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{\nofchars52601}{\*\company Fiji Human Rights Commission}{\nofcharsws61706}{\vern24689}}\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800
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\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LAUTOKA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Criminal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Appeal No. HAA 0083 of 2001
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 (C.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 P. No. 0001 of 2001L).
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 v
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 STATE
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\par G.P. Shankar for the Appellant
\par D. Prasad for the state
\par Dr. S Shameem, Mr. Ratuvili & Ms D. Sudhakar,
\par for the Proceedings Commissioner, Fiji Human Rights
\par Commission, (Amicus Curiae)
\par 
\par Date of Hearing: 1 November 2001
\par Date of Judgment: 21 March 2002
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 JUDGMENT
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\par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Introduction
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Appellant appeared before the Ba Magistrates Court on 16 August 2001. He was}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
charged with one Count of Unnatural Offence -}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 contrary to section 175 of the }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The particulars alleged that: }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Naushad Ali s/o Mohammed Ali between January,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 2000 to the 14th day of August 2001 at Korovuto, }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 Ba in the Western Division had C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 arnal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Knowledge of Banu Farnaz Bano d/o Naushad Ali against the order of nature. He pleaded guilty. The facts were read out and also tendered in writing. The medical}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 report on the victim was tendered. The Appellant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s caution interview, in Hindi, and}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
translation were also tendered.
\par 
\par The appellant admitted the facts. The learned Magistrate convicted the appellant. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Appellant was a first offender. The appellant spoke briefly in mitigation. The learned}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Magistrate sentenced him to 5 years imprisonment. He further ordered 6 strokes of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
corporal punishment subject to confirmation by the High Court. The Officer-in-Charge}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
of the Ba Magistrates Court, via memo dated 20/08/}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 01, sent the relevant Criminal f}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ile}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 together with 2 certified copies of the record for confirmation of Corporal Punishment.
\par 
\par The matter was first called }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 before this Court on 31/08/0 }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Mr. J. Sharma, the Legal Aid}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Commission counsel at Lautoka, appeared for the accused. Mr. J. Waqaivolavola}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 appeared for the State. The Court requested the parties to consider Section 34 of the Penal}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Code. The Court sought clarification as to the purpose of confirmation by the High}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Court its powers etc. These matters subsequently became academic. In the absence of}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 submissions the Court did not fully address these issues. The Court was informed that the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 accused wished to appeal. When the matter was called on 14/09/01 the Ba Magistrates}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Court informed the High Court that an appeal had been filed. A Petition of Appeal was}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 filed in the Ba Magistrates Court on 12/09/01. Mr. K.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Qoro appeared for the accused to}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
inform that G.P. Shankar & Associates would represent the Appellant. Mr Shankar himself appeared on 28/09/01. He stated he was ready for a hearing. By consent}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 between the State counsel and Mr. Shankar the Fiji Human Rights Commission was}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 requested to intervene as amicus curiae, in rel}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 ation to the issue of Corporal P}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 unishment.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The matter 
was then adjourned for hearing on 11}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 /}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 11/01.
\par 
\par The Notice of Appeal (mistakenly headed, In the Fiji Court of Appeal at Lautoka) was}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
only filed on 29 October 2001 at the Lautoka High Court registry. The following grounds}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 were listed:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (1) That the Appellant 
be allowed to argue appeal against conviction}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 notwithstanding the provisions of }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 Section 308(1) of the Criminal }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Procedure Code and to adduce evidence [provisionally by affidavit] under}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Section 320 of the Criminal Procedure Code, because the purported plea}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 of guilty was not a real a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 nd genuine plea of guilty but w}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 as entered by}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 unlawful conduct on the pa}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 rt}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  of the Police and the whole proceedings were}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 miscarried because of unlawful co}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 nduct on the part of the Police.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (2) That the Appellant be at liberty to in the alternative to argue against the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 sentence on the grounds that the sentence is excessive, wrong in principle,}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 and in any event corporal punishment ought not to have been imposed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (3) That the Appellant be referred to examination by Psychiatrist for}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 examination and a report on him be submitted to the Court and made}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 available to all parties to this appeal.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Interestingly two (2) Affidavits were filed on behalf of the Appellant on 26/10/01 -}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 3}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 days before the Notice of Appeal, It is not clear on what basis these affidavits were filed.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The Notice of Appeal (para 1) purports to suggest the adducing of evidence}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (provisionally by affidavit) under }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Section 320 of the Criminal Procedure Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . Section}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 320 of the Criminal Procedure Code allows the High Court to take additional evidence}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 itself or direct such evidence to }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 be taken by a Magistrates Court.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  There is no provision}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
for affidavit evidence to be adduced. No objections were taken by the State. Learned}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
State Counsel stated that the Magistrates}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Court re}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 cord spea
ks for itself. There w}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 as no}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
need for further affidavits in response. No leave was sought to allow the Appellant nor}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
his mother, who deposed in the 2 affidavits filed, to give oral evidence. In view of the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 procedure adopted in }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Prem Singh v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8922882  [1994]}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 40 FLR 219 the Court perused the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 affidavit evidence filed.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8477465 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid8477465 Appeal Against Conviction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Under Section 309(1) of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Criminal Procedure Code}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 : }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13124967 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13124967 
No appeal shall be allowed in the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13124967  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13124967 
case of an accused person who has pleaded guilty and has been convicted on such plea by}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13124967  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13124967 
a Magistrates}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13124967 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13124967  Court, except as to the extent of legality of the sentence}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13124967 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13124967 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  The basis on}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 which the Appellant counsel wishes to question the plea is }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 --- because the purported plea}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
of guilty was not a real and genuine plea of guilty but was entered by unlawful conduct}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
on the part of the Police and the whole proceedings were miscarried because of unlawful}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 conduct on the part of the Police.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par It is clear from the authorities in Fiji and other common law Jurisdictions that an}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Appellate Court will not enquire into the guilty plea unless it was unequivocal. The Fiji}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Court of Appeal succinctly summarised the position in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4600387 Kuruka Bogiwalu and Ifereimi Nakauta v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (Cr}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  App No. AAU}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 0006 of 1996S):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 If it can be demonstrated that an unrepresented accused has pleaded guilty in a}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 manner that is in any way equivocal or uncertain, or that the accused entered the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 plea when he did not have a full understanding of the effect of the plea, namely}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 that he was admitting that he committed the offence with which he has been}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 charged, an appeal against conviction may be entertained despite the guilty plea.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 In that event, s 309(1) will not apply, because there has not been an effective and binding plea of guilty.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
Whether a plea of guilty is effective and binding will be a question of fact to be}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
determined by the appellate court ascertaining, from the record and from any}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
other evidence tendered, what occurred at the time the plea was entered. The}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
onus will be on the Appellant to establish the facts on which the validity of the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
plea is challenged.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Appellant Counsel also raised the issue of an examination of the Appellant by a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 psychiatrist. In submission}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  it was not clear what was the purpose of any psychiatric}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 examination of the Appellant Counsel. It was merely stated that the Affidavit material}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 was sufficient basis to raise this issue. The submissions appear to suggest that the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Appellant did not understand the proceedings, that he was not mentally fit to plead. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 mother Shah Bang, for example, deposes in her affidavit (para 4)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 :}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 That Naushad Ali right from his childhood has been very timid}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 ,}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  always behaved}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
cowardly, gets frightened very quickly and as I as his mother say that he has been}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
of very low mentality, and lacks sufficient intelligence. He spent about four years}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
in primary school but is nevertheless equal to an illiterate and fool person}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Court does not need to consider in detail the affidavit materials. Suffice it to}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
mention that the matters deposed to by the Appellant do not suggest him to be a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
completely foolish or dumb person. He signed his caution interview in English. He is a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 cane cutter which is not a job for a }
{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 fool person}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . The legal aid counsel who first}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
appeared for him and had consultations with the Appellant did not indicate that the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Appellant did not understand the proceedings he was facing before the High Court. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Appellant did indicate he wished to 
appeal and that his relatives had seen a lawyer. All in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 all the Court does not have any basis to doubt the Appellant}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s mental capacity to plead}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 and to understand the charges and proceedings he was facing. Appellant Counsel}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 submission that }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 He is poor, virtually illiterate, lo}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 w}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  mentality}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  is not borne out by any}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 evidence.
