{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f173\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;} {\f174\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f176\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f177\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f178\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);} {\f179\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f180\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f181\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255; \red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0; \red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\* \ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \ssemihidden footnote reference;}{\s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext16 \styrsid5075971 header;}{\s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \styrsid5075971 footer;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid80480\rsid1399140\rsid2312887\rsid2388822\rsid2773269\rsid3563230\rsid4018062\rsid4814913\rsid5075971\rsid7670144\rsid8540544 \rsid11296103\rsid13914714\rsid13924874}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6764;}{\info{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author tovosia_r}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2006\mo3\dy29\hr15\min44}{\revtim\yr2006\mo3\dy29\hr15\min44}{\version3}{\edmins0} {\nofpages9}{\nofwords3477}{\nofchars19819}{\*\company USP}{\nofcharsws23250}{\vern16391}}\margl1440\margr1440 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\notabind\wraptrsp\transmf\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\truncatefontheight\subfontbysize\sprsbsp\wpjst\lytprtmet\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot2312887 \fet0\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2312887\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\pvpara\posx0\posy0\absw9361\nowrap\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3563230 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\insrsid3563230 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par AT SUVA \par APPELLATE JURISDICTION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296103 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO: HAA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 0048 OF 2002L \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Between}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 : \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 SIKELI KORO \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Appellant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 And}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 : \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 THE STATE \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Respondent \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \fi-1440\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 Hearing: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 27}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 September 2002 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 Judgment: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 nd}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 October 2002 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 Counsel: }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Appellant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 in Person \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Mr G. Allen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 for State \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 JUDG}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 M}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 EN}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par On 27}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 February 2002, the Appellant was charged with two counts of Incest and one count of Assault O}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 ccasioning Actual Bodily Harm. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The charges read as follows: \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 FIRST COUNT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 INCEST:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Contrary to section 178(1) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Particulars of Offence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 SIKELI KORO between 1990 and 2000 at Rakiraki in the Western Division had carnal }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 knowledge of [the complainant]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 who was to his knowledge his daughter. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 SECOND COUNT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 INCEST:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Contrary to section 178(1) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Particulars of Offence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 SIKELI KORO on the 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 day of October, 2000 at Rakiraki in the Western Division had carnal knowledge of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 [the complainant]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 who was to his knowledge his daughter. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 THIRD COUNT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 ASSAULT OCCASIONING ACTUAL BODILY HARM:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Contrary to section 245 of the Penal Code, Cap. 17. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Particulars of Offence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 SIKELI KORO on the 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 day of October, 2000 at Rakiraki in the Western Division assaulted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 [the complainant]}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 thereby occasioning her actual bodily harm. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant, who is 52 years old, appeared in the Ba Magistrate\rquote s Court on the 27}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 of February and pleaded guilty on all three cou}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4018062\charrsid2773269 nts. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13924874\charrsid2773269 The facts were outlined. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The prosecutor said that the Appellant is married to Adi Quini Maram}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 a with whom he had 6 children. } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The complainant was their eldest child, and was born on 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 December 1974}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4018062\charrsid2773269 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In 1990, the Appellant started to have a sexual relationship with the complainan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4018062\charrsid2773269 t. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13924874\charrsid2773269 She was then 16 years old. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 This relationship co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 ntinued for the next 10 years. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The complainant gave birth to two children, now aged 6 yea}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 rs and 17 months respectively. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 On 19}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 October 2000, the Appellant had sexual intercourse with the complainant, and also assaulted her causing he}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4018062\charrsid2773269 r injuries. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 She reported the matter to the police on 22}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 nd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 October 2000, and on 14}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 January 2001, the Appellant made admissions to the police about his incestuous r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 elationship with his daughter. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant was arrested on the 26}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 of February and charged with the offences. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant admitted the facts, but said he was not sure if the children of h}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4018062\charrsid2773269 is daughter were his children. