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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
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\par (Suva MC Case No: 813/2000)
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\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Appellant
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 VILIAME CAVUBATI
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Respondent
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\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414\charrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 28th November 2002
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\par 
\par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414\charrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Mr P. Bulamainaivalu for State
\par Mr B. Singh for Respondent
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\par The Appellant was charged on the 3rd of April 2000, with the following offences:
\par 
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 : Contrary to Section 224(a) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
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AVUBATI on the 12th day of December 1999 at Suva in the Central Division caused grievous harm to Manasa Baravilala, with intent to do him grievous harm.
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: Contrary to Section 324 of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.
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VILIAME CAVUBATI on the 12th day of December 1999 at Suva in the Central Division wilfully and unlawfully damaged the side glass window of the Government Handicraft Centre valued at $255.00, being the property of Fijian Property Trust Company Limited.

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\par He was tried, and convicted on Count 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He was acquitted on Count 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Sentence was delivered on 20th July 2001.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
He was given a sentence of one years imprisonment, suspended for two years, and fined $500.00.
\par 
\par The State appeals against sentence, on the following grounds:
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that the learned Resident Magistrate erred in law and in fact in considering the civil suit against the Respondent by the complainant as a mitigating factor in sen
tencing, when the civil suit had been withdrawn by the complainant well before the date of sentencing.}{\insrsid14756414\charrsid14756414  }{\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Appellant will endeavour to support this ground by adducing further evidence.

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that the learned Resident Magistrate erred in law in refusing an adjournment to enable the Appellant to call Doctor Sunia Vudiniabola, who was abroad at the time, to adduce medical evidence that was material and very crucial to the Appellant\rquote 
s case.}{\insrsid14756414\charrsid14756414  }{\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Appellant will endeavour to support this ground by adducing further evidence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
that the learned Resident Magistrate erred in law in imposing a suspended sentence, which sentence was lenient in all the circumstances of the case.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par The hearing of this appeal was considerably delayed because of the inability of the State to serve the petition of appeal, and notice of hearing, on the Respondent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He lives in New Zealand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
However, service was eventually effected, and the appeal heard on 28th November 2002.
\par 
\par State Counsel submitted that the sentence was wrong in principle, and contrary to the established tariff for cases of Act with intent to cause Grievous Harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He pointed to the injuries caused to the victim, and to the way in which the offence was committed and said that the facts justified a custodial sentence of about 12 months.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 No evidence was adduced to support Ground (b), which was abandoned.
\par 
\par Counsel for the Respondent said that the Respondent was a first offender, that suspended sentences had been given for similar offences in the past, and that in any event it would be u
njust to imprison the Respondent now when his suspended sentence had been all but served.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid811197 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The facts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par The court record shows that although the charges were filed in May 2000, the trial did not commence until 16th May 2001, because of the Respondent\rquote s (or his counsel\rquote s) non-attendance to court.
\par 
\par On the 16th of May Mr Manasa Baravilala, gave evidence that he and his wife were leaving the Wolf Hound bar, and were going to take his car out of the car park, when he was suddenly assaulted by the Respondent.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He was punched on his left jaw.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The car key broke in two and he was pushed by the Respondent against the show glass of the Suva Handicraft Shop in Ratu Sukuna House.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The glass broke.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The Respondent pulled the complainant out of the broken glass causing the glass to cut the complainant on the left side of his nose.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The complainant became semi-conscious.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The Respondent then dragged the complainant down the steps to the bottom of the car park and beat him around the head.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
He was stopped by a passerby, one Ilaitia Isoa.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The complainant was taken to the CWM hospital where he was admitted for four days.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He required plastic surgery to his nose, and had lost 3 teeth as well as his denture plate which was broken.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He had bruised ribs and concussion, which caused him to have headaches for five or six months.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
He also suffered from blurred vision as a result of the assault and needed to have teeth implants to replace those he had lost in the assault.
\par 
\par Under cross-examination, the complainant said that he knew one Shirleen who was his ex-girlfriend but did not see her with the Respondent that night.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He denied assaulting the Respondent and said he knew the Respondent because he played rugby for Fiji, and because the Respondent was a close relative.
\par 
\par Ilaitia Isoa, gave evidence that he heard a woman say \lquote beat him, punch him, kill him\rquote  and saw the Respondent kicking and stomping on the complainant\rquote s head.