\par 
\par While the Court did not have any opportunity to hear the Appellant the Court did note}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
that he was a frail, lightly built person. As such the Court finds his allegations regarding}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
the nature of Police brutality incredible. He deposes in para 5:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2039615 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
That in the Police Station I was brutally beaten up and given inhuman treatment. I was punched on my stomach several times, on my ribs and I was made to lie down on cement floor, the police officer }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 w}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 as jumping on my stomach}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 .}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
 I suffered very severe and grave pain that I could not tolerate any more ill-treatment. Because of that I put my signature to whatever the police recorded. I had no sleep. I was made to lie down on the floor.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par In the Court}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s view if the brutality described above took place, especially the jumping on}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 his stomach, the Appellant would have been in no position to be presented to Court in a}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 physical state that the learned Magistrate would not have noticed some physical strain,}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 injury etc. It is noted that the Appellant was in Police custody for the caution interview}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 from 10:30am on 16/08/01. He was formally charged from 12.20 hour to 12.45. He was}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 presented in Court at 2:30pm. Given such a short period of Police custody and}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 production in Court the level of assault alleged would have been clearly noticed in his}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 demeano}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 u}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 r and appearance in Court.
\par 
\par The allegation is of unlawful conduct of the Police. No materials have been submitted to question the record of the Magistrates Court. In this Court}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s view the records of the Magistrates Court at Ba suggests the adoption of proper procedures by the learned Magistrate.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 After the charge was read and explained the Appellant was recorded to have stated }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Guilty}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . The record states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2039615 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 I plead guilty of my own free will.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 The police did not force me to plead guilty}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par This, from my experience, indicates the learned Magistrate clarifying from the Appellant the equivocality of his plea.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
The Appellant was in the sanctity of the Court when the plea was taken.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The learned Magistrate further sought the Accused}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 's}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  caution interview.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 This was subsequently translated and tendered.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
It was after the learned Magistrate perused the caution interview that }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 it }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 is}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 recorded that }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 facts are admitted}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 .}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The conviction is then entered.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The learned Magistrate correctly followed the guidelines provided by Justice Townsley in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Vilikesa Balecala v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  (Cr App HAA}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 0062/96).}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 There is no evidence of improper pressure on the appellant (}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Brenner}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 (1941) 28 Cr.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 App}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 R}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 .}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  41)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par In his written submission (para 2.3) Appellant Counsel raised the issue of carnal knowledge.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 He submits that }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ---there must be some penetration in the vagina.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 " }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 This is incorrect.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Carnal knowledge is defined in Section 183 of the Penal Code. Under Section 175 there is no requirement of penetration of the vagina.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The carnal knowledge is against the order of nature.
\par 
\par There is also no requirement to put an accused person whether he admits the voluntariness of the caution statement }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 or }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
if he pleads guilty.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 A guilty plea and the admission of facts assumes an accused admits the offence.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The caution interview, medical reports or government analyst report are there to assist the Court to asce
rtain whether the elements of the offence are made out and the plea is unequivocal.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 In this Court}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s view the learned Magistrate complied with the provisions on Section 206 of the }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Criminal Procedure Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 .
\par 
\par Appellant counsel in oral submissions raised the issue of legal representation.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
He stated that the Appellant was denied the opportunity for legal representation.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 In }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Suren Singh}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  f/n }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Munna La & Others v The State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (Cr App}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8477465 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  No.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 079 of 2000S) Justice Shameem had}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932  fully considered the right to c}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ounsel under Sections 27(1) and 28(1) of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid8477465 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932  As Her H}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 onour stated:}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9963932 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 Taking a purposive approach, therefore, to the right to counsel under the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 Constitution}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 , the suspect must be told of that right by the Police }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 o}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 n arrest. In many cases arrest and charge occur simultaneously under the Judges Rule}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 s}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583  so that the purpose of the provision would be satisfied if the right were explained once.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Appellant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s caution interview was before the Court. In it the Appellant was asked}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 whether he wished to consult his solicitor. He said }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 No}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . The learned Magistrate did not}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 inform the Appellant }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 of }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 the right to defend himself or to be represented by a legal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 practitioner. However, given the procedure adopted by the learned Magistrate}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 ,}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  this was}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 not fatal to the case before him.
\par 
\par This Court cannot find any basis to disturb the guilty plea entered. No evidence has been submitted to question the Appellant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s mental capacity to plead. There are no grounds to refer the appellant for psychiatric examination. In the Court}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s view the Appellant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
s plea before the Ba Magistrates Court was unequivocal. The Appeal against conviction is dismissed.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10889583 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 Appeal Against Sentence
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Appellant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s submission against sentence was rather sparse. Only oral submissions were}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 made. Appellant Counsel submitted that Appellant was a first offender, and pleaded}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 guilty. He further submitted that there was no mental torture or permanent injury to the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 victim. He submitted that the sentence be reduced and suspended. The Appellant is not a}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 menace to society. A suspended sentence hanging over his head would be sufficient}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment.
\par 
\par The Court is mindful that the Appel}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 l}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ant is a first offender. However, the victim was his 6}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 year old daughter. One cannot concur with Appellant counsel}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s submissions that there}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
was no mental torture or permanent injury to the victim. These have not been assessed}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
nor placed before the Court. The facts suggest that the unnatural offence commenced}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
sometime in January 2000. The Appellant was charged for one offence only. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 medical report indicated signs of penetration.

\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 
\par In }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 Maleli Oiladrau v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615  (Cr. App No. 48 of 2000) Justice Pathik briefly reviewed the authorities concer
ning unnatural offences against children. In that case a 35 year old man had sodomised a 6 year old boy. They both lived in a close knit village community. In that case a sentence of 5 years was upheld. In }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Mohammed Munaf v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615  (Cr App HAA0}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 0}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 01 of 1998) Ju
stice Townsley also upheld a 5 year sentence in a case of sodomy. This case involved a teacher priest betraying the trust of a young student. It is quite clear that Courts are quite sensitive to the psychological effects of such offences on young children
}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 (}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 R v Peter}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  Charl}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 es Wil}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 l}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 is}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  60 Cr.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 App}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 R}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 .}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615  146 (C.A.)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9963932 )}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 . The relationship of trust where}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 neighbours, relatives and others in close proximity to children are involved is also an}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 important factor in sentencing.
