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.}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 AT LAUTOKA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 CIVIL JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql 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HBC0157 OF 2000 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 BETWEEN: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 LAKSHMI PRASAD}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 son of Ram Narayan Pande \par as Executor and Trustee of the Estate of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 RAM \par NARAYAN PANDE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of Nadrau, Moto, Ba, Fiji, \par Cultivator}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Plaintiff \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 AND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 GYAN PRAKASH}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 son of Mangru alias Baleshwar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of Nasoso, Nadi, Fiji, Cultivator}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par Mr. V.P. Mishra for the Plaintiff \par Dr. M.S. Sahu Khan for the Defendant \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 Dates of Hearing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 : 18 and 19 July 2000 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 Date of Judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 : 22 August 2002 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815\charrsid14886815 JUDGMENT}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par The Plaintiff, acting for his father\rquote s estate, seeks to regain possession of a freehold 10 acre cane farm, the agricultural tenancy for which he says expired at the end of 1999.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff wishes to subdivide the land.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant who succeeded to the remaining period of the tenancy upon}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 his father\rquote s death says he has the right now to ownership of one acre of that farm, on which he and his father had built 3 houses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He bases his claim to possession on a settlement agreement which he says he reached with the Plaintiff as the culmination of a series of legal actions between the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He claims it would be unconscionable now to deny his entitlement to this one acre. \par \par On the 27th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 the Plaintiff instituted proceedings by way of a summons to show cause pursuant to }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 169}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Land Transfer Act Cap. 131}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The High Court is allowed a special jurisdiction under }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Part XXIV}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of that Act to hear applications summarily which would normally result in an expeditious remedy.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff filed two affidavits, one in support filed on the 27th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 and one in reply of the 29th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 June 2000.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant filed two affidavits in opposition, one on the 1st}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 June 2000, and another, apparently without leave, on the 7th July 2000.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The latter affidavit was said to be sworn on the 5th June 2000, \'93June\'94 being presumably}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 a typographical error for \'93July\'94.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Paragraph 12 of the same gave the date of a judgment from the Ba Magistrate\rquote s Court as being pronounced in \'931988" which was no doubt an error, and \'931998" must have been intended instead.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 However I have taken this, the second affidavit of the Defendant into consideration, along with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 the others in these proceedings, and grant necessary leave for its use [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Ord. 41 r.4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 ]. \par \par The Defendant does not dispute that the Plaintiff is \'93the last registered proprietor of the land\'94 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 [Section 169 (a)]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 or that the Plaintiff is also \'93a lessor where the term of the lease has expired\'94 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 [Section 169 (c)]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The potential ejector must satisfy one of three necessary prerequisites before commencing summary proceedings under this Act.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff has satisfied two of the requirements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant does however say he is entitled to a grace year under the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Cap. 270 (ALTA)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 to harvest his crops so as to allow him to continue his possession till the end of the year 2000. \par \par A grace year is possible if the requirements of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 9 (1) (f) (ii)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of ALTA are met.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 They are: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'939}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815\charrsid14886815 . (}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 1)\tab The following conditions and covenants shall be implied in every contract of tenancy of an agricultural holding subsisting at or after the commencement of this Act:- \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\insrsid14886815 (f)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 on the part of the landlord - \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (i)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 ................ \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 (ii)}{\insrsid14886815\charrsid10752157 }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \tab that on termination of the tenancy the tenant, if he has paid all the rent and observed and performed all the conditions of the tenancy, shall be entitled, at the option of the landlord, during the next twelve months to cultivate and to reap any standing crops, or receive compensa tion in lieu.