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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Between:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR, \par INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & PRODUCTIVITY \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Appellant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 And:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 THE MERCHANT BANK OF FIJI LTD. \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 12th & 19th April 2002 \par Judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 26th April 2002 \par \par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Ms S. Shah for Appellant \par Mr T. Tuitoga for Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233\charrsid13310233 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 This is an appeal by the Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Productivity from the dismissal by the Suva Magistrates}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Court, of the following charge on the 24}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 of January 2002. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 DENYING AND/OR PREVENTING EMPLOYEES FROM JOINING A TRADE UNION}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 : Contrary to Section 59(1) of the Trade Unions Act Cap. 96. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Particulars of Offence}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 MERCHANT BANK OF FIJI LIMITED being an employer at Suva in the Central Division denied and/or prevented its employees from joining or becoming members of a trade union by making it a condition of employment. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The case was first called before the learned Magistrate on the 14}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 of December 2001.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 It was adjourned to the 16}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 of January 2002 for mention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Both parties were present and the case was adjourned to 24}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 of January 2002 for disclosure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 On the 24}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 of January 2002 the case was called but counsel for the Appellant did not appear.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The record reads as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \fi1440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 For Prosecution }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 No appearance. \par Accused }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 No appearance.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Mr Tuitoga. \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Counsel}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Application to dismiss the charge. \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 No appearance of complainant. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Section 198 of Criminal Procedure Code.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Charge dismissed.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par The grounds of appeal are as follows: \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-698\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 LISTNUM AutoList1 \\l 1}}{\fldrslt \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \tab }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The learned Magistrate erred in law in wrongly construing and applying the provisions of section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code in this case. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The learned Magistrate erred in her ruling concerning the effect of section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The learned Magistrate erred in law in failing to exercise proper and due judicial discretion to adjourn the matter, in light of the serious nature of the charge and all the circumstances of the case. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iv)\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The learned Magistrate erred in law in obstructing the Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relation and Productivity from carrying out his constitutional and lawful function. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par At the first hearing date of the appeal I asked counsel whether they were arguing that the effect of the dismissal of the charge was an acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 They both said that it was and agreed that the sanction of the DPP was required for appeals against acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The hearing of the appeal was adjourned for a week to allow such sanction to be obtained. \par \par On the second hearing date (on the 19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 of April 2002) the Appellant was represented by counsel for the Director of Public Prosecutions, who submitted that the effect of a section 198 dismissal of charge, was a discharge which was not a bar to subsequent prosecution.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 She further submitted that such a dismissal should nevertheless be ordered after the judicial exercise of discretion, because such dismissal might operate to prejudice the rights of the complainant and the prosecution.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 I n particular, a charge should not be dismissed on a mention date because the accused could in no way have been prejudiced by the absence of the complainant or the prosecutor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 She argued that the discretion had been wrongly exercised in this case and asked for the order to be quashed. \par \par Counsel for the Respondent submitted that the dismissal was an acquittal because section 198 did not specifically provide for a power to recharge unlike section 201(3) of the Code, which did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 He further argued that there can be no order for a re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 trial after such acquittal because section 28(1)(k) of the Constitution prohibits such re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 He cited Australian and English authorities to support his argument that a trial for the purpose of an }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 autrefois}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 acquit}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 plea was deemed to have been held once the accused had pleaded to the charge. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par \par This section provides as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (1)\tab If, in any case which a magistrates}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 court has jurisdiction to hear and determine, the accused person appears in obedience to the summons served upon him at the time and place appointed in the summons for the hearing of the case, or is brought before the court under arrest, then, if the complainant, having had notice of the time and place appointed for the hearin g of the charge, does not appear by himself or by his barrister and solicitor, the court shall dismiss the charge, unless for some reason it shall think it proper to adjourn the hearing of the case until some other date, upon such terms as it shall think f it, in which event it may, pending such adjourned hearing, either admit the accused to bail or remand him to prison, or take such security for his appearance as the court shall think fit. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls2\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The expression }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 barrister and solicitor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 in this section and in sections 200 and 202 shall in relation to a complaint include a public prosecutor.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par The issue of whether a section 198 dismissal leads to a discharge or an acquittal has been well}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 ventilated in the courts in Fiji.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State Counsel referred to three authorities: }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Semisi Wainiqolo and Moce}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 CA HAA00117 of 1997, }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 DPP }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Neumi Kalou}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Crim. App. No. HAA0016 of 1996, and }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Kanito Matagasau}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Crim. App. No. HAM}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 0}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 010 of 2001. \par \par In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Semisi Wainiqolo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (supra) Pain J considered an appeal against the acquittal in the Magistrates}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Court, ordered after the charges were dismissed under section 198, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 on the ground that no prosecutor was present in Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Pain J held that section 198 only applies on first call, when the accused appears }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 in obedience to the summons served upon him at time and place appointed in the summons for the hearing of the case or is brought before the court under arrest.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Thereafter, section 198 has no application, and it is section 203 that applies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 That section provides that when the mat ter is further adjourned for hearing, and the accused does not appear, the court may proceed to hearing (if the accused is not charged with a felony), and if the complainant does not appear the court may dismiss the charge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 At page 5 of his judgment, his Lordship said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 I can find no provision in the Criminal Procedure Code which enables a Magistrate to acquit an accused because the prosecutor fails to appear.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The only provisions for acquittal that I am aware of are section 210 (which provides for an acqui ttal if there is no case to answer) and section 215 (which provides for acquittal after a defended hearing).}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par The orders of acquittal were quashed and a hearing of the case ordered. \par \par The case of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Neumi Kalou}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (supra) is not quite on point, because that was an appeal against an acquittal under section 210 of the Code, ordered because the prosecution was not ready to proceed to hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 However Scott J treated a dismissal under section 198(1) as entirely different from an acquittal. \par \par In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Kanito Matagasau}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (supra) Surman J considered a dismissal of a charge under section 198.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 It is not clear from the judgment whether the appeal was against a dismissal or an acquittal, but the appeal was allowed on the ground that the Chief Magistrate had failed to exercise his judicial discretion properly.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 There is no discussion in the judgment about the effect of section 198. \par \par Of these cases, the first, }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Semisi Wainiqolo & Anr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 is the only one on point.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 In England a dismissal of a charge leads to an acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 However the relevant statutory provision is section 15 of the Magistrates Court Act 1980.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 A reading of the various sections of that Act shows that the words }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 dismiss the information}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 are used synonymously with acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 For instance section 9(2) provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The court, after hearing the evidence and the parties, shall convict the accused or dismiss the information.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt \f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The statutory provisions in Fiji are quite different, and the English authorities are therefore of limited assistance in respect of the effect of a dismissal under section 198. \par \par On a perusal of sections 198, 201, 203 and 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code, it appears that the word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 acquittal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 is used only in section 201 and section 210.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Section 201 provides a power to acquit after the charge is withdrawn by the prosecution in the course of a hearing, either before or after the prosecution case is closed and the accused is called upon to make his defence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Section 210 applies at the end of the prosecution case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 In principle although it is possible to a cquit if no evidence has been led at all, the purpose of sections 201 and 210, is to provide for a power to acquit in the course of the trial, when evidence is being led. \par \par In contrast sections 198 and 203 clearly apply before witnesses have been called.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Unlike sections 201 and 210, the word }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 acquit}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 is not used in either section.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 This makes sense.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 An acquittal before any evidence has been led, and on the first call or hearing date, would carry dire consequences for the prosecution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 This is because an acquittal, if it is not declared to be a nullity on appeal, is a bar to subsequent prosecution on the same facts. \par \par For these reasons, I am in complete agreement with Pain J}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 s finding in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Semisi Wainiqolo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 that a dismissal of a charge under section 198 of the Code cannot lead to an acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 It is therefore open to the prosecution to lay a fresh charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 As to counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 s submission that a dismissal of the charge is a bar to subsequent prosecution under section 28 of the Constitution, I see no conflict between the Cr iminal Procedure Code and the Constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Section 319(1)(b) of the Code provides that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 the High Court shall not order a new trial in any appeal against an order of acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par \par However, where the order of acquittal was in itself a nullity, any such order never existed, and the accused may stand trial on the same charge. \par \par This is certainly the case in the common law of England.