\par 
\par In the U.K. }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Attorney-General}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s Refere
nce (No. 17 of 1990) Stephen John Peter Jones}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (1991) 92 Cr.App.R.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
 288) the Court of Appeal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  set out five aspects which a sentencing}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 judge has to take into consideration in determining the correct sentence for such offences:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2039615 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13460185 "}{
\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13460185 first of all the overall gravity of the offence; secondly, the}{\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13460185  }{
\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13460185 necessity for punishment of the offender, something which is sometimes overlooked; thirdly, the necessity}{\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13460185  }{
\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13460185 to protect the public from the activities of someone is prepared to sniff solvent and then, having his sexual inclinat
ions aroused, goes and commits this type of offence; fourthly, the public concern at sexual offences on young children; and fifthly what one hopes may be the deterrent effect, the effect which a severe sentence may have upon other people who might be mind
ed to act in this way.}{\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13460185 "}{\b\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13460185 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par In }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Male}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 l}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 i Qi}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 l}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 adrau}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 Justice Pathik also considered the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). This convention was ratified by Fiji in 1993. Articles 16 and 19 of the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 convention are relevant. The Convention requires governments to take legislative and}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 other measures to protect children from physical or mental violence including sexual}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 abuse. As with all vict}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 ims of crimes the rights of children have particul}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ar poignancy.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Children are the most vu}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 l}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 nerab}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 l}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 e members of any community. It is the duty of the courts}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 to protect their interests, especially where parents are wanting. In this case the victim}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  was a young chil}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 d of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 6 years. She was the daughter of the Appellant.

\par 
\par In considering the above guidelines and the cases of }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Maleli Qiladrau}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Mohammed}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Munaf}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  this Court does not find any basis to disturb the 5 year sentence of imprisonment}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 imposed.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10889583 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 Corporal Punishment
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par As the Court has indicated earlier this matter first came before the Lautoka High Court}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 f
or the confirmation of the corporal punishment imposed. The confirmation is a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
requirement under Section 34(2) of the Penal Code. The Court queried the parties as to}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
the purpose of confirmation. Could the High Court refuse confirmation? If so on what}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 basis? In the case of }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Taj Deo v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (Cr. Appeal No. 47 of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 1998) the High Court at Suva}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
refused confirmation of corporal punishment on the grounds that Section 34(4) of the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  was not complied with. As it stated: }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
The age of the appellant was not}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 properly given although he said he was 28 years old. His birth certificate should have}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 been produced. The prosecution also does not support the corporal punishment because}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 of the appellant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s health}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
. It is not clear what was the health conditions alluded to. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 High Court could have ascertained the Appellant}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s age if it wished. It appears that neither the Court nor the Prosecution wanted to confirm the corporal punishment.
\par 
\par A perusal of the available files in the Lautoka High Court since 1976 indicates a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 summary
 procedure for the confirmation of corporal punishment. In the absence of an}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
appeal a judge usually confirmed the corporal punishment in Chambers. In certain cases}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
on appeal the issue of confirmation was not specifically addressed.
\par 
\par In this case the parties have made submissions on the validity of corporal punishment in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 view of section 25(1) of the }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9067521 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 Counsel for the Appellant submitted that:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Corporal punishment (also called whipping) was abolished in England by Criminal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Justice Act 1967}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . He further submitted that: }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Whipping or as it is called corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
punishment is out dated, and contravenes the constitution because in effect it is a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 torture}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  as well as }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 cruel}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 , }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 inhuman}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 degradin}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 g or disproportionately severe }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Appellant counsel further stated that he supported the written submissions}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 on corporal punishment made by the Human Rights Commission.
\par 
\par The }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 S}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 tate did not make any substantive submissions on the issue of corporal punishment.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Learned State counsel stated that the State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s view was in line with the case of }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Umesh}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Kumar v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (Cr App}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 eal AAU}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 0009 of 1997S), He further suggested that if corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
punishment is not confirmed, the High Court could enhance the sentence of imprisonment as it did in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Dakai v State}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (1998 FJHC 63). Appellant counsel responded that if the High Court rules that corporal punishment is unconstitutional then it should not}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 substitute it for any other sentence. It is not clear from a consideration of the case of}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Dakai}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  that Justice Pathik substitu
ted a sentence in lieu of corporal punishment. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Appellant }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Dakai}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 with a recommendation that he }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13784533 be given 5 strokes of the birc}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 h}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  The final order of Justice Pathik states: }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 I set aside the sentence and the recommenda
tion for corporal punishment and substitute it with one of five and half years (5 \'bd) imprisonment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
. It appears that the whole sentence was}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 substituted to one of 5}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  
\'bd}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  years. The High Court cannot substitute a sentence }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 greater than}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 that permitted to the Magistrates Court}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615  (see }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid32029 DPP v Gaj Raj Singh}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid32029\charrsid32029  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11621389 [1978] }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid32029 24 FLR 43}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 ; }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Eri}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Mateni v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 FCA Cr. App. AAU}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 0021/985). It is clear that Justice Pathik did not}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 specifically deal with the issue of confirmation of corporal punishment. It is also not}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 clear whether he substituted the 6 month additional sentence in lieu of corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment.
\par 
\par In }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 Umesh Kumar}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  the Fiji Court of Appeal only expressed its }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 doubt about the constitutionality of any corporal punishment having regard to Section 25(1) of Fiji}
{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 s 1997 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 
Constitution}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . It also recognised that a similar provision existed, in the 1990 }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 . }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 It w}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 as noted in that case that the S}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 tate counsel agreed that since more than 6 months had}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 already elapsed}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 ,}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  corporal punishment cannot be carried out. As such the Fiji Court of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Appeal did not have an opportunity to consider the constitutionality of corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment under Section 25(1) of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 Constitution}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 .