\'94 \par (emphasis added) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 It would appear however that the tenant had not paid all of the outstanding rent by the end of the tenancy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 There is no evidence placed before me that a sum of $7,000.00 which was part of a consent order of 27th April 2000 of the Agricultural Tribunal to cover rent arrears was ever paid by the Defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In any event, the question of the tenant being allowed to cultivate further after the expiry of the lease or to reap standing crops or indeed to receive compensation in lieu is \'93 at the option of the landlord\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The landlord here, the Plaintiff, opposed such a grace period.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 But the expiry of the lease in December 1999, was a date already accepted by the Defendant in the Tribunal proceedings W/D 8/99 in which the Defendant (then Respondent) accepted that the 30 year ALTA lease was to run from 1.1.1970 (See Respondent\rquote s Section, Answer to Question 8 on the form Application for Reference, as exhibited to Defendant\rquote s 2nd affidavit).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He had his present solicitors acting for him at the time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Additionally, the Plaintiff exhibited to his second affidavit, the instrument of tenancy which the Agricultural Tribunal ordered to be drawn up and executed by the parties which gave the commencement date of the lease as the 1st January 1970.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The parties signatures were witnessed and counter-signed by their respective solicitors. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The reference to expiry of the lease in 2000 in the judgment of the Tribunal is to be read with a date of commencement of the original lease as found by the Tribunal to be derived from an agreement made in January 1970.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The expiry therefore occurred on the 31st}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 December 1999, and the Plaintiff at his option did not grant a year\rquote s extension, nor did the Defendant qualify for an extension by reason of the unpaid rent arrears. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Summons sufficiently described the land in question and section 170 has been complied with.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The onus of proof is placed by the Land Transfer Act on the Defendant and the judge is only to dismiss the Summons \'93 if (the Defendant) proves to the satisfaction of the judge a right to the possession of the land \'94 [}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 172}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 ]. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4592423 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4592423 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Agreement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff says that this is a plain case where a tenancy has expired and the tenant is refusing to vacate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant says he is the sole executor and trustee as well as the sole beneficiary of the estate of Mangru, his father, who died in 1991.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Originally, after the Defendant\rquote s father\rquote s death, the Plaintiff had refused to accept the Defendant as the replacement tenant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant therefore applied to the Agricultural Tribunal (the first Reference) which made a declaration of tenancy in the Defendant\rquote s favour.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 This decision was taken on appeal first to the Central Agricultural Tribunal, then on judicial review to the High Court, and finally to the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 All appeals were dismissed in favour of the Defendant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par The Plaintiff applied to the Tribunal again, this time for reassessment of rent (the second Reference).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The second Reference was called first on the 6th April 1999 and was concluded in a hearing on the 27th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 with a consent order}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 referred to above.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant deposed that he \'93and the Plaintiff had been having discussions with the view to settling the outstanding matters between the (sic) me and the Plaintiff and the outstanding matters were: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (i)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 The compensation to be paid to me by the Plaintiff in respect of the 3 substantial houses that had been erected on the said land. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (ii)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 Reassessment of rent. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (iii)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 Vacating the balance of the land except the house site.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant considered there were no grounds for claiming any re-assessment of rent.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He said}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93 ........... I and the Plaintiff amicably settled all the matters and agreed as follows: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (i)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 That out of the 10 acres of land I would vacate 9 acres of the said land being part of C.T. 19444 after harvesting of the sugar cane for the year 2000 except 1 acre which comprised the 3 house sites and all the three houses situate thereon and I would continue to enjoy the use and have full enjoyment and benefit of the 1 acre to the exclusion of the Plaintiff. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (ii)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 The Plaintiff agreed that he would be holding the said 1 acre of the said land comprised in C.T. 19444 as trustee for me until proper subdivision was done to enable a separate title to be issued to me in respect of the said 1 acre. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (iii)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 That I would abandon all my claims for $150,000.00 [One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars] compensation for the houses. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (iv)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 That upon the issue of a separate title in my name in respect of the said one acre of the said land I would pay the sum of $25,000.00 [Twenty Five Thousand Dollars] to the Plaintiff which includes the costs of subdivision and to recover legal costs paid by the Plaintiff in all matters between me and the Plaintiff and costs of the Plaintiff who travelled to Fiji and other related matters including taking into account the value of the said 1 acre having regard to the matters stated herein. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (v)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 That I and the Plaintiff would agree without hearing of the reassessment of rental between $5,000.00 [ Five Thousand Dollars] and $10,000.00 [Ten Thousand Dollars] as a lump sum figure. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (vi)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 That the Plaintiff will have all the necessary documents executed within fourteen (14) days of 27th April, 2000 to have all the terms of settlement herein stated recorded and to take steps to implement the same. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\insrsid10752157 (vii)\tab }{\insrsid5268089\charrsid10752157 That I would not institute legal proceedings to make any claim in respect of the compensation claims referred above. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10752157 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant went on to explain: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93On the date of the hearing of the Second Reference the only outstanding matter was the rental and in view of the settlement reached on other matters referred above I relying on the settlement reached and the representation of the Plaintiff that he would impl ement the terms of settlement finally agreed to pay the Plaintiff the sum of $7,000.00 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 [Seven Thousand Dollars]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 as rental up to date.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 I would not have agreed to the reassessment of rental as agreed if the Plaintiff and me had not come to agreement of all the other issues referred to above and the necessary terms and conditions were filed in the Agricultural Tribunal.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He said he would never have agreed to abandon his claim for compensation of $150,000.00 for the 3 houses, or agreed to the reassessment of rental if he and the Plaintiff had not reached the agreement mentioned above.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He said this was a case to be \'93determined by proper evidence\'94 and asked the court to stay proceedings until the hearing of another action in which the Defendant as Plaintiff was suing the present Plaintiff based on the oral agreement made prior to the 27th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He did not expand on what he meant by proper evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Both sides had tendered with their affidavits}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 a number of documents as exhibits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In his second affidavit the Plaintiff exhibited the consent order made by the Agricultural Tribunal on the 27th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 when the Defendant was represented by Dr. M.S. Sahu Khan, his present counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The order for payment was said to be for \'93 rent arrears\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He also exhibited a bankruptcy notice against himself issued on the same day as the settlement and the consent order, issued by the Defendant\rquote s solicitors Messrs Sahu Khan & Sahu Khan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He exhibited his defence to the Defendant\rquote s other action and said he did not discuss matters with the Defendant until the 6th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 when the Defendant had agreed to pay rent arrears of $7,000.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 However he also said he had only come back from Australia on the 23rd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000, and he exhibited his passport entry stamp confirming such visit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He said he did not meet the Defendant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 until the 27th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 when he did so at the Tribunal, and that settlement occurred at the Tribunal offices.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The date given in the defence for such negotiations, namely the 6th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April 2000 may, therefore be incorrect if the Plaintiff was not in the country by then.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Certainly neither side has exhibited copies of letters showing negotiations in progress before the 27th April 2000.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The 6th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 April date may have to be amended in the pleadings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff denied that there had been any agreement or any question of the Plaintiff holding 1 of the 10 acres in trust for the Defendant or any question of the Defendant paying $25,000.00 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 for such acre. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 It is necessary to consider whether the Defendant has raised issues underpinned by credible evidence which require further investigation by this court so that this summons must needs be dismissed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4592423 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4592423 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Agreement to Subdivide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff denies there was any such agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He says the Defendant, if he had a claim concerning the 3 houses should have brought his claim to the Tribunal and sought compensation under Section 40 of ALTA.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 I shall return to the question of compensation further on. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Plaintiff says any agreement to subdivide (which is denied) would not be enforceable unless it had the prior approval of the Director of Town and Country Planning }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 [Section 4 Subdivision of Land Act Cap. 140]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant has not argued that the proviso to Section 4 is applicable here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Such approval application ha s to go to the Local Authority besides the Director, and various factors have to be taken into account, such as drains, roads, land usage, convenience of the neighbourhood, and whether the subdivision will prove offensive or noxious to the health or ameni ties of the people in the area.\tab \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 No approach had been made by the Plaintiff to obtain the Director\rquote s approval to subdivide, nor is there evidence of any such approach on the part of the Defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Assuming the Defendant is right in saying there was an agreement, what did the parties contemplate should happen in the event that the Director refuses to allow the subdivision?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The oral agreement as related by the Defendant does not provide for such an outcome.