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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 CIVIL }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 ACTION NO. HBC 284 OF 2000 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 BETWEEN:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 JAMES MICHAEL AH KOY}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par Plaintiff \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 AND:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 KEMU QOROYA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par First Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par Second Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 NAZMEEN WHIPPY}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par Third Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 ANNETTE WARBROOKE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par Fourth Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 SOUTH PACIFIC GEOSCIENCE COMMISSION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par Fifth Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par W.W. Clarke for the Plaintiff \par R. Prasad for the First Defendant \par Ms G. Phillips for the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Defendants \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7164580 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 Dates of Hearing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 10th November 2000, 12th October 2001 \par Date of Ruling\tab :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 18th February 2002 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 R}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625\charrsid10697625 ULIN}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 G \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 By the Statement of Claim annexed to the Writ in this action which was issued on the 11 th of July 2000 the Plaintiff claims damages for defamation from the Defendants which he states were caused by them disseminating and publishing electronic mail on the Internet on the 6th of June 2000. \par \par It is alleged that the First Defendant was at all material times employed by the Second Defendant and the Third and Fourth Defendants were at all material times employed by the Fifth Defendant. \par \par It is alleged that on the 6th of June 2000 the First Defendant in the course of his employment with the Second Defendant and by the use of the Second Defendant\rquote s Internet Service Provider falsely and maliciously published defamatory material of the Plaintiff who at all material times was the Minister of Finance of Fiji and later a Member of the Opposition. \par \par It is alleged that the words published bore the natural, ordinary and inferential meaning that the Plaintiff: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Used his position as Minister for Finance to benefit himself; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Entered into illegal arrangements with \'93TRG\'94 to profit himself; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Misappropriated fu nds intended for the public; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Stole USD$100 million; and/or; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Was party to the misappropriation of USD$100 million; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 f)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Was party to and an instigator of the 19th May 2000 seizure of Parliament. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par The Statement of Claim then alleges that on the 6th of June 2000 the Third Defendant received and read through the Fifth Defendant\rquote s Internet Service Provider the words complained of above and that then on the same day in the course of her employment with the Fifth Defendant added further defamatory words of the Plaintiff calculated to damage his reputation namely: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93Come on you guys over there send this out to as many as possible.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Especially NZ now that the Ah Koys have fled to NZ to hide.\'94\tab \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 All the Defendants have denied liability although only so far the First and Second Defendants have delivered Statements of Defence. \par \par The Fifth Defendant has issued a Summons now before me for orders that Service of the Writ of Summons on the Third, Fourth and Fifth Defendants be set aside on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 the ground that the Fifth Defendant and through it the Third and Fourth Defendants enjoy diplomatic immunity from suit and legal process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 They rely on a Certificate issued under the hand of the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Kaliopate Tavola on the 21st of September 2000.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 That Certificate, omitting formal parts}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 reads as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 I, Kaliopate Tavola}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 , being the duly appointed Minister responsible for Foreign Affairs, External Trade and Sugar for the Government of the Republic of Fiji, }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 HEREBY CERTIFY}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 that:}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ls5\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2428323 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The South Pacific Applied Ge oscience Commission (SOPAC) has been recognized as an International organization since December 27, 1984, and has enjoyed diplomatic privileges and immunities conferred upon it by the Government of Fiji; and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2428323 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\ls5\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2428323 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 That by virtue of such recognition, SOPAC is entitled to privileges and immunities specified in the Second Schedule to the Act, which are inclusive of immunity from suit and legal processes or requisition, confiscation, expropriation, or any other form of interference with its property and assets, wherever located and by whomsoever held. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1381178 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Dated at Suva this 21st day of September, 2000 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12326647 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Kaliopate Tavola \par (}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Minister for Foreign \par Affairs, External Trade and Sugar}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 )\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4616234 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The Certificate was issu ed under Section 15 of the Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Act (Cap. 8) which reads as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Certificate of Minister}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par If in any proceedings any question arises whether or not any person or any organisation is or was at any time or in respect of a ny period accorded any privilege or immunity under or by virtue of this Act, a certificate issued by the Minister stating any fact relevant to that question }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 shall be conclusive evidence of that fact.\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625\charrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par \par The Second Schedule to the Act mentioned by the Minister in his Certificate reads so far as relevant:}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Second Schedule}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625\charrsid10697625 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Privileges and Immunities of International Organizations \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls6\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Immunity from suit and legal process. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls6\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The like inviolability of official premises and archives as is accorded in respect of the official premises and archives of a diplomatic mission. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls6\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Immunity in relation to its property and assets, wherever located and by whomsoever held, from search requisition confiscation, or any other form of interference.