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par In the case of }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Tevita Bulumakau v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  (Cr App No. HAA}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 0109J of 1998 B) the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Appellant was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment and five strokes of corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
punishment. Justice Madraiwiwi dismissed the appeal and further stated that }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 
--- the court will set aside the five strokes of corporal punishment proposed by the learned Magistrate on the basis that it is both unconstitutional and contrary to this country}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 
s ... international treaty obligations under the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
. It is clear that neither the Fiji Court of Appeal nor the High Court fully}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
considered the constitutionality of corporal punishment. Given the submissions placed}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
before it this Court is bound to consider the constitutionality of corporal punishment. In}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
its submissions the Fiji Human Rights Commission has urged the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Court to consider}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 corporal punishment under the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and as administered in schools. It has argued}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
that all corporal punishment per se is against section 25(}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499 1}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ) of our }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 international human rights law. In Fiji corporal punishment, as far as this Court is aware,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 is provided for as a punishment in the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Criminal Procedure Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
. It is}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 not provided for under any Prison disciplinary procedures except under section 84 of the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Prisons Act. }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 U}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 nder section 84 corporal punishment may be imposed for certain prison}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 offences. However, the charges have to be dealt by the Magistrates Courts and provisions of section 34 of the }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  complied with. It is also provided for under}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 standing}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
administrative guidelines issued by the Ministry of Education to schools.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10889583 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 Section 25(1) of the Constitution
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Section 25(1) of our }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2039615 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
Every person has the right to freedom from torture of any kind, whether physical, mental or emotional, and from cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par In the case of }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 Sailasa Naba & Others v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  (HAC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
00012 of 2000L) this Court had}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 considered S}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 ections 25(}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 1) and 29(3) of the Constitution in relation to detainees awaiting}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 trial for murder. In that case the Court had stated:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 In interpreting these (Bill of Rights) provisions it is evident that they need to be considered within the evolving human rights juris
prudence both in Fiji and internationally. Section 3 and Chapter 4 of the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 Constitution}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 
 mandates us to promote democratic values based on freedom and equality. In our interpretation of human rights we are obl
iged by the Constitution to consider social and cultural developments, and developments in the understanding, promotion, and content of particular human rights}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10889583  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (p3).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par It is quite clear from a consideration of the case law from around the Commonwealth that}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
in interpreting the fundamental rights provision of a constitution the Courts have taken a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
purposive approach in giving full effect to those fundamental rights and freedoms}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 Minister of}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 Home Affairs}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 & Anor. V Fisher & Anor}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 Appeal from the Court of Appeal of Bermuda, [1980] AC 319). The interpretation of a constitution must reflect changes in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
society. }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 It is a living instrument which must be construed in the light of present day conditions}
{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Muhozya v The Attorney General}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 : Judgment of the High Court of Tanzania}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (DSM), Civil Case No 206 of 1993; unreported. p.3). Punishment and treatment of}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 persons by state institutions that may have been condoned in the past may be offensive}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 for the present. In relation to the particular issue before this Court the Supreme Court of}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Zimbabwe in 1989 made a pertinent observation. It had before it the issue of corporal}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment. It observed: }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 --- a penalty that was permissible at one time in our nation}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 '}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 s history is not necessarily permissibl
e today. What might not have been regarded as inhuman and degrading decades ago may be revolting to the new sensitivities which emerge as civilisation advances}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid2039615 A }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Juvenile v The State}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  [1989] LRC (const.) 774). One}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 can }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 see the living spirit of our C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 onstitution and the impact of international human rights}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 jurisprudence on our }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  in the introduction of the Bill in Fiji}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
s Parliament to}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 amend Sections 50 and 51 of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . The Bill sought to abolish the death}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
penalty for treason and substitute it with life imprisonment. The explanatory note to the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code (Amendment) Bill 2001
}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 , inter alia, states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2039615 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 --- Amnesty International opposes the death penalty in all cases because it is the ultimate cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and viola
tes the right to life. Human Rights Organisations are also supportive of the abolition of death penalty. The Second and Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of death penalty which was adopt
ed and proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in 1989 provided that no one in the jurisdiction of the State Party should be executed and the State Party should take all necessary measures to abolish death penalty within its jurisdiction}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (Bill No 6}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 of 2002).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The philosophy adopted in our Constitution and the Bill o}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 f Rights chapter are very much }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
in the tradition embedded in the case law on human rights in the Commonwealth}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
countries, the European Union and U.S.A. As the Constitution itself mandates, in the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
interpretation of a provision of the Constitution we need to take }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 --- into account the}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid10889583  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 spirit of this Constitution as a whole---}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10889583 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  It further mandates us to regard }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 --- the context in which this Constitution was drafted and to the intention that constitut
ional interpretation take into account social and cultural developments}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 .}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 More specifically}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 in relation to human rights it mandates us to regard especially }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 developments}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583  in the understanding of the content of particular human rights; and development
s in the promotion of human rights}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10889583\charrsid13784533  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 (section 3).}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  As far as the Bill of Rights (Chapter}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }
{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 4) is concerned}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 :
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 
--- }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 the courts must promote values that underline a democratic society based on freedom and equality}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583  
}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid10889583 and must, if relevant, have regard to public international law applicable to the protection of the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid10889583 
 rights set out in this Chapter}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid10889583 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
(section 43(2)).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The above specific mandates need to be situated in the wider context of the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 P}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 reamble to}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  the Constitution which,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  amongst other things, acknowledges:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Reaffirming our recognition of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 individuals and groups safeguarded by adherence to the rule of law, and our}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 respect for human dignity---}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 .}{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Further, in the Compact }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 (Chapter 2) of our Constitution:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 The people of the Fiji Islands}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13784533  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 recognise that, within the framework of this Constitution and the other laws of the State,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13784533  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 the conduct of government is based on the following principles:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 "(a)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 \tab }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The rights of all individuals, communities and groups are fully respected; \'85}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9067521 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 While the P}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 reamble and the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 Compact are non-justic}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 iable they do reflect the spirit and}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
purpose of the Constitution. As Section 7(2), on the Application of Compact, states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 In the interpretation of this Constitution}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 ,}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  or a law made under this Constitution,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 consideration must be given to those principles, when relevant}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par For the judiciary in Fiji, the Constitution sets high standards and high expectations in the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 promotion and 
progressive development of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
may be sometimes overlooked that the Bill of Rights (Chapter 4) also binds the judiciary.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid9121440 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499 Section 21 states:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 This chapter binds:}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 (a) the legislative, executive}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 and judicial branches of government at all}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 levels ---
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 (3) Laws made, and }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 administrative}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  and }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 judicial actions taken}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  after the}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 commencement of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 this Constitution are subject to the provisions of this Chapter}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 .\line }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 (emphasis added).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The Fiji Human Rights Commission submissions succinctly summarise the relevant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 international instruments that impinge on the issue of corporal punishment}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 .}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Article 5 of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which all UN members are bound states:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 or punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The above is reiterated in Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Rights. The UN Human Rights Committee was established under this covenant. This}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Committee has interpreted Article 7 as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 The prohibition in Article 7 relates not only to acts that cause physical pain but}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 
 also to acts that cause m}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 ental suffering to the victim. In the Committee}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 '}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 s view,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 moreover, }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 the prohibition must extend to corporal punishment including}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 excessive chastisement ordered as punishment for a crime or an educative or}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 disciplinary measure}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9067521 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid9067521  
}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 It is appropriate to emphasise in this regard that }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9067521 A}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 rticle 7}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
protects, in particular, children, pupils and patients in teaching and medical}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 institutions}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 The wording of Section 25(1) of our }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  is almost identical to Article 5 of the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Universal Declaration and Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Rights. As such we are}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 
 bound to interpret Section 25(}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 1) in consonance, with international human rights laws. In fact Section 43(2) of the Constitu}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 
tion makes it incumbent on the C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 ourts to do so. Section 43(2) states:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 In interpreting the provisions of this Chapter, the Courts must promote the values that underlie a democratic society based on freedom and equality and must}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  if relevant, have regard to public international law applicable to the protection of the rights set out in this Chapter}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The other provisions of the Constitution which are specifically relevant to the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
consideration of the issues before the Court are:
\par 
\par Section 2
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
(1) This Constitution is the supreme law of the State}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 (2) Any law inconsistent with this Constitution i}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 s}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  invalid to the extent of the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 inconsistency}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 ."}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Section 3:
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 In the interpretation of a provision of this Constitution:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 (a) a construction that would promote the purpose or object underlying}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 the provision, taking into account the spirit of this Constitution as a}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 whole, is to be preferred to a construction that would not promote}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 that purpose or object;}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 (b) regard must be had to the context in which this Constitution was}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 drafted and to the intention that constitutional interpretation take}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 into account social and cultural developments, especially:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 (}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 i)}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 developments in the understanding of the content of the particular human rights; and}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 (ii) }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
developments in the promotion of particular human rights}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Section 19(2)(e)
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 all written laws in force in the State (other than the laws referred to in subsection (1)}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 )}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730  continue in force as if enacted or made or pursuant to this Constitution and all other law in the State continues in operation}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Section 195(3)
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 
..Subject to section 2, w}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 ritten laws referred to in paragraph (2)(e) or (f)}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 are to be construed}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
 on and from the commencement of this}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
Constitution, with such modifications and qualifications as are}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 necessary to bring them into co}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 nformity with this Constitution}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13456730 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
\par It is quite clear from the provisions of the Constitution cited above that all laws passed}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
prior to the promulgation of the 1997 Constitution must be scrutinised for compli}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730 a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 nce}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 with the Constitution (see }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
State v Audie Pickering}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 : Misc. Action No. HAM}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730 0}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
007 of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 2001}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
S). All laws passed subsequently will also need to be tested against the provisions}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 of the }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492  since the C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 
onstitution is the supreme law.