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 All of the cases dealing with prior consent or appro val indicate clearly that there are to be no dealings in, or active steps taken with, the land prior to the consent or approval being given: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Northern Hotels v Gordon C Oliver}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 } {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 [1980] 26 Fiji L.R. 93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 ; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Ramdin v Pyara Singh [1977] 23 Fiji L.R. 128.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If there w ere, the officials concerned with processing the consent or approval application would be incommoded by the Defendant going into possession of the proposed subdivided part whilst the suitability of the subdivision was under consideration.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 After the expiry of the tenancy the Defendant was holding over in respect of all of the 10 acres.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He cannot resist a summary order for ejectment from 9 of the 10 acres on any of his arguments.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 As to the remaining 1 acre, his possession and occupation of that acre, which is yet to be subdivided, is premature.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If there were an agreement to subdivide and the Defendant retained}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 possession at the expiry of the lease, these facts together, prior to the approval, would make}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 the agreement unlawful and unenforceable: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Kuppan v Unni [1946-56] 4 Fiji L.R. 188 at p 193}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Once the dealing has become void and a nullity, it cannot be revived: }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Jai Kissun Singh v Sumintra [1970] 16 Fiji L.R. 165.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If the Defendant had vacated the land, made agreement with the Plaintiff subject to the approval, and awaited the Director\rquote s approval, the agreement would not have been unlawful: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Kumar Gurdial Singh v Mehar Singh & Another [1980] 26 Fiji L.R. 77}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 where it was also held that a lessee retaining possession in such circumstances must vacate.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The mere execution of an agreement said to be subject to the Director\rquote s approval is not in}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 itself a prohibited dealing in land under the Subdivision of Lands Act: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Harnam Singh & Another v Bawa Singh [1958-59] 6 Fiji L.R. 31.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 At any rate the burden of proof that the appro val of the Director of Town and Country Plannning was obtained rests on the person who asserts he has a right to occupy the subdivided land concerned: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Angamuttu & Others v Jai Narayan [1960-61] 7 Fiji L.R. 36 at p 38}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 which concerned the consent of the Board to the occupation of Native Land.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Phalad v Sukh Raj [1978] 24 Fiji L.R. 170 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Henry J.A., in holding an agreement to be null and void, said at p 176: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93 For the argument of counsel to succeed it would be necessary to read into (the) Section words which would permit a conditional alienation or dealing with the land}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1453893 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 conditional upon the consent being later given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 This would render the words in (the) Section \lquote without the consent of (the Director of Lands) first had and obtained\rquote mere surplusage of no effect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Further the transaction would not be null and void but only so if the consent were not subsequently obtained. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The words \lquote alienate\rquote and \lquote deal with\rquote as elaborated in (the) Section are absolute and do not permit conditional acts in contravention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If before consent, acts are done, pending the granting of consent, which come within the prohibited transactions, then the Section has been breached and later consent cannot make lawful that which was earlier unlawful and null and void.\'94}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 His Lordship concluded: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93 The making of the agreement conditional upon consent being granted does not assist .... because (the) Section does not permit the conditional doing of the acts prohibited by (the) Section.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The time factor is plain and mandatory.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The judge was interpreting }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 12}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Native Lands Trust Act Cap. 134.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Fatiaki J. (now C.J.) adopted this reasoning in making a similar finding in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Waiqele Sawmills Ltd v CMLA}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (unreported) Labasa High Court Civil Action No. 0042 of 1999; 20th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 May 200 2, when interpreting }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 State Lands Act Cap. 132}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par Though in Fiji an executory contract for subdivision prior to any actual subdividing may not be caught by the prohibition in Section 4 of the Subdivision of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Lands Act, see observations of the Court of Appeal in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Ram Devi v Satya Nand Sharma & Another [1985] 31 Fiji L.R. 130 at p 134}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 , the Defendant\rquote s retention of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1453893 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 possession of the 1 acre may have amounted to a prohibited step in the subdividing prior to the Director\rquote s approval (at p 134 H).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If that were the case it would prevent, by reason of the unlawful dealing, any relief being granted by the court to the Defendant: }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Devi Dayal v Jagdish Kumar }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (unreported) Fiji Court of Appeal No. 38 of 1980.