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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14956924\charrsid15274267  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15274267 LIMITED}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1314639 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid140666 r. V. Maharaj for the Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1314639 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Mr. Ram Krishna for the Defendants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
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This is a claim for damages for personal injuries suffered by the Plaintiff Ismail Dean (since deceased) arising out of an accident in which he was hit by motor vehicle Reg. No. A1774 owned by the first defendant and driven by the second defendant as agen
t of the first defendant on 15 October 1991. The Plaintiff claims (a) general damages, (b) damages in respect of car Reg. No. AN967, (c) special damages, (d) interest under the Law Reform Miscellaneous Provisions Death and Interest Act and (e) costs.}{
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The third defendant has been joined as a party (nominal defendant) as it had issued a Third Party Policy of Insurance in name of the first defendant pursuant to the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15274267  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 provisions of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) Act, Cap. 177.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The said Ismail Dean who was a businessman died on 19 March 1996 du}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 ring the course of the trial; a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 nd pursuant to the Order of this Court made on 25 March}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015  1996 the deceased}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 s widow }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid8597895 ZAIBUN }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8597895 NISHA}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  was substituted as Plaintiff in place of her deceased husband. S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 he continued the proceedings as the sole Executrix and Trustee }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 of the Estate of Ismail Dean }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 under Probate of the decease}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s Will granted on 15 May 1996.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 The Issues
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid11894015 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 After the case proceeded some distance it was agreed by counsel, although I had sugges}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 ted this at a very early stage, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 that Court }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2651489\charrsid10634652 deci}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2651489 des}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015  the issue of liability first}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  and depending on the outcome to assess damages as a separate exercise.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7355898 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The issues, as agreed, are whether:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 (a) the Second D}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 
efendant is solely negligent; or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 (b) the deceased, Ismail Dean, was solely negligent; or}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 (c) the deceased, Ismail Dean,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015 
 contributed to the accident; or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
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there should be apportionment of blame;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 (e) the accident was inevitable; or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11894015\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 (f) the deceased, Ismail Dean, voluntarily consented to accept the ris
k and waive any claim for damages; or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11894015 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 (g) the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9321364 Plaintiff has pleaded a cause of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  action against the Third Defendant, Queensland Insurance (Fiji) Limited.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 Plaintiff}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898\charrsid9321364 '}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 s case
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid9644160 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid10634652 It}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  is the Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s case that whilst changing a punctured tyre on his motor vehicle Regd. No. AN967 at Sarava, Ba on the Queen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s Road, the second defendant as servant and/or agent of the first defendant so negligently drove, managed and controlled the said vehicle Regd. No.
 AI774 the property of first defendant that he caused or permitted the same violently to collide with the Pl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160 aintiff himself and Mazda Cosmo }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Private Car Regd. No. AN967 in consequence whereof his said motor vehicle No. AN967 was extensively damaged and the 
plaintiff was knocked down and suffered severe injuries and thereby has suffered pain and suffering, loss and damage.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The Plaintiff contends that it has not only established liability against the first and second defendants but they are wholly to be blame
d for the accident without any element of contributory negligence on the part of the original plaintiff, namely, Ismail Dean.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 The Plaintiff further says that:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9644160 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid5376903 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9644160 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 
at all material times there was in force in relation to its use by the 1st Defendant and/or hi}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5376903 s servant and/or agent an I}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 
nsurance Policy issued by the Third Defendants risks in terms of the Motor vehicle (Third Party Insurance) Ordinance Cap. 153 by virtue of which Ordinance, the Third Defendant is under a S}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5376903 
tatutory duty to indemnify the 1}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 st Defendant against any damages that may be awarded in favour of the Plaintiff against the 1st Defendant.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9644160 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid5376903 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 Evidence Adduced b}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid5376903 y}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903  Plaintiff
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9644160\charrsid5376903 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919798\charrsid5376903 Evidence was given by }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5919798\charrsid928349 ISMAIL}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid928349  DEAN}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 (PW1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903  before he}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033\charrsid5376903  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 died.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900\charrsid5376903 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid5376903 According to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  him the accident occurred on a straight section of the Kings Road at Sarava, Ba on 15 October 1991}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
at about 11.30 p.m. When he was driving he had a puncture to the front right hand tyre; he then parked his car by the side of the road on his correct si}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900 de facing Ba. One Ashik Ali who }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776353 came to assist PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  parked his car across the road in the half section of the road on PW1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s correct side with his head lights on pointing in the direction of the punctured ty}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900 re. He said that there was a 29}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  space on the other sec
tion of the road that is on the left hand side, to enable vehicles approaching from Ba towards Lautoka t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900 o pass and some cars did pass.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776353  The PW1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  was st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900 andin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 g near driver}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s side of Ashik}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776353 The PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  said that on this 50 kmph limit zone a }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6318470 small car}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 A1774 driven by the second defendant (D2) came very fa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776353 st from Ba side; seeing this PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  tried to move to back of Ashik}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car and just then this other car hit him on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776353 
 his right leg whereupon the PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  became unconscious and later found himself at Nailaga Hospital, Ba. The driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s side door was damaged.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 In cross-examination he said his car is 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 6}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  wide and Ashik}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s is 12}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  long approximately. There is a hard shoulder of 5}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  where he was parked. The distance between the two cars would be 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  to 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 . He said that he was there to give signal to }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495 oncoming}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  vehicles. The witness said that he knew that D2 was charged for careless driving in the Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s Court for this accident.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 During cross-examination photographs relating to the scene of the accident were tendered t
o Court (Exhibits D1 & D2) by consent. He said that he saw one truck with logs pass through the space that was left in the other section of the road. The witness said that the D1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car went on to its incorrect side i.e. on PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
s side and collided.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16515900\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 In re-examination he said that Ashik}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
s car was not beyond the white centre line.