\par 
\par While the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy is deeply rooted in t}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731 he c}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 ommon law the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 duty on the Courts in dealing with the Constitution is also very onerous. The}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 Constitution binds the legislature, executive and judicial branches of government. The}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid13456730  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 duty of the Courts is to uphold}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3759731  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13456730 the Constitution. As a past Chief Justice of the U.S.A. has}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 We are oath-bound to defend the Constitution. This obligation requires that}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 congressional enactment be judged by the standards of the Constitution. The}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 Judiciary has the duty of implementing the constitutional safeguards that protect}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 individual rights. When the Government acts to take away the fundamental right of citizenship, the safeguards of the Constitution should be examined with special}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 diligence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 The provisions of the Constitution are not time-worn adages or hollow}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 shibboleths. They are vital, living principles that authorise and limit}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 governmental powers in our Nation. They are the rules of government. When the}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 constitutionality of an Act of Congress is challenged in this Court, we must apply}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 those rules. If we do not, the words of the Constitution become little more than}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 good advice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13456730 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
When it appears that an Act of Congress conflicts with one of these provisions,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
we have no choice but to enforce the paramount commands of the Constitution.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
We are sworn to do no less. We cannot push back the limits of the Constitution}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
merely to accommodate challenged legislation. We must apply those limits as the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
Constitution prescribes them, bearing in mind both the broad scope of legislative}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13456730\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
discretion and the ultimate responsibility of constitutional adjudication}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15281492 The Efficacy of Corporal Punishment
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  provides for the imposition of corporal punishment for certain offences.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 One cannot discern any particular pattern in the nature of offences that attract corporal}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment. .All felonies do not attract corporal punishment. For example, Rape,}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 defilement and certain other offences against morality attract corporal punishment. Some}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 robberies and extortion do. Manslaughter which attracts a sentence of life imprisonment}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 does not have provisions for corporal punishment. However, disabling in order to}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 commit a felony or misdemeano}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499 u}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 r attracts life imprisonment with or without corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment. For no offence is corporal punishment mandatory. The Magistrates Court is}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 entitled by law to impose corporal punishment not exceeding twelve strokes.
\par 
\par No data or information has been presented to the Court on the history of corporal}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
punishment, the pattern of crimes attracting corporal punishment and the efficacy of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 corporal punishme
nt in Fiji. From a perusal of the files some shop breaking entering and larceny offences have attracted corporal punishment. Not all rape cases have attracted}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 corporal punishment. It appears to be based on the individual discretion of Magistrates.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 It is not clear what sentencin}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 g objectives have been targeted.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  No reasons are given as to why corporal punishment is imposed for the same offence}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  in different situations. Not al}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 l}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 heinous and violent rape}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  attract corporal punishment. It is discretionary, based on}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
subjective value judgments. On traditional sentencing principles and objectives it remains unsatisfactory. The situation in Fiji now is no different from what the Report of the Departmental Committee on Corporal Punishment discovered in the U.K. as long a
go as 1938. Among other matters the Committee stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15475499 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid15475499 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 There is the same difficulty in finding any common principle underlying the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15475499  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 various offences for which corporal punishment may be imposed under the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15475499  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 existing Jaw. These offences have been selected, not by the application of any}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15475499  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 principle or logic, but merely by historical accident, and in consequence the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15475499  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 existing law is full of anomalies}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid15475499 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (p 92).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Committee further stated: }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 In our view corporal punishment must be justified by the}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 deterrent, not the retributive principle ---}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 we have found no evidence to suggest that ---}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 long sentences of imprisonment or penal servitude are so ineffective as deterrents that it}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 is essential to add some further penalty for the protection of society}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . It is clear from}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 most studies that corporal punishment has neither deterrence nor reformative effects. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 European Court of Human Rights has stated that retribution has no place in the scheme of civilised jurisprudence (}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Tyrer v United Kingdom}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492  (1978) 2 E}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 HRR 1).
\par 
\par It is interesting that as early as 1843 the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Commissioners on the Criminal Law}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 , in}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 recommendations for a comprehensive codification of the criminal law, did not favour}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 the retention of whipping as a general penalty for adult offenders. As they stated: }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid15281492 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15281492 It is a}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15281492  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15281492 punishment which is uncertain in point of severity, which inflicts an ignominious and}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15281492  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15281492 indelible disgrace on the offender, and tends, we believe, to render him callous, and}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499\charrsid15281492  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15281492 greatly to obstruct his return to any honest course of life}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid15281492 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (quoted in page 2 of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Report}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 on Corporal Punishment}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ). It is quite clear that the inhumanity of the punishment was}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 recognised from very early times.
\par 
\par The offence of whipping or corporal punishment was abolished in the U.K. in 1967. It}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 has been a}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499 bolished in Canada (since 1972),}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Australia and New Zealand and most other}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ommonwealth jurisdictions. It has been in our }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  since colonial times. Since}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Independence no proper consideration has been given to its usefulness or penal purpose,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 nor compliance w
ith the 1970 Constitution and others that followed. The 1970}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Section 7 stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15475499 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid15475499 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 No person shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 or other treatment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid15475499 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 .