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If prior subdivision without approval is unlawful, the creation of a trust in favour of the subdividee is no more lawful either.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Both arrangements appear to undermine the Director\rquote s ability to decline the application effectively, which is at the root of the reasoning for the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 prohibition in the way the c ourts have consistently found. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4592423 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4592423 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Claim for Compensation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant has stressed he would never have abandoned his claim for compensation for the 3 houses unless all of the other issues had been agreed in the settlement agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 What claim did he have?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 He and his father before him had an ALTA lease.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Under }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 9 (1) (f) (ii)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 ALTA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 , already referred to, compensation in lieu of lost crops could be recoverable in certain circumstances.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 However, such compensation is conditional upon all of the rent being paid, and is available only at the option of the landlord.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 But application can also be made to the Agricultural Tribunal for exercise of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 its powers in }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Sections 18 (3)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 and }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 22 (1) (b)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 of the Act to order compensation for improvements in certain circumstances. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Compensation for improvements is covered in }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Section 40}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Improvements are those specified in the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Schedule}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 to the Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Part I of the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Schedule}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 commences: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Improvements to which }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 prior consent in writing of the landlord is required: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (1) \tab Erection, alteration or enlargement of buildings }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 required for the efficient operation of the holding}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (underlining added) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Whether the erection of 3 houses for a small 10 acre farm fits that requirement is questionable, particularly if the valuation for such buildings amounts to $150,000.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The proviso to Section 40 states: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93Provided that the tenant shall not be entitled to obtain compensation unless the consent}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 or notice required to be obtained or given as specified in the Schedule has been so obtained or given and unless the tenant has, where requested by the landlord, served upon the landlord, within one month of the completion of the improvement, notice informing him of such completion.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 More would be required to register the landlord\rquote s proper consent to such improvements}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 than merely asking him to sign a copy of the tenant\rquote s house plans.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 These difficulties may explain why no application was made to the Tribunal by the Defendant to claim compensation at the end of the lease. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4592423 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4592423 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Promissory Estoppel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In speaking of the doctrine of equitable or promissory estoppel, in }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Public Trustee of Fiji v Krishna Nair}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (unreported)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Civil Appeal No. ABU0010 of 1996S; 21 April 1997, the Court of Appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 held at p 7: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 :.... it is well established in the law of Fiji and, indeed, a wider scope of the doctrine as formulated in Australia and New Zealand in the last decade and a half has been accepted and applied by this Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (See for example, }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Attorney General and Fiji Trade and Investment Board v Pacoil}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 ; Civil Appeal No. 14 of 1996).\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Promissory Estoppel is the nomenclature preferred by some jurists derived from the old equitable estoppel; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Trees House Ltd [1947] K.B. 130;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 see too comments of Professor Sir Roy Goode in }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Commercial Law}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 at p 111 and note 137.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 High Trees}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 case recognised a wider principle than that existing under the common law with its doctrine of nudum pactum for promises not made under seal, and the court was prepared to hold as binding, promises not to assert a rig ht if the other party had been thereby led to act in reliance on it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 However the rule would not ground a cause of action and could only be used as a shield and not a sword. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 It seems that even if the existence of an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 agreement were accepted here,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 no contract came into being.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The parties had merely reached an agreement to establish a contractual relationship: }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Krishna Nair }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (supra at p 7).