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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO: HAA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid1985916 0}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 020 OF 2002
\par (Suva MC Cr. Case No. 2927/01)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 VIJAY SINGH
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Appellant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 THE STATE
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid1985916 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 Hearing: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 31st May 2002
\par Judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 5th June 2002
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Appellant in Person
\par Mr P. Bulamainaivalu for Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid1985916 JUDGMENT}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The Appellant was charged with the following offence in the Suva Magistrates Court:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14753818 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Statement of Offence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 USING OBSCENE LANGUAGE IN A PUBLIC PLACE:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  Contrary to section 7(1) of the Minor Offences Act 18.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14753818 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Particulars of Offence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 VIJAY SINGH s/o SHIU PAL SINGH, on the 18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  day of July, 2001 at Suva in the Central Division, used obscene language in a public place namely, Yatu Lau Arcade.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par On 26}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  February 2002 the Appellant pleaded guilty to the charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The facts were outlined as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
On 18/7/01 at about 7.30am at Yatu Lau, City Centre, the complainant the ex}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
wife of the accused working at Farah Garments, came to Yatu Lau Arcade talking to one Arvind.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 He got angry and swore at ex}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 wife.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par The Appellant admitted the facts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 He was a first offender, and said in mitigation:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 At time complainant was my legally wedded wife, sh
e was having an affair with Arvind.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 I took a photo of her and she swore and got angry with me.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Divorced her in August.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 I will not do anything again.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par The Court taking into account his plea of guilty, and his previous good record, and mitigation, bound him over in the sum of $200.00 on condition that he should not re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 offend in the next two years.
\par 
\par He now appeals against sentence on the grounds that the sentence was manifestly harsh and excessive, and that the magistrate failed to consider whether there were special reasons not to impose the binding over sentence.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Binding Over Powers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par 
\par Section 41 of the Penal Code provides as follows}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 (
1) A person convicted of an offence not punishable with death may, instead of or in addition to any punishment to which he is liable, be ordered to enter into his own recognizance, with or without sureties in such amount as the court thinks fit, condition
e
d that he shall keep the peace and be of good behaviour for a time to be fixed by the court, not exceeding two years, and may be ordered to be imprisoned until such recognizance, with sureties if so directed, is entered into; but so that the imprisonment 
for not entering into the recognizance shall not extend for a term longer than six months:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
Provided that no order shall be made under this section where the person convicted has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment of more than six months.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 (2) In addition to the powers conferred by sub}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
section (1), any magistrate shall have power in any trial before him, whether or not the complainant be dismissed, to bind both the complainant and defendant with or without sureties, to keep the peace and be of good beh
aviour for a period not exceeding one year and may order any person so bound, in default of compliance with the order, to be imprisoned for three months or until such earlier time as he so complies.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par The section provides for a power, similar to that of section 1(7) of the }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Justices of the Peace Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 (1968) (U.K.).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 That section}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 provides}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 that any court of record has }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 the power to bind over to be of good behaviour a person w
ho or whose case is before the court by requiring him to enter into his own recognizances or to find sureties or both and committing him to prison if he does not comply.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 That provision derives from an old power, contained in the Justices of the Peace Act 1361 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 
"}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 take of all them that they may find by indictment, or by suspicion, and put them in prison; and to take of all them that be not of good fame, where they shall 
be found sufficient surety and mainprise of their good behaviour towards the King and his people, and the other duly to punish; to the intent that the people be not by such rioters or rebels troubled or endamaged, nor the peace blemished...}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 In England, a person may be bound over to keep the peace without a conviction.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
In Fiji, a person may only be bound over without a conviction, under section 41(2) and, in the case of the binding over of a witness, may only be 
bound over after he or she has been given an opportunity to show cause why he or she should not be bound over.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
The purpose of the order is to prevent a breach of the public}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 s peace and to prevent the commission of any further offences.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
Turning therefore to the grounds of appeal, the learned Magistrate had the power to bind the Appellant over to keep the peace, under section 41(1) of the Penal Code, after convicting him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Indeed, given the nature of the mitigation in the lower court, a section 41 binding over order was admirably suited to the circumstances of the offending.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 However the record shows no evidence of a formal conviction having been recorded.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 State Counsel at the hearing of this appeal suggested that the
 learned Magistrate must have been exercising her powers to discharge conditionally under section 44 of the Penal Code, in which case she erred in ordering a discharge for more than twelve months.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Section 44 provides:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
(1) Where a court by or before which a person is found guilty, of an offence not being an offence for which a fixed sentence is prescribed by law, is of opinion having regard to the circumstances including the nature of th