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The 1990 and 1997 Constitutions refined the language reflecting developments in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 international human rights raw and practice.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15475499 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 Case Law on Corporal Punishment
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15475499 The two most relevant cases that the Court wishes to consider are from fellow}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15475499  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ommonwealth countries of Namibia and Zimbabwe. The Namibian case: }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Ex Parte}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Attorney General of Namibia}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 ,}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid15281492  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 I}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 n re Corporal Punishment by Organs of State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  [1992}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 ]
}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  7}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 LRC (C}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 onst.) 515 was decided in April 1991}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 The Zimbabwean case }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Ncube and Others v}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  [1998] LRC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  (C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
onst) 442 was decided in December 1987. Both cases considered the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
case law on similar constitutional provisions to s25(1) of our Constitution. The provisions were similar to that in our 1970 Constitution (Namibia: }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 No persons shall be subject to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 .}{
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533\charrsid13784533 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Zimbabwe: }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 No persons shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading punishment or other such treatment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 .}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13784533 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
). While there are slight variations in language it is clear that the interpretations of the provisions confirm to a clear pronouncements to the banning of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 corporal punish}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 ment, whether judicial or quasi-}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
judicial and administrative, including}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 corporal punishment in schools.
\par 
\par In the Namibian case the Supreme Court of Namibia was requested to determine whether}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
the imposition and infliction of corporal punishment by or on the authority of any organ}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
of State contemplated in legislation is}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 -}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 i) per se, or}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ii) in respect of certain categories of persons, or}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 iii) in respect of certain crimes or}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  offences or misbehaviours, or}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 iv) in respect of the procedure employed during infliction thereof in conflict}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 with the provisions of the Constitution.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Namibian case was quite comprehensive in its analysis. The Court (Maho}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 m}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 med AJA)}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 analysed the constitutional provision stating that the proviso seeks to protect citizens}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 fr}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 om seven different conditions:}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 a) torture
\par b) cruel treatment
\par c) cruel punishment
\par d) inhuman treatment
\par e) inhuman punishment
\par f) degrading treatment
\par g) degrading punishment
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Court stated that }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  ---even if the moderation counsel}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 l}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 ed or contemplated in some of}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 the impugned legislation or practice succeeds in avoiding }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 torture}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  or }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 cruel}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  treatment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 or punishment it would still be unlawful if what it authorises is }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 inhuman treatment or}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  or }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 degrading treatment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15281492 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  or punishment}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (p527). Adopting the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6232377 Oxford}
{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid6232377  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6232377 English Dictionary}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 meaning of }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 inhuman}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 degrading}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  the Court had no difficulty in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 concluding that corporal punis}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 hment was inhuman and degrading.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  According to the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Oxford dictionary inhuman means: }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 destitute of natural kindness or pity, brutal,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 unfeeling, cruel, savage, barbarous}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
. To degrade means }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 to lower in estimation, to bring}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 into dishonour or contempt, and to lower in character or quality, to debase}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . Following}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Ncube & Others}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  the Namibian Supreme Court agreed that the question whether a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 particular form of punishment authorised by the State could properly be said to be}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 inhuman or degrading involved value judgments. As it states}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 :
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It is, however, a value}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 judgment which requires objectively to be articulated and identified, regard being had to}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 the contemporary norms, aspirations, expectations and sensitivities of the Namibian}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 people as expressed in its national institutions and its Constitution, and further having}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 regard to the emerging consensus of values in the civilised international community (of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 which Namibia is a part) which Namibians share. This is not a static exercise. It is a continually evolving dynamic. What may have been acceptable as a just form of}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 punishment some decade}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 s}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  ago, may appear to be manifestly inhuman or degrading today.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 Yesterday}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
s orthodoxy might appear to be today}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 s heresy}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (p.528).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Court concluded:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 In the interpretation of such articles there is strong support for the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 view that the impositions of corporal punishm}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 ent on adults by organs of the S}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 tate is}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
indeed degrading or inhuman and inconsistent with civilised values pertaining to the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 administr
ation of justice and the punishment of offenders. This view is based}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 substantially o}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 n the following considerations:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14569014 {
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 Every human being has an inviolable dignity.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 A physical assault on him sanctified by the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 power and the authority of the St}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 ate violates that dignity. His status as a human being is invaded.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14569014 {
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 The manner in which the corporal punishment is administered, is attended by, and intended to be attended by, acute pain and physical suffering }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 which strips a recipient of all dignity and self-respect}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
is contrary to the traditional humanity practiced by almost the whole of the civilized world, being incompatible with the evolving standards of decency}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  (}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 State v}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 Ncube}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
(supra) at 722).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 3.\tab }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 The fact that these assaults on a human being are systematically planned, prescribed and executed by an organized society makes it inherently objectionable.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It reduces organized society to the level of the offender.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It demeans the society which permits it as much as the citizen who receives it.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 4.\tab }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It is part}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 ly}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
 at least premised on irrationality, retribution and insensitivity.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
It makes no appeals to the emotional sensitivity and the rational capacity of the person sought to be punished.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 5.\tab }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It is inherently arbitrary and capable of abuse leaving as i
t does the intensity and quality of the punishment substantially subject to the temperament, the personality and the idiosyncrasies of the particular executioner of that punishment.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 6.\tab }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 is}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
 alien and humiliating when it is inflicted as it usually is by a person who is a}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
relative stranger to the person punished and who ha}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 s no emotional bonds with them.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Similar conclusions were made by the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Ncube & Others}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (see page 466).
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 Corporal Punishment in Schools
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par In its submissions the Fiji Human Rights Commission urged the Court to consider the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 issue of corporal punishment under the }
{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6232377 Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  and in schools. It has submitted that}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  
}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 all corporal punishment is in breach of Section 25(1) of the Constitution. The Court will}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  \'85\'85\'85 [}{
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 missing words}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 ]}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 As in Namibia in 1991 corporal punishment in schools in Fiji is not imposed by any}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 specific legislative provision. In Namibia it was issued as an administrative code by the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport.