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The learned Magistrate said that the offences were proved without evidence of parentage of the children and convicted the Appellant as charged. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 t had no previous convictions. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In mitigation he said he had asked his wife and his daughter for forgiveness and said that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 his daughter was now married. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 He said he was looking after her two children, and that he was an unemployed villager who planted }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 dalo}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 cassava}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 to meet the educat}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 ion expenses for the children. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4018062\charrsid2773269 He asked for forgiveness. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 His wife confirmed that she had forgiven him. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The learned Magistrate said that the 10 year period covered numerous occasions of incest and should not hav}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 e been put into one count. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However he imposed the harshest sentence he could within his jurisdiction and sentenced the Appellant to 5 years imprisonment each on Counts 1 and 2, to be served consecutively, and 2 months imprisonment on Count 3 to be served }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075971\charrsid2773269 concurrently with Count 1. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The total length of the sentence to be served is 10 years imprisonment. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid80480 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant now appeals against the sentence saying that the complainant had been a \'93willing partner\'94 , that the charge was defective, that his plea was not unequivocal, and that the sen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid80480\charrsid2773269 tence was harsh and excessive. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 He said that no discount had been given for his guilty plea, and previous good record. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid80480 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 I deal with each of these grounds in turn. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid80480 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid80480\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid80480 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Consent of Complainant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid80480 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Although, an appeal against conviction is not normally permit ted after a guilty plea, it may be entertained if the Appellant claims the plea was a nullity, or the offence was not known in law, or where the proceedings were otherwise invalid. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5075971 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In this appeal, the Appellant submits that the offence was not disclosed by the facts, because the complainant con}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid80480\charrsid2773269 sented to his incestuous acts. He is mistaken. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Section 178(1) and (2) of the Penal Code provide as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93(1) Any male person who has carnal knowledge of a female person, who is to his knowledge his granddaughter , daughter, sister or mother, is guilty of a felony, and is liable to imprisonment for seven years: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Provided that if it is alleged in the information or charge and proved that the female person is under the age of thirteen years, the offender shall be liable to imprisonment for life. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (2) }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 It is immaterial that the carnal knowledge was had with the consent of the female person}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 .\'94 (my emphasis) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par The consent of the complainan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 t is irrelevant to the charge. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 This ground of appeal fails. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The charge on Count 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par \par The Appellant submits th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 at the charges were defective. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The learned Magistrate suggested as m}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 uch in his sentencing remarks. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 At the hearing of this appeal, the Appellant }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 did not develop this argument. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However I requested State counsel to address me on the ques tion of whether Count 1 was duplicitous, because it purported to charge more than on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 e offence in a ten year period.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Counsel made comprehensive and well-researched submissions for which I am grateful. \par \par Section 120(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code provides: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93 Where more than one offence is charged in a charge or information, a description of each offence so charged shall be set out in a separate paragraph of the charge or information called a count.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par Where the prosecution is confronted with evidence of a long history of offending, it has, traditionally, be}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 en faced with several options. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 One has been to \'93pick the best\'94 and to proceed with two or three counts inst}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 ead of laying multiple counts. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Another has been the procedure under section 216 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 f the Criminal Procedure Code. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Under the provisions of that section, a court may, on convicting a person, with the consent of the defendant and the prosecutor, take other untried offences \'93of a like character\'94 into account, in se}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 ntencing. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The defendant must have consented t o this procedure in writing in accordance with the prescribed form scheduled to the Code.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Another option is to lay multiple counts over a long period of time, specifying details of particular incidents of offe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 nding. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 These options have been unhelpful where the offending has taken place over a long period of time, and where separate acts of offending are indi}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 stinguishable from each other. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 This problem is very common in cases of sexual offences, where witnesses are unable to say with any certainty, when separate offences were committed, and on how many occasions. \par \par In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 R v}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Shore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1989) 89 Cr. App. R, the defendant was charged with four counts of indecent assault against f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 our girls, over several years. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The evidence was that the defendant, a school teacher had committed indecent acts on girls during P.E. lessons, on school}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 trips and at swimming classes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The prosecution did not tie the evidence down to particular counts, leading evidence instead of multiple offending d}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 uring the time period alleged. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Court of Appea l held, on appeal against convictions, that this was unobjectionable because the prosecution witnesses could not identify particular incidents with any certainty, and because the defendant was not prejudiced. \par \par However in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 R -v- Rackman}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1997) Crim. L.R. 592 , convictions for sexual assaults on children over a long period of time were quashed on the ground that the trial judge should have allowed an application for better identification of specific incidents to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 which the counts related. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Court of Appeal hel d that an indictment should be drawn with as much particularity as possible because failure to do so creates possible ambiguity in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13914714\charrsid2773269 both conviction and sentence. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Archbold (1999 ed para 1.132) states as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93Where a child speaks of a number of incident s with no distinguishing features, a convenient course, in order to establish the systematic conduct of the accused is to have a number of counts, each, apart from the first, alleging \'93on an occasion other than that alle}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ged in [the previous counts]\'94. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The o verriding principle is that the number of counts in the indictment should fairly reflect the alleged criminality ... otherwise }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 sentencing problems may arise. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 It should not be too difficult in most cases to settle an indictment which steers a safe course between prejudicial uncertainty and overloading.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par The New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 R -v- Accused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1993) 1 NZLR 385 approved the \'93rep}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 resentative charge\'94 procedure. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In that case, the Crown charged the defendant with 11 counts of sexual offences against thr}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ee women. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The offences were alleged to have been committed when the women were children, and the indictment did}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 not specify particular dates. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The trial judge held that the charges lacked sufficient particularity, directed not guilty verdicts and reserved the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 case for the Court of Appeal. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 It was held by the Court of Appeal, that there was an established practice of using specimen counts in New Zealand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 . }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 That practice was followed where witnesses could not say more than that the conduct alleged occurred a number of times over a long period of time.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However, each count must be as specific as is reasonably possible in the circumstances.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Referring to a list of cases of child sexual abuse, referred to the New Zealand Court of Appeal all of which had adopted the specimen charge practice, the Court said (per Cooke P) at p.390: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93The evil of this kind of offending appears to be virtually world wide.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 While the Courts cannot solve the social problem, a response to it in the Courts invoking a technical legal doctrine of so me obscurity seems unsatisfying.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 S -v- R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1989) 168 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 CLR 266 took a different view. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In that case, a father was charged with 3 counts of unlawful carnal knowled}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ge of his daughter. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Each count specified one act within a 12 month period.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The complainant said that her father had committed sexual acts with her from the age of 9 or 10, and had sexual intercourse with her continuou}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 sly, from the age of 14 to 17. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The High Court held (per Brennan, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ) that, applying what the Court called the doctrine of latent ambiguity, the Crown could not lead evidence of a number of offences, any one of which constituted the offence charged, and invite the jury to convict on them. \par \par The following passage was cited, with approval by Brennan and Toohey JJ, from a decision of Dixon J in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Johnson -v- Miller}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1937) 59 CLR 467, 489: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93 ..... the question is whether the prosecutor should not be required to identify one of a number of sets of facts, each amounting to the commission of the same offence as that on which the charge is based.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In my opinion he clearly should be so required as soon as it appears that his complaint, in spite of its apparent particularity, is equally capable of referring to a number of occurrences each o f which constitutes the offence the legal nature of which is described in the complaint.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 For a defendant is entitled to be apprised not only of the legal nature of the offence with which he is charged but also of the particular act, mater or thing alleged as the foundation of the charge.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par Toohey J then explained: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93 Of course this does not mean that the prosecution must specify a particular date as the occasion on which it relies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 But it does mean that, as soon as it appears that a count in the indictment i s equally capable of referring to a number of occasions, each of which constitutes the offence the legal nature of which is described in the count, the prosecution should identify the occasion which is said to give rise to the offence charged.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par The convictions were quashed by the majority, Brennan J dissenting on the basis that although the charge was defective, he thought there had been no substantial miscarriage of justice. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Finally the Canadian Courts (as discussed by the New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 R -v- Accused}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 supra) have adopted the principle that where the offending took place over a certain period, and cannot be individually particularised, all the offending is part of one transaction, and can be alleged in one count (}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 R -v- Hulan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1970) 1 CCC 36 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 R -v- German}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1989) 51 CCC (3d) 175). \par \par Having considered these decisions from courts around the Commonwealth, it appears that there is a need to balance two possibly competing princi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ples. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 One is that the prosecution should not be prevented from prosecutin g repeat offenders simply because witnesses (understandably) cannot particularise specific incidents and cannot say more than that the offending continued over a lengthy period of ti}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 me. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The other principle is that an accused person must not be tried on the basis of charges which are ambiguous and render the preparation of a defence difficult or even impossible because of lack of particularity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The balancing of these principles must depend on the evidence led in a particular case, and the wording of particular charges.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However, as a matter of practice, it seems good sense to adopt the New Zealand procedure of specimen charges where the incidents of offending are indistinguishable from each other, and where it is open to the court to convict as long as it is s atisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused, on at least one occasion, in the period alleged, committed the act alleged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 As to whether a count in a particular case contains \'93such particulars as may be necessary for giving reasonable information as to the nature of the offence alleged\'94 as is required by section 119 of the Criminal Procedure Code, that is a question to be considered and ruled upon, on the basis of the circumstances of each case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Further, it is open to the court to require the prosecution in any case, to state which incident in particular, is referred to in the charge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 A good practice might be to refer to the count as a specimen or representative count, as is the practice in New Zealand. \par \par Returning therefore to the charge on Count 1 in this case, it is evident that the prosecution }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 was laying a \'93specimen count.\'94 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The period al}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 leged stretched over 10 years. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The facts outlined referred to a long relationship over a 10 year period during which two children were born of the complainant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Although the prosecution might have been wiser to lay several counts over a 2/3 year period each, I accept State counsel\rquote s submissions that on the facts, it was probably impossible to further }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 particularise the allegations. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 If the matter had proceeded to trial however, it is highly likely that the charge would have been amended by the prosecution to contain more sp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ecific information about dates.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 There may have been several counts stret}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ching over the 10 year period. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However, this was a case of a guilty plea.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant ad}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 mitted the multiple offending. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 As to possible prejudice to the Appellant therefore, the fact that he pleaded guilty to the two counts of incest, and agreed to the facts which disclosed multiple offending over the 10 year period, show}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 s that there was no ambiguity. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 There is no suggestion on the record that the Appellant disputed the sexual}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 acts over the 10 year period. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 On the facts of this case, and on the basis of the fact that there was a clear unequivocal guilty plea, I consider that the Appellant was not prejudiced by lack of particularity and that he was given reasonable information about the nature of the allegations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Finally, in his interview with the police, the Appellant himself was unable to recall details of specific acts of sexual intercourse over the 10 year period, with his daughter.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 This ground of appeal is unsuccessful. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The plea}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The charges were read, a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 nd explained to the Appellant. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However he was not told of his right to counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Although there was an undoubted breach of section 28(1) (d) of the Constitution, the record suggests no resulting prejudice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The learned Magistrate ensured that the Appellant was pleading guilty of his own free will and that the police did not force him to plead guilty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Further the facts were clearly outlined, and the caution interview of the Appellant tendered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 That interview discloses a clear and unequivocal confession of repeated acts of incest with his daughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 He said that the acts of sexual intercourse with her started in 1990 and that he could not remember how many times they recurred. \par \par In the circumstances I consider that the plea was unequivocal and that the Appellant was not prejudiced by the failure of the learned Magistrate to advise him of his right to counsel. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Sentence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par \par The learned Magistrate clearly disapproved of the \'93specimen\'94 Count 1, and sentenced on the basis of one incident of offending.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 He said in his sentencing remarks: \par \par \'93If this case had been properly investigated then the accused would have been condemned to jail for the rest of his life as Count 1 covers a period of 10 years when in my view it should have had many different counts.\'94 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The sentence was 5 years on Count 1 and 5 years on Count 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 It follows that he treated the offending on each count as single acts calling for the same sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In the case of \'93 specimen counts\'94, the question of sentencing can be a difficult one.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Does the sentencer sentence on the basis of multiple offending, or on the basi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 s of one incident of offending?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Clark -v- R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1996) 2 Cr. App. R(s), the English Court of Appeal said that in such a case, the sentencer must not sentence the offender on the basis that he was guilty of further offences of a similar nature unless the offender has }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 admitted those other offences. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In that case, the defendant had been charged on one count of inde}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 cent assault on a male person. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The period }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 alleged was a two year period. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The count was a specimen count because the evidence showed multiple offending during that period.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The trial judge sentenced on the basis that there had been a series of assaults over the two year period.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 On appeal the Court of Appeal said at page 356: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93 ... the appellant was not convicted of the offences making up the series, nor did he admit them or request the court to take them int}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 o consideration. Therefore, ..}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 we are driven to the conclusion that this appellant, having been convicted on a single count particularising a single act, and not having admitted any offence beyond that, can only be sentenced on the basis of that single act.