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 the common law rule is that a person employed as a public officer by the Government is not employed under a contract of service\rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Thus in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
Inland Revenue Commissioner v Hambrook}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  [1956] 2 QB 641, 654 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Lord Goddard CJ}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  said:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93\'85
an established civil servant is appointed to an office and is a public officer, remunerated by monies provided by Parliament, so that his employment depends not on a contract with the Crown but an appointment by the Crown, though there may be\'85
exceptional cases as, for instance, an engagement for a definite period, where there is a contractual element in or collateral to his employment.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Application under Or.18 r.18(1)(a) and (d)
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par Under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Or.18 r.18(1)(a)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  on the facts and circumstances of this case in the light of what I have stated in 
connection with judicial review aspect the procedure adopted is an abuse of the process of the Court.
\par 
\par In coming to this conclusion I have, inter alia, borne in mind the following }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Notes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  to }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Or.18 r.19 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The Supreme}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Court Practice 1979 Vol I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 , 312 that: \lquote }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 it is only in plain and obvious cases that recourse should be had to the summary process under this Rule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \rquote  and that 
\lquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 it can only be adopted when it can be clearly seen that a claim or answer is on the fact of it obviously unsustainable}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
A.G. of Duchy of Lancaster v L. & N.W. Ry. Co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  [1892] 3 Ch 274, C.A.). 
\par 
\par On this aspect }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Lindley M.R.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
Hubbuck & Sons, Ltd v Wilkinson, Heywod & Clark Limited}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  [1899] 1 Q.B. 86 at page 91 said:
\par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93\'85
summary procedure is only appropriate to cases which are plain and obvious, so that any master or judge can say at once that the statement of claim as it stands is insufficient, even if proved, to entitle the plaintiff to what he asks.}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The use of the expression \'93reasonable cause of action\'94 in rule 4 shews that the summary procedure
 there introduced is only intended to be had recourse to in plain and obvious cases\'94.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par The second ground on which the applicant wants to strike out is that there is }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 no reasonable cause of action}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 From what the respondent has stated in the relief that h
e is seeking as per his Originating Summons, he definitely has a grievance but that cannot be resolved without the trial of the action.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
But because the procedure that he has adopted in my view is wrong I cannot say anymore on that aspect of the matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 W
hy has he waited about three years to come to Court?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Can that be taken against him?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 That reminds me of the words of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Priestley JA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Cohen v McWilliam and Another}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (1995) 128 FLR, Court of Appeal N.S.W. 263 at 264 when he said:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93I know of no authoritative
 decision which says that court efficiency is more important than, or takes priority over, deciding cases on their merits\'94.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par What remedy he has or what procedure to be adopted is not for me to advise the parties on.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 However for the present purposes I can
 only say that this procedure is an abuse of the process of the Court.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Conclusion
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par In the outcome, for the above reasons, in the light of the many authorities bearing on the issue before me and in view of the decisions reached by the Courts as to the f
orm the proceedings should or the procedure to be adopted in a matter of the nature before me I will allow the application to strike out the originating summons as an abuse of the process of the Court.
\par 
\par The following passage from the judgment in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Moroccan Workers Association v Attorney-General}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (1955) }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 1 Law Reports}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 of the Commonwealth}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  451 (SC) vide }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Commonwealth Law Bulletin}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  July 1995 p747 
\endash 749 is apt:
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93
Matters of public law and administration ordinarily fell within the purview of s.31 of the Supreme Court Act 1981 and RSC Ord 53.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
The remedies therein provided that judicial review ought to be the normal recourse in all cases where allegations were made that rights under public law were being infringed, eg where a private person was challenging the conduct of
 a public authority or a public body, or of anyone acting in the exercise of a public duty.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
The institution of proceedings by originating notice of motion for purely declaratory relief without any explanation of the delay that occurred before their institution in February 1993 and which were b}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 
rought for the purpose of chall}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 enging matters of public law and administration was an inappropriate procedure and an abuse of the process of the court.\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 I might add before I depart from the subject that because th
e plaintiff has a grievance against the decisions of the defendants/respondents for the reasons given hereabove that he may have a reasonable cause of action, the course open to him would have been by way of judicial review but he is well out of time for 
t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260 hat. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The plaintiff has to rely on a proper advise from his counsel as to what course is available to him.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 The Court of Appeal in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Ram Prasad}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260  (supra) at p.11 said that it is not \'93expressing\'94 any \'93concluded view\'94 as to what will happen if an application is made for judicial review after such a long delay.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 It did however say:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93in the end the dominating consideration would be the interests of justice.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Provided that it can be established that this delay was not due to the appellant personally it may well be 
that in these somewhat exceptional circumstances the granting of leave may be appropriate.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par The Court concluded by saying that:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93
If an application for leave is brought, it will be for the Judge before whom it comes to decide whether the appellant should be allowed to proceed at this very late stage.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par Having stated the Court of Appeal\rquote s sentiments I shall conclude with the statement of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Sir Samuel Griffith }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 that:

\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93\'85
the right of every man to a fair hearing before he is condemned lies at the root of the tree of justice.\'94
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par It is not possible to convert this Originating Summons into a claim for judicial review for }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Henry J }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Doyle and Others v Northumbria Probation Committee}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
(1991) 1 W.L.R. 1340 at 1344 said that:
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 \'93Under Order 53, where the plaintiff wr
ongly brings his claim in the form of an application for judicial review, the court has power to order that claim to be continued as though it had been commenced by writ.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 But where a claim is wrongly commenced by writ, the court has no power to convert it into a claim for judicial review\'94.
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par For these reasons, the plaintiff\rquote s originating summons is struck out as an abuse of the process of the Court with no order as to costs.
\par 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 D. Pathik
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 Judge}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2297260 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2297260\charrsid2297260 
\par At Suva
\par 31 October 2003
\par }}