\par 
\par In Fiji the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Education Act}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (Cap 262) does not make any specific provisions for the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 imposition of corporal punishment in schools. However, since 1976 the Permanent}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Secretary has issued guidelines dealing with corporal punishment. These are published in}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 the Education Gazettes. It is telling to note the contents of Circular No.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 10 of 1986 on}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  Corporal Punishment:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 It is all too common in schools to see children being subjected by}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 teachers to petty assaults such as striking on the head or hands with a ruler or a pointer,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 boxing of ears, hitting over the head with the hand and }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 similar forms of cruelty}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 . Habits}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
such as these are the hallmarks of the inefficient teacher.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
Many teachers seem to regard their pupils as inferior beings who have no rights save}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 those 
allowed them by the teacher. Children are individual personalities as much as}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 anyone else,}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  even if they are still undeveloped, and should be treated with the same}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 consideration and courtesy as adults}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 .}
{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par It is interesting that the circular accepted that the various forms of assaults by teachers on}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 student}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 s were seen as forms of cruelty.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533  Despite the ve}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
ry enlightened views on the rights}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
of students, their individual personalities, treatment as adults etc. the circular accepted}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 that corporal punishment }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6232377 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6232377 is sometimes necessary}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6232377 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 . It then outlined the rules of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ad}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 ministering corporal punishment:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 (i) Only Headteachers/Principals have the right to inflict corporal}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 punishment, and he/she should satisfy himself/herself that it is really}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 warranted before he/she administers it. No other teacher whether}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 registered or recognised, may inflict corporal punishment.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 (ii) Headteachers/Principals may inflict moderate corporal punishment for}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 gross misbehaviour such as bullying, stealing, lying and cheating.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 However, they are forbidden to punish children so severely that bodily}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 harm is done. They are reminded that they are liable to be summoned}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 before a magistrate and fined for inflicting unreasonably severe}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 punishment on a pupil}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 (iii) Corporal punishment should not be given for any form of academic}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 failure.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 (iv) When giving corporal punishment only a leather strap should be used.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 The use of sticks, rods, rulers, etc is prohibited. Slapping}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014  punching,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 kicking or other forms of direct physical contact are also forbidden.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13784533 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13784533 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 (v) Punishment for offences committed outside the school grounds should be}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 given only in exceptional cases, e.g. bullying children of their own or}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 another school, throwing stones at buses, houses and other properties,}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 using abusive language, violence and any form of offensive behaviour.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 In such cases the Headteacher/Principal may find it useful to discuss the}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 matter with the child}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 s parent before inflicting punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 .}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14569014 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 (vi) A brief account of any corporal punishment. Which has been administered
}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 must be entered in the School Log Book. The date pupil}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid14569014 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 s name, nature of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 the offence and the punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  given should be clearly stated."}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid14569014 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par It is quite clear from media reports and anecdotal evidence that the guidelines are not}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  adhered to.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 Teachers have been charged for various offences of assault on students}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  The}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Ministry of Education repeated the above general guidelines in several Education}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Gazette}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s subsequently. The report of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Fiji Islands Education Commission/Panel}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 discussed the issue of Discipline and Punishment in th}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 
e wider context of Fiji society:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 Disciplinary matters present a challenge to teachers and principals}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992 .}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  There is a}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 high level of tolerance of 
}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 child violence in society at large}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992 .}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  Beating is}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
sometimes justified as an indication of love for one}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 s children. Teachers have}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 tended to use corporal punishment, citing reasons such as }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 It}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 '}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992 s the only l}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 anguage}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992  }
{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 they understand}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992 .}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 There are Ministry of Education regulations on corporal punishment, which ur
ge}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 teachers to be sensitive and humane in }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14569014\charrsid13592992 disciplinary matters, but these}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  are widely}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 recognised as not being hee}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
ded. An increasing number of cases of corporal}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 punishment, excessive in the eyes of parents}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  have been reported in the press in}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 recent times and police have b}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992 ecome involved in several cases.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  As well as very}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
obvious corporal punishment, it is evident that practices such as tweaking ears}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
and smacking with blackboard dusters are common, and are sometimes used on}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
children who have failed to achieve rather than for disciplinary matters}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (Learning Together: Directions for Education in the Fiji Islands }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 -Report of the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Fiji Island}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s Education Commission/ Panel, Ministry of Education, November, 2000 p105, emphasis added.).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Education Commission/Panel further quotes from other}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 reports which need repeating. UNICEF research has found that:

\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 Classroom violence is common. This reflects the generally-held view in Fiji that parents and teachers can inflict physical punishment a
nd the reluctance of some teachers and parents to respect the views of children. Abuse takes many forms from actual physical assault, verbal assault and humiliation.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
These punishments develop low self-esteem in children and this is known as poor achieveme
nt. There is concern that corporal punishment and psychological abuse is particularly rife in Fijian homes and schools and is a factor in the lower achievement of Fijian students. The situation is difficult to change, given the community acceptance of vio
lence.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13784533 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (emphasis added).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
A Save the Children Fund report noted that:}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
Classroom violence is effectively condoned in that few parents complain about it. They themselves believe that this is a correct form of punishment, or they hold the teachers in too much respect to question their methods, or fear that by complaining they 
could make the situation worse for their child. }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 Many children are too frightened of both the teachers and parents to report the abuse in the first place.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par In concluding the section on discipline and punishment the author of the Education Commission/Panel report concludes:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 Schools should be promoting self-control and self-discipline and acceptable forms of behaviour. Students and teachers can be guided in c
onflict resolution so that they can confront and control their emotion and anger. Schools need to develop non-violent means of discipli}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid13592992 ni}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 ng students, as violence only breeds more of the same, giving the impression that violence itself can solve problems. T
here is a range of non-violent disciplinary actions that may be employed by teachers and principals. These include physical work such as weeding, detention, suspension and exclusion from school, with expulsion as a last resort. Shaming is commonly resorte
d to, but it can be seen as a form of abuse, especially when it involves public humiliation}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 .

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
It is clear that corporal punishment is a violent means of resolving conflict/tension. There is need for alternative means to deal with discipline and conflict. The Fiji Women}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s Crisis Centre has also }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6232377 recommended the abolishment of c}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
orporal punishment in schools as a result of its research and wider experiences with domestic violence and sexual assaults. It has stated:
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13592992 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
Corporal punishment is a means by which the concept of violence is used as a form of punishment or a means by which conflict resolution is reached through punishment of the offender. Although its use has been limited to head teachers and principals in sch
ools, numerous media reports highlighting cases where in the name of }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 corporal punishment}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  students suffered severe physical abuse by teachers. }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 As such it must be totally abolished and more constructive forms of discipline or behaviour management should be implemented.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13592992\charrsid6232377 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
\par }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (Incidence and Prevalence of Domestic Violence}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 and Sexual Assault}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 : A Research Project of the Fiji Women}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s Crisis Centre, 2001, emphasis added).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
The Education Commission/ Panel also recommends that: }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992 
The Ministry of Education actively encourages schools to have expedient disciplinary policies. It should continue with its policy of not allowing corporal punishment and should actively foster alternative forms of discipline}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid13592992 "}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (p115). The Court is not aware
 that the Ministry of Education does not allow corporal punishment since the guidelines quoted from the Education Gazettes suggest it is allowed by Principals & Headteachers. There is no indication that the guidelines have been withdrawn.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Court is also aware that the Children}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
s Co-ordinating Committee in 1999 recommended the abolishing of Corporal Punishment in school. This was in view of Section 25(1) of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13592992  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 and Fiji}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s obligations under the UN Convention of the Rights}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188000  of the Child (CRC). Section 28(}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 2) of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 CRC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  states:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 State parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with child}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 s human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 .
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par Section 19 of }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 CRC}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  further states:
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6368708 {
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
State Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 m}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 altreatment o}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 r}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
 exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6368708 {
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programme}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 
s}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
 to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatme
nt described heretofore, and as appropriate, for judicial involvement.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
The High Court has previously expressed }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 opinions }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
about corporal punishment in schools especially when teachers have come before the Court on charges of assault. Justice Pathik in considering an appeal from the Magistrate Court stated:
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
It is a matter of comment that if the approach of the learned Magistrate is correct then Headteachers run the risk of being prosecuted as in the case when they inflict corporal punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 ,}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  for injury of some sort is bound to be caused. Lest this should happen again in future, }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
I suggest to the Ministry of Education to reconsider the provisions relating to }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
corporal punishment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 .}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  By having such a provision in the Gazette}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 ,}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  and in case t
he law takes no note of that, as in this case, the Ministry is a vehicle which could be seen as facilitating the dismissal of a Head Teacher from service and this would ruin the teacher}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 s career altogether}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Mul Prasad v State}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Cr. App}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  37 of 1997, emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
According to information available to this Court the last Ministry of Education circular on Corporal Punishment was contained in Education Gazette (Term II, 1997). It is clear that the case law from other jurisdiction support the abolition of corp
oral punishments in schools. The Education Commission/Panel, the Children}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 '}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s Co-ordinating Committee and the Women}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 '}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 s Crisis Centre also support its abolishment.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par As with corporal punishment under the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Penal Code}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 there is no consistent and coherent principles as to the basis of corporal punishment in schools. It appears that since the beginning of schools in Fiji corporal punishment was seen as a valid form of discipline. Since parents used to beat their children
 
at home it was acceptable that teachers, who have traditionally been held in high regard in the wider community in Fiji, could do the same. However, in recent years such values have changed with many parents, especially educated ones, not happy with their
 children being hit by teachers or other close relatives. The common law right of parents to discipline children as they wished is also being tempered with by enlightened educational po}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 
licies. In Australia and other C}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 ommonwealth jurisdictions the law is beg
inning to fetter the discretion of parents to use force to discipline children or what are reasonable and lawful punishment}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 .