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The Third, Fourth and Fifth Defendants submit that as it is alleged in the Statement of Claim that the acts complained of were committed within the scope of their employment by the Third and Fourth Defendants the principles of vicarious liability would extend the protection conferred on SOPAC to these Defendants, so long as the acts were performed within the scope of their employment. \par \par In reply to these submissions the Plaintiff submits that this is not a case to which diplomatic immunity applies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 He says that the immunity only extends to official acts under its Charter and does not and cannot extend to acts such as that complained of, defamation, which cannot be said by any interpretation of the Fifth Defendant\rquote s Charter to be official.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The Plaintiff submits that diplomatic immunity is granted so as to ensure international comity that is, so as to foster good and friendly relations between international countries. \par \par In Action No. HBC 153 of 1998 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Govind Reddy v. Ambassador,}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The Independent State of Papua New Guinea}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 unreported judgment of 30th July 1999 Fatiaki J. considered many of the relevant authorities on diplomatic immunity.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 That case concerned a claim for building work performed by the Plaintiff a t the official residence of the Head of Mission of Papua New Guinea in Suva.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The judge referred to the principle of international law set out in paragraph 1548 of Vol. 18 of }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Halsbury\rquote s Law of England}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (4th edition) which reads: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93An independent sovereign st ate may not be sued in the ... courts against its will and without its consent.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 This immunity from the jurisdiction is derived from the rules of international law, which in this respect have become part of the law ...}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 It is accorded on the grounds that the exercise of jurisdiction would be incompatible with the dignity and independence of any superior authority enjoyed by every sovereign state.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The principle involved is not founded upon any technical rules of law, but upon broad considerations of public pol icy, international law and comity.\'94}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 He also noted the observations of Lord Parker C.J. in }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 R. v. Madan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (1961) 2 Q.B. when he said at page 7: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93Certain things are, we think clear.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 In the first place, it is not for someone who is entitled to diplomatic immunity to claim it in the courts.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 It is unnecessary to refer to the authorities, but ... certainly civil proceedings brought against somebody entitled to diplomatic immunity, are, in fact, proceedings without jurisdiction and null and void, unless and until there is a valid waiver which, as it were, would bring the proceedings to life and give jurisdiction to the court.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par Later he quoted paragraph 1575 of Vol. 18 of }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Halsbury\rquote s Law of England}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (4th edition) which reads in part: \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93The privileges and immunities of diplomatic agents ... may be waived by the sending state.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 A waiver by the head of the mission ... is deemed to be a waiver by that State.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Waiver must always be express.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 According ly, even if a person entitled to immunity has entered an appearance ... he may at a later stage prove that his government has not consented to a waiver of his immunity.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par In the present case the Fifth Defendant has not waived its claim to immunity. \par \par The judge held, and I agree that international law recognises two types of diplomatic immunity, absolute and restricted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The absolute view was stated by Lord Atkin in the }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \lquote The Christina\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (1938) 60 Lloyds Reps 147 who said at page 156: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \'93The foundation for the ap plication to set aside the writ and arrest of the ship is to be found in two propositions of international law engrafted into our domestic law which seems to me to be well established and beyond dispute.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The first}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 is that the Courts of a country will not i mplead a foreign sovereign, that is, they will not by their process make him against his will a party to legal proceedings whether the proceedings involve process against his person or seek to recover from him specific property or damages. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 The second}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 , is that they will not by their process, whether the sovereign is a party to the proceedings or not, seize or detain property which is his or of which he is in possession or control.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par By contrast the restrictive view makes a distinction between acts of a State which are done jure imperii (i.e. public or sovereign acts) and acts done by it \lquote jure gestionis\rquote (private actions).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \lquote The Phillipine Admiral\rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (1976) 1 Lloyds Reps. 234.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (Privy Council). \par \par In }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Thai-Europe Tapioca Service Ltd. v. Government of Pakistan and Others}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 (1975) 1 WLR 1485 Lord Denning M.R. at p. 1401 stated some of the important exceptions to absolute immunity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Two of these are that a foreign sovereign has no immunity in respect of debts incurred in the host country for services rendered to its propert y there nor does a foreign government have any immunity when it enters into a commercial transaction with a trader in the host country and a dispute arises which is properly within the territorial jurisdiction of the host country\rquote s courts. \par \par The }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Thai-Europe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 judgment was apparently not cited to Fatiaki J. but he mentioned other cases in England and New Zealand and Germany which considered the question of restricted immunity. \par \par In the end on the facts in }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Reddy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 the judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 applied absolute immunity although he said that his view had waxed and waned between the two types of immunity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 In the instant case I have not entertained any doubts as to the decision I should make. \par \par It will be immediately noted that this}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 case is different on its facts from }{ \ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 Reddy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 but in my judgm ent effect has to be given to the Certificate of the Minister which I am satisfied grants the Third, Fourth and Fifth Defendants full immunity from suit in this action against the Plaintiff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 I accordingly grant the orders sought in the Summons of the 4th of October 2000 and order: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls7\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 that Service of the Writ of Summons on the Third, Fourth and Fifth Defendants be set aside; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\faauto\ls7\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 that the Plaintiff pay costs of this application which I fix at $400.00. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10697625 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 JOHN E. BYRNE \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13002348 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10697625\charrsid10697625 JUDG}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid10697625 E}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460640\charrsid13002348 \par }}