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par Brennan J in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 S -v- R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (supra) a t pp.271-272 thought it unrealistic to insist on convicting and sentencing for one act only, when multiple acts during the period were indistinguishable from each other: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \'93It is in my respectful view, fanciful to suggest that the verdict could not be retur ned because some jurors were satisfied that one act of intercourse occurred, others that another act occurred and others again that a third act occu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 rred within a relevant period. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The real choice for the jury was to be satisfied that the serie}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 s of incestuous acts occurred. }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The jury could not have found that a particular act in the series occurred and another did not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 There is nothing by which the jurors might have distinguished between one act and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 another.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par This makes good sense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 If the witness can only giv e evidence of multiple acts of incest over a long period of time, why should the court accept that some acts occurred and others did not? And, for the purpose of sentencing, doesn\rquote t it follow that if the court has accepted the multiple offending, then the sentence should also reflect such offending? \par \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In any event, in this case the Appellant admitted multiple acts of incest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In principle therefore on the basis of the decision in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Clark}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (supra) the learned Magistrate could have sentenced him on the basis of such multiple offending.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However, he did not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Instead he sentenced on the basis that Count 1 referred to one act of incest, and Count 2 to another.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 His sentence on each count was identical. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par In Fiji, other similar cases have resulted in total sent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 ences of 5 years imprisonment. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Aseri Koroi -v- the State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269 HAA00}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 55}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 2002, Singh J referred to the guideline sentencing case of incest in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Attorney-General\rquote s Reference No. 1 of 1989}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (1990) Cr. App. R. 141 and said that cases of incest should be divided into three broad categories.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The first is incest with a girl over the age of 16, in respect of which sentences should range between 3 years imprisonment (where there was a degree of harm caused to the girl) and a nominal penalty where the girl was a willing partner and th e degree of corruption was low.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The second category is incest with girls between 13 to 16 years of age, where the same principles apply and where the range of sentence is between 5 years and 3 years imprisonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In cases of guilty pleas, 2 to 4 years imprisonment would be appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The third category of cases, is incest with a girl under the age of 13.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 This category covers cases of the corruption of young children whose will might be easily overborne by a parent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 A term of 6 years imprisonment might be appropriate in such cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Aseri Koroi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 (supra) his Lordship reduced a 9 year term to a 5 year concurrent term for 5 counts of incest. \par \par The rape of one\rquote s own daughter or granddaughter naturally attracts a much heavier sentence, the tariff for rape commencing at 10 years imprisonment for the rape of children. However the Appellant was not charged with rape.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 He was charged with incest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The tariff for incest with a 16 year old girl ranges from 2 years imprisonment to 4 years imprisonment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The learned Magistrate did not indicate his starting point, nor did he refer to the tariff for incest cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However, I would choose 3 years as an appropriate starting point because of the length of the relationship, and the age of the complainant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 There was no evidence of p sychological harm, but the facts disclosed that the Appellant was angry because the complainant began a relationship with another man.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The complainant\rquote s pregnancy was another aggravating factor, although the Appellant is not sure that he is the father of the children. \par \par Mitigating factors were the guilty plea, the previous good character and the willingness to support the complainant\rquote s (and possibly the Appellant\rquote s) children.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 In the circumstances, a term of 5 years imprisonment is not inappropriate for one count although it is higher than the tariff.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 However, ordering consecutive terms offend the totality principle.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 If the Appellant is sentenced to 10 years in total for 2 counts of incest, this would be contrary to the trend of sentencing in incest cases generally.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2773269\charrsid2773269 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 State counsel concedes the appeal against sentence must succeed, saying that while a 5 year term might reflect the duration of the offending on Count 1, a similar term on Count 2 is difficult to justify. I agree. \par \par In the circumstances I allo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 w the appeal against sentence. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant\rquote s sentence is varied as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Count 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 : -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 5 years imprisonment; \par Cou}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 nt 2: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 -3 years imprisonment; \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8540544\charrsid2773269 Count 3: -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 2 months imprisonment. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par All sentences are to be served concurrently with each other, and run from the date of the Appellant\rquote s conviction on 27}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 February 2002. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Result}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par \par The appeal a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2388822\charrsid2773269 gainst conviction is dismissed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The appeal against sente}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2388822\charrsid2773269 nce is allowed. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 The Appellant\rquote s total sentence is reduced to 5 years imprisonment. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 Nazhat Shameem \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 JUDGE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2773269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 \par At Suva \par 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 nd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2312887\charrsid2773269 October 2002 \par }}