\par 
\par The deceased}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s wife }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7499033 ZAIBUN NISHA}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 (PW2)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 who was present at the time of the accident corroborated the testimony of her husband in regard to material particulars. She said that ca}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7551495 r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s had no difficulty in passing through the vacant space and that her husband gave them signal to go past.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 Defendants}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898\charrsid7551495 '}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 case
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid7365892 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 In the Amended Statement of Defence filed on 10}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
November 1995 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892 he defendants plead as follows:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033\charrsid7551495 (a) }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495 
The Defendants do not admit that it was the negligence of the Second Defendant which caused the subject accident;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7365892 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033\charrsid7551495 (b) }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495 
In the alternative the Defendants say that it was the negligence of the deceased (original Plaintiff) which caused and/or contributed to the subject collision;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7365892 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033\charrsid7551495 (c) }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7551495 T}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495 hat the accident was inevitable;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7365892 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033\charrsid7551495 (d) }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7551495 T}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495 hat the said deceased voluntarily consented to accept the risk and waive any claim in respect of any injury or damage that may be occasioned to him;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7365892 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033\charrsid7551495 (e) }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7551495 T}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid7551495 he Plaintiff failed to plead a cause of action against the Third Defendant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7365892 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The defendants, further or in the alternative say that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 the said accident was caused }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8464471 and/or contributed by }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 negligence of the Plaintiff.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 According to the Defendants the Particulars of Negligence are that one Ashik Ali}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s vehicle was parked across the road in order to show light to deceased}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s vehicle when repairing the puncture; the deceased exposed himself to a risk of injury; the accident was inevitable notwithstanding the
 exercise of all reasonable care and skill on the part of the second defendant and he was unable to avoid the accident.
\par 
\par It is pleaded by the second defendant that he was coming from Ba towards Lautoka and his view was obstructed by the nature of terrain of t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 he road from seeing the vehicle }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 of Ashik Ali parked across the road.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Further or in the alternative the defendants say that with full knowledge to risk of injury of damage to himself by his act or conduct of the Second Defendant referred to}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8464471 in paragraphs 7 and 8}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 of the Statement of Defence the Plaintiff voluntarily consented to accept such risk and to waive any claim in respect of any injury or damage that may be occasioned to him by reason of such acts or conduct of the Second Defendant.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 Evidence adduced b}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid9574019 y}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019  defendants

\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid7365892 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 For t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892 he defendants, }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid14746055 PANAPASA MATAILEVU}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7887144  (DW1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14746055 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 a former Senior Police Superintendent told the court how upon instruction from counsel on 16 November 1995 (l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12859678 ong after the accident) he took}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  measurements of the road and the scene of the accident.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 He said that the tar-sealed section is 24}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 9}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  and the hard section facing Ba direction is 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  and at left it is 5}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12859678 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
. He tendered the diagram which is Exhibit D3. He}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 said that }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 towards Ba is an incline and then get to top is an incline which is about 100 yards from scene of accident}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 .