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 But the confinement of the doctrine to cases where there was a pre-existing contractual relationship has now been removed: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1987-8) 164 CLR 387.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Waltons Stores}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 was cited in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Krishna Nair}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 with approval, the position being stated in the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Waltons Stores}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 case by Mason CJ and Wilson J at p 406 to be: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11736369 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93..... the doctrine extends to the enforcem ent of voluntary promises on the footing that a voluntary departure from the basic assumptions underlying the transaction between the parties must be unconscionable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 As failure to fulfil a promise does not of itself amount to unconscionable conduct, mere r eliance on an executory promise to do something, resulting in the promisee changing his position or suffering detriment, does not bring promissory estoppel into play.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Something more would be required.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Humphreys Estate (1987) 1 AC 114}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 , suggests this may be found, if at all, in the creation or encouragement by the party estopped in the other party of an assumption that a contract will come into existence or a promise will be performed and that the other party relied on that assumption to his detriment to the knowledge of the first party.\'94}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Brennan J. went on to lay down the necessary ingredients for proof for the establishment of an equitable estoppel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 It was held that it was the unconscionable}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 conduct of the Defendant that attracted the jurisdiction of the co urt and which also shaped the remedy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Lord Scarman in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 National Bank Plc v Morgan [1985] A.C. 686}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 described \'93unconscionable\'94 to be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 understood in the sense of referring to what one party \'93ought not , in conscience as between the parties to be allowed to do ..........\'94}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If the evidence is sufficient and credible this defence then is also available in Fiji. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4592423 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4592423 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Fraud}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant alleges that the Plaintiff fraudulently induced him to give up his claim to $150,000.00 compensation for the houses and to settle to pay the rent arrears because of the agreement reached on all of the other issues.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The onus of proof is on the Defendant for such a claim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Actual proof of fraud is required before the title of the registered proprietor will be defeated; }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Fels v Knowles 26 NZLR 608; Subarmani v Dharam Sheela [1982] 28 Fiji L.R. 82 at p 85.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Sigatoka Builders Limited v Pushpa Ram & Anor. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 (unreported) Lautoka High Court Civil Action No. HBC 182 of 2001L; 22 April 2002 I had said (at p 7): \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11736369 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93A threshold of evidence must be reache d by the Defendant before the Plaintiff can be denied his summary remedy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Wallingford v Mutual Society [1880] 5 AC 685}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 at p 697 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Lord Selbourne LC said: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93 With regard to fraud, if there be any principle which is perfectly well settled, it is that general allegations, however strong may be the words in which they are stated, are insufficient even to amount to an averment of fraud of which any Court ought to take notice.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 And here I find nothing but perfectly general and vague}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 allegations of fraud.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 No single material fact is}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1453893 }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 condescended upon, in a manner which would enable any Court to understand what it was that was alleged to be fraudulent.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The factual circumstances of the agreement were far too vague here to undermine the Plaintiff\rquote s title.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx450\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4592423 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4592423 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Whether Appropriate Case for Summary Proceedings?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Where the basic facts in a Section 169 application are not in dispute, chambers proceedings are the appropriate forum for dealing summarily with the action :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Shyam Lal v Schultz [1972] 18 Fiji L.R. 152 at p 154.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Ram Devi v Satya Nand Sharma and Another ([1985] 31 Fiji L.R. 130}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 the Court of Appeal, in reversing the judge\rquote s decision to dismiss the summons, said at p 134 B : \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93It is true that orders under that section will not be made on disputed facts or in complicated law situations - but that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 must mean }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 bona fide}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 fact disputes arising from the evidence, or legal points which could not be simply identified.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The court concluded at p 135 H: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93It is in our view a case where the observations of Gould V.P. quoted initially are of application.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 True there is now a contest as to fact - but it is obviously specious - this is a clear case.