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ACTION NO. HBC267 OF 1998 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 BETWEEN: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221026 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 AVINASH SINGH}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 (f/n Abhay Kumar Singh)}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 a minor suing by }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid5376153 ABHAY KUMAR}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 SINGH his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 father and next friend of Lot 11 Dilkusha Road,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid221026 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Nausori, Solicitors \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Plaintiff \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 AND}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5376153 :}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 JOFILITI TURAGA, COMMISSIONER OF \par POLICE AND ATTORNEY GENERAL OF FIJI}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Defendants \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid221026 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 G.P. Shankar for the Plaintiff \par K.T. Keteca for the Defendants \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 Dates of Hearing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 : 6th, 7th August, 4th September, 24th October 2001 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 Date of Judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 : 22nd February 2002 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404\charrsid2561404 JUDGMENT}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par This is a claim for damages for false imprisonment brought by the Plaintiff who on the 21st of November 1997 was a student aged 17 at the Fiji Institute of Technology. \par \par On that day from 1.15 p.m. to 4.00 p.m. he sat for an examination in Applied Computing Principles fixed to begin at 1.15 p.m. and finish at 4.00 p.m. at the Fiji Institute of Technology.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff left the examination room at about 3.30 p.m. and went with some fellow students and friends to buy some soft drink at a shop near the Samabula Police Station.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff was not able to buy any soft drink because he said two Policemen in plain clothes walked up to h im as he was crossing the road, and showed him their identification cards.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 They told him that they wished to take him to the Samabula Police Station to question him. \par \par I find as a fact that the two Policemen approached the Plaintiff at 3.50 p.m. and entered the Police Station with him at about 3.55 p.m. \par \par As will appear later in my summary of the evidence the Police Officers told the Plaintiff that they wanted to question him about the possibility of his having any prior knowledge of the examination paper for which he had just sat.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 According to the Plaintiff one of the Police Constables, Constable Arvin Singh said: \'93 Do you know whether the exam paper you have just finished was leaked?\'94 \par \par The Plaintiff replied, \'93I have never heard anything about it nor do I know anything about it\'94. \par \par This was the Plaintiff\rquote s version of his initial conversation with the Police in the Samabula Police Station and I accept it as true. \par \par The Plaintiff was detained at the Police Station until 6.10 p.m. when his father, a former Police Officer arrived and took him home. \par \par In his Statement of Claim the Plaintiff states that on the 21st of November 1997 he was under arrest and confined at the Police Station for three hours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He was unlawfully detained and prevented from leaving the Police Station and was unlawfully interrogated for three hours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He claims that by reason of these facts he failed his final examination for the Diploma in Applied Computers and s uffered injury to his liberty, feelings, loss of social status, illness and discomfort and loss of reputation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He claims the following Special Damages: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Fee for Fiji Institute of Technology - $485.00 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Bus fares for 18 weeks - $270.00. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Meal expenses - $450.00. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par A total of $1,205.00. \par \par He also claims that the conduct of the Police towards him was arbitrary, oppressive and unconstitutional for which he also claims exemplary damages and costs of these proceedings. \par \par The Defendants deny liability. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6044338 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par The Plaintiff called only two witnesses, himself and his father.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I have already mentioned briefly the circumstances in which the Plaintiff was taken to the Police Station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff and the two Police Officers concerned gave different versions of the events immediately on arrival at the Police Station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 According to the Plaintiff a Constable Singh said to the Plaintiff \'93You will have to come with me to the Police Station\'94, to which the Plaintiff said, \'93I do not want to go\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Constable Singh then allegedly said, \'93If you do not go we will drag you there\'94.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff then says that Constable Singh took his bag and the other officer held his hand and said, \'93If you do not walk with me we will put you behind bars\'94.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff said he felt scared and that he did not walk with the Policemen of his own free choice.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff said that the Police never told him then why they were taking him to the station.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He said his right hand was held right up to his shoulder.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 On arrival at the Police Station the Policemen took him into a small room upstairs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Constable Singh then opened the Plaintiff\rquote s bag and began to search it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He did not tell the Plaintiff why.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He took everything out o f the bag and then asked the Plaintiff about the exam paper which he had in his bag.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff told him this was the paper he had just finished that day.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff said, and I accept, that nobody including the Principal of the Fiji Institute of Technology had asked him whether anyone had leaked the examination paper to him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff denied any knowledge of anyone leaking the paper to him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff then said that the other Policeman then went downstairs to get interview paper and said to the Plaintiff, \'93Now we are going to start interviewing you.