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 When asked by Court he said that when }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 coming from Ba
}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12859678  there is}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678  incline and a bend and vision of scene of alleged }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12859678 
accident is }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 obscured until you get to top of incline}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
. He said that if vision is obscured you }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 drive slow}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid12859678 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12859678 The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 second defence witness }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14746055 AJAY KUMAR (DW2),}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  a motor }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 mechanic }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
who has a garage near to the scene of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid150264 accident, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 said that he remembered the time the accident}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7365892  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 happened and he ru}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 shed to the scene. He testified}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 along the same lines as the deceased regarding the position of the two cars. He also said that before the accident two or three cars went past including a logging truck (10 wheeler). When asked in cross-examination that }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 put to you if 3rd car went like others accident would not have happened}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  he replied }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 yes, correct}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid150264\charrsid150264 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 He said that when he came to the scene he fo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 und PW1 lying on the right side }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7887144 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Ashik}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car and two of them took him to Nailaga Hospital at Ba. He then returned to the scene and all three cars involved were still there. The Police were also there.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The second defendant }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14746055 NARENDRA MICHAEL (DW3)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  a garage owner, testified that he was driving from Ba direction towards Lautoka at between 70-80 kmph. There is a bend and then an }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 incline before getting to apex.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787\charrsid10634652  When}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  he }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 got to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  the top he saw a }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787 vehicle}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787  parked right in the middle of the road}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  with light pointing towards a parked vehicle (car) on his right. The distance would be about 100 yards. He traced the position of the two cars as if Ashik}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car was protruding 3-4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  in the witness}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
s section of the road. He said that when he came }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 near this red car I didn}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 t know what was happening - red car I assumed was moving either forward or backward - I didn}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 t see any driver there. I applied brakes, reduced speed but when I reached red car it was too late. My car hit the driver}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 s door-red car moved and hit white car}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid14245787 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  When he came out he saw PW1 (the victim) on the road.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14245787\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16124554 In cross}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 -examination he admitted that he was convicted careless driving in Case No. 3/92 at Ba Magistrate}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5379545 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587253  Court and was fined $25 in }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 default 25 days. He said }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587253 he saw }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid13587253 danger}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid13587253  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 so he reduced speed to 50-60 kmph. He said }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13587253 it was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
not his fault }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid16124554 despite I admitted careless driving}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 .
\par 
\par The defendant said that he did not go on the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6686754 wrong side}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  of the road. When asked by Court he said that the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6686754 
accident happened on my section of the road}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 . He said}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6686754  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 that the road is 15}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  wide and he does not think it is 24}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  wide.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid9574019 Determination of Issues}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019\charrsid9574019 
\par Findings}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019\charrsid9574019 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The facts which are not in dispute are (a) that the said deceased at the material time was the registered proprietor of AN967, (b) the first defendant was the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 registered owner of AI774, (c) the second defendant at the relevant time was the driver of AI774 and collided with the Plaintiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s aforesaid vehicle and (d) that the accident happened}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019  on the King}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019 s Road at Sarava, B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
a on 15 October 1991 at about 11.30 p.m. The third defendant has admitted that there is an insurance policy in respect of the first defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6686754 
s motor vehicle AI}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 774 issued by it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 have carefully considered the whole of the evidence in this case. The salient features of the evidence adduced through the witnesses are as outlined hereabove.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The determination o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  the issues before me depend ent
irely on my findings of fact.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 I accept the evidence of PWI in toto in regard to the material particulars. He was a witness of truth and he was not shaken at all in cross-examination. I accept as fact}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 the position the two vehicles were in before the accident and I completely reject the second defendant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s evidence in this connection. If it was as described by D2 then the vehicles would not have been in the position as they were i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 n after the accident and the PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  would not have been found lying on the road where he was found. In this regard the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574019  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780 evidence of defence witness Ajay Kumar is acceptable }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 and he has }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780 corroborated the testimony of PW}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  in this connection.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 I find that the second defendant drove without due care and attention and that is why he was charged and convicted and fined on his own plea. For}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 im to say that he }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 was not at fault cannot be accepted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132  on the evidence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
before me. He is definitely lying when he }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 said that he did }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 not go on the wrong side of the r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3808584 oad or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 that the accident }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3808584 happened on his section of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 the road for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3808584 his statements do not tally with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