\par 
\par Dr Paula Nakabea a radiologist gave evidence of an x-ray of the complainant\rquote s head.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
It showed a depressed fracture of the frontal wall of the left cheek, blood in the nasal passages, swollen cheek, small depressed fracture of the right cheek.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He said that the fractures were caused by reasonable force such as a punch, a cricket ball, or a traffic accident.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The Respondent gave evidence and said that the complainant had assaulted him, that he had acted in self-defence, and that the complainant had been assaulted by two other men one of whom was a bouncer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 His evidence was substantially supported by that of Shirleen Liu, although her evidence about an assault by two men was different from the Respondent\rquote s.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 In his judgment, the learned magistrate said he did not believe that the Respondent had acted in self-defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He accepted the complainant\rquote s evidence, and accepted that the Respondent had assaulted the complainant with intent to cause him serious harm.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 At page 59 of the record, the learned Magistrate said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 \'93The complainant was dragged down the steps and punched and kicked whi
le he was lying helplessly down.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The injuries he received are multiple and serious and mostly in the region of the head.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Taking all these factors into consideration I find that the accused did intend to cause grievous harm to the complainant.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par In sentencing the Respondent, the learned Magistrate said as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 \'93
A civil claim for injuries sustained is pending in the court. A custodial sentence will result in loss of employment by the accused and would render any judgment for damages virtually worthless as the victim would not be able to recover the judgment sum.}
{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 However the court also has to consider the public interest as well so that society has confidence in the court\rquote s sentence.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Normally in a case of this nature a custodial sentence is warranted.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 But
 considering all factors and particularly that the accused is a first offender I consider that a suspended sentence with a stiff fine would meet the ends of justice.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid811197 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par Both counsel agreed that the learned Magistrate erred when he took into account the civil claim for damages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
Indeed, the civil claim must be irrelevant to the criminal sentence, because the sentencing process is about identifying the proper punishment for a crime.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 It is not primarily about compensation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The civil claim is quite se
parate from criminal responsibility.
\par 
\par However, the real question in this appeal is whether the suspended sentence was right in principle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
State counsel referred me to several English authorities which say that a custodial sentence must be imposed (despite good character) in cases of causing grievous harm with intent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Ivey}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
 (1981) 3 Cr. App. R(s) 185, a sentence of four years imprisonment was upheld by the English Court of Appeal for a man, who had no previous convictions, who got involved in a fight with 
a man in the course of which he stomped on his head causing severe injuries to the skull.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Court held (per Griffiths L.J.):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 \'93The degree of i
njury likely to be caused by kicking a man in the head when he is down is of a wholly different degree to that which is likely to be suffered in the course of a fist fight.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par The 4 year term was upheld.
\par 
\par In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Attorney-General\rquote s Reference No. 33 of 1997}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  (1998
) 1 Cr. App. R(s) 352, a community service order was imposed for causing grievous bodily harm with intent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The offender had got involved in a fight in the course of which the victim fell to the ground.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The offender kicked him on the head as he lay on the ground unconscious, then later stomped on his head.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The victim was admitted to hospital where he was unconscious for a day.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The Court of Appeal said (per Bingham CJ) that the appropriate sentence should have been 3 years imprisonment (or 2 years on a guilty
 plea) but that it would not substitute that sentence for the community service order because the community service order had already been served.
\par 
\par Earlier, in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Attorney-General\rquote s Reference No. 59 of 1996}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 , an offender who punched a victim with whom he did a
n argument, then kicked him around the body and stomped on his head as he lay on the ground received a community service order and a supervision order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Court of Appeal held that this sentence was unduly lenient saying that a non-custodial sentence was wholly inappropriate for this type of offence even for a first offender.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 A 3\'bd year detention in a young person\rquote s institution was substituted.