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Darshan Singh v Ram Singh [1987] 33 Fiji L.R. 63 at p 67 D}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 the Court of Appeal said: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93 In that case, though numerous documents had been produced, the basic facts were not in dispute and section 169 procedure was held to have been appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 We do not consider Gould V.P.\rquote s dictum to mean that a bare allegation of fraud would, by itself, amount to a complicated question of fact. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 There must, in our view, be some evidence in support of the allegation indicating the need for fuller investigation which would make section 169 procedure unsatisfactory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In the present case the appellant merely asserted that he had paid the money for the purchase of the property.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 This was denied by both Prasin Kuar and the respondent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 There was nothing whatsoever before the learned judge to suggest the existence of any evidence, documenta ry or oral, that might possibly assist the appellant in treating the case as falling within the scope of section 169 of the Land Transfer Act and making an order for possession in favour of the respondent.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Similarly in the case before me, though numerous documents have been produced}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 the basic facts were not in dispute - for example the Plaintiff as registered land owner, the expiry of the lease, the continued occupation of the land by the tenant, the history of previous litigation, and the landlord\rquote s refu sal to allow a grace year.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Though the existence of the agreement itself is disputed, there have been no details produced of when the agreement was reached, where it was discussed, over how many meetings, whether any notes were made of its terms, who was pr esent, and whether it was made with the fore knowledge of the parties lawyers, whether they knew of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 the negotiations, and whether the lawyers were present when the points of settlement were reached or drawn up. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant has provided no evidence of these circumstances.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Historically there was much litigation between the parties, most of the actions being before the alleged settlement but also three actions were carried on afterwards.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Very senior lawyers were engaged and used for all of these matters,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 th e same lawyers being used on each occasion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If a settlement were to be negotiated to resolve all of the outstanding issues, the parties lawyers would surely have been present or at least involved for these final negotiations and would have been able to rec ord, initially in note form, each of the items agreed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Some of the settlement items allegedly agreed were complicated and needed to be carefully handled and phrased, such as trusteeship and the agreement to subdivide.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Why would the parties not have had their lawyers present at this, perhaps the most significant moment, of their period of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 conflict?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 I note the Plaintiff was living overseas and yet there are no letters exhibited giving details of primary discussions or of negotiations by correspondence towards resolution and agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 If as the Defendant says they did eventually come to an agreement at the Tribunal why on that very same day would the Defendant issue bankruptcy proceedings against the Plaintiff and the Plaintiff in turn issue his summons for ejectment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 As the Privy Council had observed in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Ram Shankar v Parekh Holdings Ltd}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 , Privy Council Appeal No. 16 of 1975, a prima facie case (for the existence of an agricultural tenancy) has not been shown \'93by any evidence worthy of credence\'94.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Privy Council quoted from the Court of Appeal\rquote s judgment below: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \'93 ..... nor has he by the manner in which he has chosen to put forward a case which at best could only be described as shadowy and suspect, shown sufficient cause to be permitted to remain in possession......\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par The Privy Council agreed with the Court of Appeal that the defence raised was a \'93try-on\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In this case I have come to the same conclusion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The agreement referred to by the Defendant is not supported by any evidence of credence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 This is a clear case not requiring any further investigation and the Plaintiff is entitled to a summary order for possession.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 I so order. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant\rquote s claim for compensation can be pursued before the Agricultural Tribunal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 There remains the other civil action which can also be pursued by the Defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 In the result, the Plaintiff is to have an order for ejectment against the Defendant in respect of all 10 acres of the farm on CT 19444.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 The Defendant is to pay the Plaintiff\rquote s costs which I fix summarily at $500.00 exclusive of disbursements which are to be taxed if not agreed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1453893 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 A.H.C.T. GATES \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1453893 JU}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 D}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1453893 G}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 E }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 \par }\pard \ql \fi-2880\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13967502 Solicitors for the Plaintiff}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 :}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Messrs Mishra Prakash & Associates, Suva \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14886815 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Solicitors for the Defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14886815 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5268089\charrsid14886815 Messrs Sahu Khan & Sahu Khan, Ba \par }}