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff said that he was not told before the interview began that he had the right to see a lawyer of his choice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 This was not denied by the defence. \par \par A record of the interview was tendered in evidence by the Plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 So far as relevant Question 3 reads thus: \par \par Detective Constable Singh: \'93I would like to ask you some questions in relation to the leakage of the Fiji Institute of Technology Examination paper - Computer Principles.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I have got reasons to believe that you are somehow involved in this.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He then gave the usual caution to the Plaintiff. \par \par There was a break for some ten minutes when the interview resumed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Questions 12 and 13 and their answers read thus: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid6044338 Q.12:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \tab What would you have to say about the allegation that I have earlier put to you? \par A.:\tab I am not involved and do not know anything about this. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid6044338 Q.13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 :\tab We have got information to suggest that you and one another student was involved in the leakage of the examination paper that was scheduled this afternoon at 1.15 p.m. \par A.:\tab I do not know anything about the leakage. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The interview concluded with Question 21 which reads: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid6044338 Q.21:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \tab Have you made this record of interview at your own free will? \par A.:\tab \'93No\'94. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par At about 4.30 p.m. the Plaintiff was given permission to telephone his father to say he would be late coming home because he was being interviewed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff said that just before this he told the Police he wanted to go home but they would not let him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I accept this evidence and the Plaintiff\rquote s statements that he was never free to leave the Police Station until later after his father arrived. \par \par The Plaintiff said that he felt embarrassed and afraid.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 This was the first time he had ever been questioned in a Police Station.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 People asked him why he had been taken to the Police Station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Fellow students also asked him this.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He said that he felt so bad that he stopped his courses which would have finished in 1999, went overseas to do correspondence courses in America and Australia and did not return to Fiji until two weeks before the trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par \par He said that as a result of his experience in the Police Station he could not concentrate on his studies and as a result failed all his examinations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 For reasons which I shall give in a moment I do not accept this evidence. \par \par The Defendants called Mr. Joeli Nabuka, the Academic Services Manager of the Fiji Institute of Technology who said that, contrary to the Plaintiff\rquote s evidence that he had failed the Computer Principles paper by only one mark , in fact he had faile d by 31 marks.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Plaintiff sat for three other examinations in 1998 and in these his marks were respectively 13 out of 50, 9 out of 50 and 6 out of 50.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Mr. Nabuka\rquote s evidence which I accept was that the Plaintiff was a poor student.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I therefore find that the Plaintiff\rquote s poor examination results were not due to his experience at the Police Station on the 27th of November. \par \par The Defendants also called Detective Constable Ram Naidu who accompanied Constable Singh on the day in question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He denied that the Plaintiff had been ill-treated by the Police either on the way to the Police Station or in the Station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Significantly also in my judgment Constable Naidu said, \'93I had no reason to believe that a complaint had been received\'94 but he then continued, \'93based on my instructions which I believed to be true I carried them out\'94. \par \par The last witness called by the defence was Tui Kasivi Mateiwai an Assistant Superintendent of Police who was appointed to investigate a complaint by the Plaintiff about his ill-treatment at the Police Station.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He said that Constable Singh had resigned from the Police Force and was now in Australia and the officer who authorised the Plaintiff\rquote s arrest, the First Defendant Jofiliti Turaga had migrated to America.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He said that at the end of his investigation he held that}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 the actions of the Police were justified in the sense that Jofiliti had received a complaint and it was the duty of the Police to investigate the complaint.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 He agreed in cross-examination that no entry had been made in the Record Book at the Police Station and that there was no excuse for this. \par \par I cannot accept the conclusion of Assistant Superintendent Mateiwai.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Although I find contrary to the Plaintiff\rquote s allegations that he was not threatened that he would be put behind bars unless he co-operated, nevertheless I am satisfied that the Plaintiff was wrongfully detained at the Samabula Police Station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 In my judgment the Defendants committed clear breaches of Sections 23(1)(e), 26(1) and Section 27(1)(c) of the Constitution. \par \par Section 23(1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6127091\charrsid2561404 ) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 e) says that a person must not be deprived of personal liberty except if he is reasonably suspected of having committed an offence. \par \par Section 26(1) says that every person has the right of freedom from unreasonable search of his or her person or property and against unreasonable seizure of his or her property. \par \par Section 27(1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6127091\charrsid2561404 ) (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 c) says that every person who is arrested or detained has the r ight to consult with a legal practitioner of his or her choice in private in the place where he or she is detained, and to be informed of that right promptly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par \par It appears from the Statement of Defence that in arresting the Plaintiff the Police regarded themselves as acting under Section 6 of the Examinations Act Cap. 262 A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 That section reads: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \'93 No person who, other than in the normal course of any examination, has acquired prior knowledge of any question set therein, shall present himself as a candidate at that examination.