\par 
\par The Fiji Court of Appeal has taken a similar view.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
State -v- Dinesh Chand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  Crim. App. No. AAU0027 of 2000S the offender was found guilty of assault with intent to cause grievous harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He was given a suspended sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The State appealed against sentence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The appeal was heard after the operational period had expired.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Court declined to order an 
immediate custodial sentence in the circumstances but held that although the offender was a first offender and there was some provocation, a suspended sentence was not appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The following passage from }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 R -v- Peterson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
 (1994) 2 NZLR 533, was cited with approval:
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 \'93
The principal purpose of [the relevant section] was to encourage rehabilitation and to provide the Courts with an effective means of achieving that end by holding a prison sentence over an offender\rquote s head.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 It was available in cases of moderate
ly serious offending but where it was thought there was a sufficient opportunity for reform, and the need to deter others was not paramount.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The legislature had given it teeth by providing that the length of the sentence of imprisonment was fixed at the ti
me the suspended sentence was imposed, that it was to correspond in length to the term that would have been imposed in the absence of power to suspend, and that the Court before whom the offender appeared on further conviction was to order the suspended s
entence to take effect, unless of the opinion it would be unjust to do so.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
So, there was a presumption that upon further offending punishable by imprisonment the term previously fixed would have to be served (see p.537 line 4).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Court\rquote s first duty was t
o consider what would be the appropriate immediate custodial sentence, pass that and then consider whether there were grounds for suspending it.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Court must not pass a longer custodial sentence than it would otherwise do because it was suspended.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Equally, it would be wrong for the Court to decide on the shorter sentence than appropriate in order to take advantage of the suspended sentence regime (see .538 line 47, p.539 line 5).}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 R v. Mah-Wing (1983) Cr App R (S) 347 followed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The final question to be de
termined was whether immediate imprisonment was required or whether a suspended sentence could be given.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
If, at the previous stages of the inquiry, the Court had applied the correct approach, all factors relevant to the sentence were likely to have been ta
ken into account already; the sentencer must either give double weight to some factors, or search for new ones which would justify suspension although irrelevant to the other issues already considered.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }
{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Like most sentencing, what was required here was an ap
plication of commonsense judgment, in which the sentencer must stand off and decide whether the imposition of a suspended sentence would be consonant with the objectives of the new legislation (see p.539 line 8, p.539 line 37).\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par The Court of Appeal then said that the facts of the case and the nature of the charge should almost always result in immediate imprisonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 A sentence of six - nine months imprisonment would have been more appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 However, it did not substitute such a sentence because of the 
length of time which had lapsed since the sentencing (18 months), because the offender had served his sentence, and because of the 4\'bd year delay in bringing the offender to trial.
\par 
\par Counsel referred me to two local cases in which non-custodial sentences were imposed for convictions of act with intent to cause grievous harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 However in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Vilikesa Baleidruma}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
 Crim. App. No. 43 of 1976 no injury was caused by the swinging of a cane knife by the offender.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 In }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 DPP -v- Rajendra Shankar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  Crim. App. No. 66 of 1980, the o
ffender had thrown a cane knife at his sister causing a 2cm long cut which required 6 stitches.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
On an appeal against the suspended sentence imposed by the Magistrate, the High Court held that because of the relationship between offender and victim and beca
use the victim did not wish to report the matter to the police at all, the complaint being laid by her father, the suspended sentence was not manifestly lenient.
\par 
\par However in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Attorney-General -v- Sant Prakash}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  15 FLR 154, the offender was convicted of doing 
an act intended to cause grievous harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The act was a blow with a cane knife causing a deep wound to the victim who required hospitalisation for a month.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The magistrate bound over the offender and ordered $20 to be paid to the victim as compensation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Attorney-General appealed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The High Court held that the sentence was wrong in principle saying that the use of cane knives which were lethal weapons, must lead to a custodial sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 A sentence of 12 months imprisonment was substituted for the binding over.
\par 
\par Similarly in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Reg -v- Shaukat Ali}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
 22 FLR 87, the offender had attacked the victim with a cane knife, causing serious injuries to his arm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
He was charged with causing grievous harm, and was given a suspended sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The court held that assaults with ca
ne knives had become common, and that they required immediate custodial and deterrent sentences.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The suspended sentence was set aside, and a sentence of 2\'bd years imprisonment substituted.
\par 
\par Of course all these cases are distinguishable on the facts from the Respondent\rquote s.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
He did not simply swing a weapon at the victim, he did cause considerable injury to the victim, he did not use a cane knife or any weapon at all, and this was not a family dispute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Nevertheless, on the basis of these cases and those submitted to me by State counsel, several matters of principle emerge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 One is that the offence of act with intent to cause grievous harm is a serious one which must almost always result in an immediate custodial sentence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Another is that, whilst good character is 
undoubtedly a mitigating factor, it should not require the court to give a non-custodial sentence unless the facts of the case themselves are not serious.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Lastly where the act complained of is an act involving the use of weapons, especially a knife, this should result in a substantial increase in the sentence.
\par 
\par I respectfully adopt these principles as being valid and relevant for the Fiji courts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Although the Court of Appeal in }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 State -v- Dinesh Chand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  (supra) said that a sentence of 6 - 9 months imprisonment
 might have been appropriate in that case (which involved the use of a weapon) it is impossible to ascertain any local tariff for cases of act with intent to cause grievous harm without a study of more cases.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 However sentences appear to range from suspende
d sentences (where there was no or minimal injury and where the parties have resolved their differences) to 2\'bd years imprisonment (where there was serious injury, a brutal assault and the use of a weapon.)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 However, as I have said, as a general rule, non-cu
stodial sentences are wrong in principle for the offence of act with intent to cause grievous harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The reason for this principle is apparent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
An intent to cause grievous harm is a component of the statutory definition of malice aforethought.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
If the victim dies, the offender will face a charge of murder.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
A comparison therefore with sentences passed for manslaughter, (which requires no such proof of intent) is unhelpful.