\par 
\par The European Court of Human Rights has considered the issue in relation to a nine-year-old child who was beaten by his stepfather. The Court stated that article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
---required states to take measures designed to ensure that individuals within their jurisdiction were not subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, including such ill treatment administered by private individuals}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
--- Children and other vulnerable individuals, in particular, were entitled to state protection in the form of effective deterrence against such serious breaches of personal integrity}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (A v United Kingdom}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 , Case No 100/1997/884/1096. Reported in the Times Law Report}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 - European Court of Human Rights, October 1, 1998).
\par 
\par Whether it is corporal punishment by judicial authorities or administered by schools under authority of a Minister the Courts have stated that similar principles apply. In the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9585623 
Juvenile}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid9585623 '}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9585623 s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
 case the Chef Justice of Zimbabwe stated:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
in a system which has formal rules on corporal punishment drawn by a competent authority, the same considerations governing judicial corporal punishment must apply}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (p.789)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid9121440 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 The Namibian Supreme Court in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 E}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 x}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  p. A-G}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  referred stated:
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 \i\f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 The differences between adults and juveniles which appear from the relevant statutes and regulations with respect to the manner in which corporal punishments is administered are}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 --- insufficient to convert punishment which is degrading or inhuman for adult
s into punishment which is not degrading and inhuman in case of juveniles. Such punishment remains an invasion on human dignity, and unacceptable practice of inflicting deliberate pain and suffering }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 degrading to both the punished alike}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 . Even in the case 
of juveniles it remains wide open to abuse and arbitrariness; it is heavily loaded with retribution with scant appeal to the sensitivity and rational responses of the juvenile}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid9585623  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9585623 (p.5333).
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par It is quite clear that the common law rights of parents to discipline their children cannot}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
be compared to disciplining of children by teachers. Teachers have no such rights. It is}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
questionable whether parents can delegate such rights. In any case the authority in Fiji is}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
derived from an administrative circular issued by the Ministry of Education. Even if the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
motive for corporal punishment in schools is to achieve some laudable objectives the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 punishment cannot be authorised by law: 
}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid9585623 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9585623 Means otherwise unauthorised by the law do}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid9585623  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9585623 not become authorised simply because they seek to achieve a permissible and perhaps}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid9585623  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9585623 even a laudable objective}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623\charrsid9585623 
."}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Van Eck No and Van Rensburg No v Etna Stores}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  1977}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (2) SA}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 984 at 996, 998, quoted in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 E}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 x p A-G}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  (Namibia}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708 )}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 (p.532).}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 )}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par Children have rights no wit inferior to the rights of adults. Fiji has ratified the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
Convention on the Rights of the Child. Our Constitution also guarantees fundamental}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
rights to every person. Government is required to adhere to principles respecting the rights of all individuals, communities and groups. By their status as children, children}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 need special protection. Our educational institutions should be sanctuaries of peace and}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 creative enrichment, not places for fear, ill-treatment and tampering with the human}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 dignity of students. It is clear that the Ministry of Education is aware of progressive}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 educat}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 ion policies. It itself admits:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
Excessive use of punishment is a general sign of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
teacher incompetence. If pupils are inattentive, noisy, frequently late or absent from the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
school, the teacher should try to establish the causes. The fault need not always be that of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
the pupils, it could be the teacher}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 s as well. The remedy is not to beat the pupils but to}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 make school life and work attractive and interesting to ensure that pupils are happy and}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 busily engaged all the time.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Child counse}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708 l}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 ling and parental involvement should be resorted to first in order to improve}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 pupils}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  conduct}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708 ."}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  (}{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Education Gazette}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  Vol. LXVI No.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 2 Term II, 1995).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par It also recognised the rights of children as far back as 1986. It had stated:}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9585623 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
Many}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 teachers seem to regard their pupils as in}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 f}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 erior beings who have no rights save those}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 allowed them by the teacher. }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Children are individual personalities as much as anyone}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 and courtesy as adults}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
. (Circular No.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 10/86, }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Education Gazette}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  1986 emphasis added).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
\par It is not clear why with such enlightened views the Ministry of Education has not taken a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
more pro-active role in completely banning corporal punishment in schools. The}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
Education Commission/Panel has also called for enlightened policies on school}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 
discipline. So have other relevant institutions such as the Women}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 s Crisis Centre and the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Children}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440\charrsid6368708 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 s Co-ordinating Committee. This Court, in view of its obligations under the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708\charrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 ,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708  cannot condone such punishment.
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par The Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Umesh Kumar}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  had expressed its doubts about the}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 constitutionality of }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 any corporal punishment}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9585623 . Under Section 21}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (3) of the }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 laws made, and administrative and judicial actions taken after the commencement of this}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440  are subject to Chapter 4}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13124967  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 (Bill of Rights). Under Section 195(3) written laws}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
are to be construed with such modifications and qualifications as are necessary to bring}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
them into conformity with the Constitution. In exercise of its powers under Section 41(3)}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
and 195(3) of the Constitution the Court rules that corporal punishment under the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9121440  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
and the Criminal Procedure Code, and under any administrative guidelines or}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 otherwis
e enforced in schools is unconstitutional.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 Conclusions and Orders
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 As far as the substantive matters of the Appeal are concerned the Court will make the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 following orders:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 1) The appeal a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid534570 
gainst conviction is dismissed.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 2) The appeal against sentence is dismissed partially. The 5-year sentence of}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 imprisonment is upheld.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 3) The sentence of 6 strokes of c}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 orporal punishment is quashed. T}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 he Court further}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13124967 rules that the provisions on c}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 orporal punishme}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 
nt under the Penal Code and the }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Criminal Procedure Code breach section 25}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708 (1) of the Constitution and are, }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 therefore, unlawful.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par It is further declared that the infliction of corporal punishment in schools in pursuance of}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
the Ministry of Education guidelines or otherwise is unconstitutional and unlawful and in}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6368708  conflict with Section 25(}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 1) of the 
}{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 Constitution}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 .}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6368708 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid6368708 [Jayant Prakash]
\par Acting Puisne Judge
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9121440 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid9121440 
\par }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2039615\charrsid13124967 DELIVERED at Lautoka this 21st day of March 2001
\par }}