e offence and the character of the offender, that it is inexpedient to inflict punishment and that a probation order under the Probation of Offenders Act is not appropriate, the court may, with or without proceeding to conviction, make an order dischargin
g
 him absolutely, or if the court thinks fit, discharging him subject to the condition that he commits no offence during such period, not exceeding twelve months from the date of the order, and subject to such other conditions, if any, including the paymen
t of costs ..... }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
It is apparent that the learned Magistrate was not purporting to invoke her powers to conditionally discharge the Appellant, not only because of the length of the binding over order, but also because she did not use the words }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 conditional discharge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The question is whether she could have imposed the binding over order, without recording a conviction.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The meaning of the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
conviction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  differs according to statutory context.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 S (an Infant) }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  Manchester City Recorder}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  (1971) AC 481, the House of Lords considered the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 conviction}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  in the context of a plea of autrefois convict.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 It was held that ordinarily the word means a finding of guilt, and the final disposal of the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Lord Guest at p.504 said:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The primary meaning of the word }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 conviction}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  d
enotes the judicial determination of a case; it is a judgment which involves two matters, a finding of guilt or the acceptance of a plea of guilty followed by sentence.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 R }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  Cole}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  (1965) 2 QB 388, it was held that a plea of guilt ranks as a conviction not when it is recorded, but when sentence is passed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 That was a case in which it was held by the English Court of Appeal, that a plea of guilty to an alternative charge should stand until a trial on the remaini
ng counts is heard, and that sentence can be passed (on the alternative count) if the defendant is acquitted on the other charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
If there is a conviction, then the count in respect of which there is a plea of guilty, remains on the file and no sentence should be passed on it.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 R }{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
 Golder and Another}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  (1987) 85 Cr. App. R. 304, the defendants had pleaded guilty but had not been convicted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 In a subsequent trial the Crown applied to adduce evidence of the pleas of guilty as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 convictions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
The Court of Appeal held that a plea of guilty was a conviction because (unless the plea had been withdrawn or quashed on appeal) it was a formal finding of guilt.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par The recording of a conviction is therefore not always necessary, for a conviction to exist in law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
In the context of section 41, the powers to bind over appear to exist in two separate situations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 One is after a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 conviction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
 and the other is in a trial (irrespective of its outcome) where both defendant and witness may be bound over to keep the peace.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
The section therefore appears to apply either where the defendant needs to keep the peace on a finding of guilt, or where the defendant and the witness need to keep the peace even if there is no finding of guilt.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 A }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 conviction}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  under secti
on 41(1) of the Penal Code appears therefore to refer to a determination of guilt either after trial or after a guilty plea, and to a decision of the court to pass sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The finding of guilt together with the order under section 41(1) constitute a conviction, for the purposes of the section.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
The failure to record a conviction on the court record was therefore not a bar to the making of the binding over order.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The Appellant says that the sentence was harsh and excessive.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 I do not agree.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
Indeed in the context of a bitter divorce, and the involvement of third parties in that divorce, the binding over order was an appropriate sentence for the Appellant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The length of it, is also appropriate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 I note from the Appellant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 s submissions at the hearing of this appeal, that he is still bitter about the divorce and custody case, and that he anticipates that his wife}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6431134 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 s relative may cause further trouble.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 If that is so, then the sentence of the lower court may well result in a prevention of further offences being committed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 This ground of appeal fails.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 
\par The second ground of appeal is that the Appellant was not given an opportunity to address the court to raise special reasons, before the order was made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 Under section 41(2)(b) of the Penal Code, the court must hear from the complainant before a binding over order is made in respect of him or her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 No such duty exists in respect of an order passed in respect of the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 The common
 law requires a court to allow the defendant to make representations about the order before it is passed, and as to an appropriate amount for the condition, but section 41(1) does not provide for such representations in respect of a defendant.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 As such ther
e was no requirement on the learned Magistrate to ask the Appellant if he consented to the order, or as to the amount of $200.00, and she did not err in failing to consult him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 This ground also fails.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 For the reasons given above, this appeal is unsuccessful.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 

\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid5118134 Nazhat Shameem
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid14753818 JUDGE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916\charrsid14753818 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5118134 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1985916 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916 At Suva
\par 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14753818 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid725826\charrsid1985916  June 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1985916 
\par }}