\par 
\par Turning therefore to the facts of this case, it is apparent that the suspended sentence and fine was quite wrong in principle, and manifestly lenient.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The brutal and sustained violence inflicted on the victim, the fact that he suffered fractures and other 
injuries that required plastic surgery and overseas dental work, the fact that the attack was entirely unprovoked and the act of kicking a man who is down and already seriously injured, should have led inevitably to a custodial sentence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Although no weapon was used, a starting point of 2 years imprisonment would have been appropriate.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
After adjustments for aggravating and mitigating circumstances including substantial reduction for good character, a sentence of 12 months imprisonment would have been, in my view, the appropriate sentence in this case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 There is nothing in the facts of the case, or the circumstances of the offender which warranted a suspension of that term.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The Respondent, who is a rugby player for Fiji, displayed both callousness and cowardice
 in the way he attacked the victim, and then continued to kick him around the head when he was lying on the ground semi-conscious and unable to defend himself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 A 12 month immediate custodial term, in my view ought to have been imposed after the trial.
\par 
\par However, now at the appeal, the circumstances have changed somewhat.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Firstly, the Respondent was sentenced on 20th July 2001.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The offence was committed in December 1999.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 The suspended sentence was imposed on 20th July 2001 for a period of 2 years.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 That period expires in July 2003.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The Respondent has already served all but 7 months of his sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He has paid his fine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 What are the consequences of these factors on this appeal?
\par 
\par In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 State -v- Dinesh Chand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  (supra) the Court of Appeal agreed that the suspended sen
tence was wrong in principle, but declined to substitute a custodial sentence on the ground that the period of suspension had expired, the fine had been paid and that there had been a 4\'bd year delay before trial.
\par 
\par In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Attorney-General\rquote s Reference No. 33 of 1997}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414  (supra), Lord Bingham considered the argument of \'93
double jeopardy\'94 in that the offender had already served 240 hours of community service.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 He said (at page 355):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 \'93It would appear to us that in the ordinary way, and bearing in mind that it is an Attorn
ey-General\rquote s reference involving an element of double jeopardy, the ordinary course would be to substitute a sentence of 12 to 15 months imprisonment.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Our attention is, however drawn to the fact that the offender has, in fact, served the complete period of
 the community service order, and has apparently done so to the complete satisfaction of the authorities.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
That is not something which protects him against the substitution of a custodial sentence, as the Court has previously pointed out.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
But it is in our judgment something that should be reflected in any custodial sentence that we were minded to substitute.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
Accordingly it would follow that, unless the successful completion of this community service order were to be ignored, the appropriate sentence of custo
dy to be substituted would fall somewhere below the level we have indicated ...... We bear in mind that the offender, if now sentenced to custody for what would be the appropriate term, would only be required to serve half that period, and we have to ask 
ourselves whether in all these circumstances the public interest would be served by sending the offender to prison for an effective period of some six months or less.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 With considerable hesitation, and some apprehension that our decision may be misunderstood
 and misapplied, we conclude that in all the circumstances it would not be appropriate to substitute a sentence of custody of this offender.\'94
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par In the Respondent\rquote s case therefore, a considerable reduction must be given for the fact that he has served much of his suspended term of imprisonment (and has not re-offended thus far) and has paid his fine.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
I have further been told that he now lives in New Zealand with his family and has a responsible position in the Department of Social Welfare.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 In the circumstance
s after a substantial reduction of the 12 month term which would have been appropriate for this offender, (taking into account his served sentence) I arrive at a 6 month sentence.
\par 
\par As I have already said, the facts of this case do not warrant the suspension of the term.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The violence, the pulling of the victim out of the broken glass window for further beating, the dragging down the steps, and the kicking and stomping on the head constitute such a serious assault, that despite all the mitigating circumstance
s, a custodial sentence must be imposed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The courts must send a message to the community that violence of this kind which was neither provoked nor short-lived, will not be tolerated.
\par 
\par Further, the Respondent, who I was told is a well-known rugby player, ought to have remembered that in Fiji, rugby players are considered to be role-models particularly by the young and impressionable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 I therefore do not consider that the fact that he is a well-known rugby player, to be a mitigating factor.
\par 
\par The suspended sentence is quashed and substituted with an immediate custodial term of 6 months.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14756414  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
The $500 must be refunded to the Respondent forthwith.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 Nazhat Shameem
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 JUDGE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14756414 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587218\charrsid14756414 
\par At Suva
\par 5th December 2002
\par }}