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 R }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Hendon Justices and others, ex parte Director of Public Prosecutions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (1993) 1 ALL ER 411, the court considered a judicial review application by the DPP of a decision to acquit because the prosecutor had failed to appear for trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 It held that dismissing the information, and acquitting the accused was an unreasonable decision which no reasonable bench could have come to, tha t the acquittal was a nullity and that mandamus would issue requiring the justices to hear the informations according to law. \par \par Tracing the history of cases where the question of quashing acquittals had arisen, the court held (at p.49, per Mann LJ): \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 We have already stated that in our judgment the respondent justices}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 decision to dismiss the information was outwith their statutory power.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 It was thus a nullity and could not have sustained a plea of autrefois because there had not been a lawful acquittal.....}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par It was on this basis that acquittals have been quashed in Fiji on many occasions (see for instance }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Semisi Wainiqolo & Anr}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 . (supra), }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 DPP }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Neumi Kalou}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (supra), }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Saiyad Iqbal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (Cr. App. No. HAA0037 of 1998, }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 DPP }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Vikash Sharma}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 HAA0011.19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 94 and }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Robert Tweedie Macahill }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 FCA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 43/80 80/265, }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Rajesh Chandra }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 FCA AAU0056.19}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 99).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 In }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Rajesh Chandra }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (supra), the Court of Appeal upheld the quashing of an order for acquittal, made by the Magistrates}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Court after the erroneous refusal of an adjournment. \par \par Section 28(1)(k) of the Constitution provides that every person charged with an offence has the right }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 not to be tried again for an offence of which he or she has previously been convicted or acquitted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 This provision does little more than re}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 state the position in common law, of the principle of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 autrefois acquit or convict.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par \par Counsel for the Respondent submitted that the words }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 65 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 save upon the order of a superior court in the course of appeal or review proceedings relating to the conviction or acquittal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 64 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 which were omitted from the 1997 Constitution, but were included in the 1990 and 1970 Constitutions, showed a clear legislative intention to prohibit re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 trials after acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 If his reasoning is correct, section 28(1)(k) also prohibits re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 trial after conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 This is clearly not the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The Fiji Court of Appeal disposed of this argument very quickly in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 State }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Atish Jeet Ram}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Crim. App. AAU004 of 1995S. \par \par Indeed the Report of the Constitution Review Commission at paragraph 165, confined its concern in relation to autrefois acquit, to appeals against acquittal to the Court of Appeal after trial by assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 It made no mention of acquittals or dismissals of charges, or discharges in the Magistrates Courts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Although counsel a sks me to draw an analogy in relation to summary trials, a perusal of Australian and English authorities display a judicial readiness to hear appeals against acquittals from courts of summary jurisdiction (per Mason and Brennan JJ in }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Davern }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Messel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (1983}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 84) CLR 52) and in respect of cases where the legislative intention to create a right of appeal against acquittal is clear. \par \par In Fiji, there is indisputably such a legislative right in respect of appeals to the High Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 And as counsel concedes, section 201 of the Criminal Procedure Code specifically allows the prosecution to re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 charge after a discharge, even if it is entered after a trial on the merits, before the prosecution has closed its case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Counsel}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 s submission is that re}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 charging in those circumstances is justifiable and not unconstitutional because it gives the prosecution an opportunity to re}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 organise itself, and return with a fresh charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 With respect, if that is so under section 201, why is it not so under section 198?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Isn}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 t there a stronger case for a plea of autrefois acquit under section 201 where evidence has been led and half the trial over? If a discharge which is not a bar to subsequent prosecution, does not offend section 28(1)(k) of the Constitution, then a dismissal under section}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 198 of the Code, entered on first call and before a plea has been taken can hardly be seen as so offending.