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par Section 2 of the Act defines \'93examination\'94 as any examination conducted supervised, arranged or invigilated by any of the authorities listed in the Schedule.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Those authorities are the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, University of the South Pacific, Pacific Theological College and the Public Service Commission.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 It will be noted that there is no mention of the Fiji Institute of Technology which has its own powers of conducting examinations. \par \par Section 1 7(c) of the Fiji Institute of Technology Decree 1992 states that the Director of the Institute shall be responsible for the discipline of the Fiji Institute of Technology, and may suspend from attendance any student and report his action to the Council at its next meeting. \par \par The Examinations Act has never been amended so as to include examinations conducted by the Fiji Institute of Technology so that it is obvious that even if the Plaintiff had obtained prior knowledge of the examination paper, which I find he did not, this would not have constituted any offence at present known to the law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 If the Police had bothered to look at the Examinations Act before arresting the Plaintiff they would have realised that he had committed no chargeable offence under the Examinations Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 It follows that he was wrongfully arrested and it also follows that he was falsely imprisoned for I find to be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 a period of 2 hours 40 minutes on the 27th of November 1997. \par \par Paragraph 15 of the Statement of Defence says that the Plaintiff was arrested on reasonable suspicion that he had committed the offence of entering an examination with prior knowledge of the examination contrary to Section 6 of the Examinations Act, 1978. \par \par I find that allegation not proved and that consequently the Defendants are liable to the Plaintiff in damages for false imprisonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 It is abundantly clear, even disregarding Section 6, that the Defendants had no reasonable suspicion at all that the Plaintiff had committed an offence. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6127091 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The Law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par The law on the subject of false imprisonment is now well settled.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 One of the best statements of it is to be found in }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Dumbell v. Roberts and Others}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 (1944) 1 ALL E.R.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 where in separate judgments Scott LJ and Goddard LJ and Luxmoore LJ stated the relevant principles.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 At page 329 Scott LJ said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \'93 The power possessed by constables to arrest without warrant, whether at common law for suspicion of felony, or under statutes for suspicion of various misdemeanours, provided always they have reasonable grounds for the ir suspicion, is a valuable protection to the community; but the power may easily be abused and become a danger to the community instead of a protection.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 The protection of the public is safeguarded by the requirement, alike of the common law and, so far as I know, of all statutes, that the constable shall before arresting satisfy himself that there do in fact exist reasonable grounds for suspicion of guilt.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 That requirement is very limited.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par Later he said: \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \'93The British principle of personal freedom, that every man should be presumed innocent until he is proved guilty, applies also to the police function of arrest in a very modified degree, it is true, but at least to the extent of requiring them to be observant receptive and open-mined and to notice any r elevant circumstance which points either way, either to innocence or to guilt.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par The principles there enunciated are now enshrined in the 1997 Constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 For reasons best known to themselves or perhaps through ignorance which is no excuse, the arresting officers in this case including their superior the First Defendant ignored those principles. \par \par Lest it be said that the 1997 Constitution did not come into force until the 27th of July 1998, I hasten to add that identical provisions are to be found in the 1990 Constitution. \par \par It is disturbing to note that in three cases in the last two years this Court has found Police Officers guilty of false imprisonment and of breaches of the provisions of the Constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I refer to HBA No. 0033 of 1999 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Epeli Seniloli and Another v. Semi Voliti}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 , unreported judgment of Shameem J. of 22nd February of 2000, my own judgment in HBC No. 471 of 1999 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Mohammed Kasim v. Commissioner of Police and Others}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 , unreported judgment of 3rd December 2001 and this judgment. \par \par In this case I am satisfied that the Plaintiff was imprisoned and scared when he was brought without any justification to the Samabula Police Station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 In }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 Seniloli}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 , Shameem J. awarded $1,700.00 per hour aggravated damages for a boy aged 14 who had been wrongfully imprisoned at the Nadera Police Post for four hours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I accept that as reasonable and find that the Plaintiff here was wrongfully imprisoned for three hours so that I award him $5,100.00 aggravated damages under this heading.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 I also find the Defendants liable to the Plaintiff in exemplary damages which I assess at $5,000.00 making a total award of $10,100.00.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 To this will be added special damages of $1,205.00.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 There will be interest on the aggravated damages of $5,100.00 at 4% from the date on which the Writ was issue d, 18th May 1998 to the date of the judgment $765.00 and interest at 2% on the special damages from the 18th of May 1998 to the date of trial, 6th August 2001 $78.60.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 There will therefore be a total award of $12,148.60. \par \par In my judgment this action should never have gone to trial and I therefore award costs of $2,000.00 against the Defendants.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 There will be orders accordingly. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2561404 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 JOHN E. BYRNE \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2561404\charrsid2561404 JUDG}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9256211\charrsid2561404 \par }}