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The question is sure whether the accused, in respect of either discharge or acquittal has been in peril of being convicted, and whether therefore there is a breach of section 28(1)(k). \par \par Thus in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Williams }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 DPP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (1991) QBD 651 a defendant who had been issued with defective summons, and whose charge had been dismissed by the magistrate before he had pleaded to it, was held never to have been in peril of be ing convicted on the summons and the prosecution was not prevented from laying a fresh charge. \par \par In }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 R }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Pressick}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (1978) Crim. L.R. 377, a case referred to me by counsel for the Respondent, the defendant was acquitted when the prosecution was unable to offer any evidence on the hearing date.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 On fresh proceedings the judge held that the defendant was entitled to plead autrefois acquit because he had pleaded at the first hearing and the proceedings had not been declared a complete nullity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 However, the plea is not the only consideration in deciding whether the accused is in jeopardy, and, as was held in }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Jelson (Estates) Ltd. }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 v}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Harvey}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 (1984) 1 ALL ER 12, one of the factors to be considered is whether the acquittal was on the merits.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 If the first proceedings a re not declared a nullity, then the question for a court facing an autrefois acquit or convict plea is firstly whether the proceedings had reached a stage so that the accused was in peril of a conviction, and secondly whether the acquittal was as a result of a decision which could never have led to the danger of a conviction. \par \par Of course the result of my holding that the order to dismiss the charge was a nullity, and that its effect in any event was to discharge rather than to convict, is that the question of autrefois acquit is irrelevant to the appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 However, if the Magistrate had proceeded to acquit the Respondent, and applying the test for the plea of autrefois acquit, the Respondent was never in jeopardy of a conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Although counsel had entered a plea of not guilty, disclosure was still to be completed and no hearing date had been set.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The matter of the non}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 appearance of the prosecutor, could never have led to a determination of the charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 There was never any argument on the merits and there was no danger of jeopardy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Autrefois acquit could not have been available. \par \par However as I have already said there was no acquittal in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Under the Code, there could not have been, and the issue of double jeopardy is irrelevant to this appeal. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The decision to dismiss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par \par The decision to dismiss under section 198 has less dire consequences than an acquittal under section 210.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 However, a dismissal could be prejudicial to the prosecution because many offences have time limitations, and the prosecution may be prevented by a limitation period, from laying a fresh charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 As I have already held, the Magistrate had no power to dismiss the charge under section 198 because that section only applies when the accused is first brought to court.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 However, even if she had d ismissed the charge under section 203 of the Code, in my view she would have been in error because of the circumstances of this case. \par \par The discretion to dismiss a charge under either section 198 or section 203 of the Code, must be exercised judicially, after balancing the interests of both prosecution and defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 In this case I can find no evidence of such balancing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 There was no attempt to enquire as to the whereabouts of the prosecutor, no attempt to check on the readiness of the parties for trial, no question asked about the receipt of disclosure and no consideration of the nature of the charge.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Furthermore, the charge was dismissed on a mention date.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 No attempt was made to simply set a hearing date at the convenience of defence counsel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The prosecutor might then have forfeited her right to be consulted on a hearing date, but the charge would have remained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 There is no doubt at all that the decision to dismiss the charge without a proper consideration of the interests of both parties, was not made judicially.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The decision, followed by, I was told from the bar table, a refusal to accept a fresh charge, resulted in real prejudice to the prosecution and the complainant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 On this ground also the appeal against the order to dismiss the charge is allowed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 The Magistrates}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 61 \\f "WP TypographicSymbols" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f36\fs24}}}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Court must now proceed to set a hearing date and try the charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 As I have already said, because the order was a nullity, there is no question of double jeopardy. \par \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Conclusion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 \par \par This appeal against dismissal of charge is allowed on the ground that the learned Magistrate had no power to dismiss under section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code and that she failed to exercise her discretion judicially.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Her order is invalid and the matter must now proceed to trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Finally even if I had not held that he r order was invalid, a dismissal of a charge under section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code is not a bar to prosecution and a fresh charge could have been filed, and should have been accepted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 Nazhat Shameem \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 JUDGE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13310233 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 At Suva \par 26}{\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15358696\charrsid13310233 April 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13310233 \par }}