the evidence before me }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid540132 and which I have }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 accepted as fact.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 I am not at all convinced that the incline that D2 is talking about obstructed his view ahead at all that he could not pull up within 100 yards from the scene of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
accident. He had at least 100 yards clear and unobstructed view ahead of him. He knows the road well and with knowledge of the incline he should have driven at a spe
ed which would have enabled him to pull up in time to avoid the accident. He admitted he was driving at 7}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780 0-80 kmph and reduced it to 50-6}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 0 kmph before the accident. Why could he not have stopped in time to avoid colliding with another vehicle which was not
 even on his section of the road? The answer is that he was driving too fast and not keeping a proper look out.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2701780\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2560877 This is a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 clear cut case of driving without due care }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439 and attention. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The character of the highway was such that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439 he should have }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
cut down his speed considerably particularly }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2560877 when he saw }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 the two cars stationary about 100 yards in}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9441391  front of him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9441391 I}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 t is pertinent to note here that it was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6649134 Ashik's car }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
and not plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car which was parked across}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6649134  the road.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  He is not a party to the action. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2560877\charrsid10634652 It}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 is Ashik }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13261337 who }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439 should }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 shoulder all the blame if any blame is to be }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439 attached to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 anyone by this manner of parking. However, I }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439 have found }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 otherwise in any case. When other cars were}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056 
able to pass why could he not pass? }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The width of the road according to him was 15}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  but that could not be so; PW1 says}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056 it was 40}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056  and as ex }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Superintendent Panapasa said it could be 24}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
. Even if allowing for the length of 12}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  of Ashik}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car and the distance of 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  between Ashik}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car and PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s and where PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car was parked, there was ample s
pace for D2 to pass on his own correct side without having to come on to the wrong}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid144439  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 side of the road and colliding with Ashik}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 It was incumbent on D2 to have exercised reasonable care if he considered the width of the roadway too narrow and naturally more care would have to be exercised when}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
travelling on a narrow road and made so allegedly by the two stationary vehicles, then when travelling on a good highway without any obstruction.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Here D2 was definitely on the wrong side of the road immediately after he negotiated the slight bend and had gone past the incline. I find on the evidence before me}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
that this violation of the rule of the road was not necessitated by the presence of the two vehicles on the road for D2 had sufficient time to pull up or to 
go past on his correct side had he exercised greater care and vigilance and had he not been travelling at an excessive speed in the circumstances. Even if D2 thought the cars parked across the road in the manner he himself described and created difficulti
es for him to pass, it did not allow him to run down everything in his path with impunity. He had a duty of exercising reasonable care.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9467056\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 Mr. Krishna submitted that the Plaintiff created a }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898\charrsid4751127 '}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid4751127 danger without sufficient justification or excuse}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898\charrsid4751127 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877  and therefore he should be }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid4751127 totally liable in }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid4751127 negligence}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid1195877 . With}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877  respect I disagree on the facts and for the reasons stated hereabove.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
\par 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid1195877 Contributory Negli}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 gence}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid1195877 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The learned defence counsel raised a defence that there was contributory negligence on the part
 of the plaintiff by Ashik parking his vehicle across the road in order to show light to PW1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s vehicle when }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid8289356 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8289356 r}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 epairing the said puncture}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  He also said that the Plaintiff was sitting in Ashik}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s car which definitely was not so on the evidence before me. He said that the Plaintiff th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877 ereby exposed himself to a risk }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 of injury.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid8289356 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 Contributory negligence}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  is defined as }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 
a technical expression of law used to describe a special defence available to a n
egligent defendant, namely, failure on the part of the plaintiff to exercise sufficient care for his own safety when such failure cannot be excused under any well-recognised rule of law}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid13530654 
(THE LAW AND PRACTICE RELATING TO ACTIONS FOR NEGLIGENCE ON THE HIGHWAY, MAZENGARB}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  2nd Ed. (1952)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8289356 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 In order to establish the defence of contributory negligence, the defendant must prove, first, that the plaintiff failed to take }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 ordinary care for himself}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid8289356 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8289356  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 or, in other words, such care as a reasonable man would take for h
is own safety, and secondly, that his failure to take care was a contributory cause of the accident }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8289356 (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid13530654 
LEWIS v DENYL }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8289356 1939 1 K.B. 540).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  It is in this sense that a plaintiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s negligence (not a defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s) is correctly described as }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 contributory negligence}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 He has been }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 negligent as regards himself}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8289356 (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 SWAN v NORTH BRITISH AUSTRALIAN CO }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid8289356 (1863}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 ), 2H & C 175).}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The test of contributory negligence is as stated by LORD PARMOOR in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 GRAYSON v ELLERMAN LINES LTD }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 (1920) A.C. 466 at 477:}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1195877 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 I do not think that the question
 of contributory negligence depends upon any breach of duty as}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8289356  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 
between the plaintiff and a negligent dependant; it depends entirely on the question whether the plaintiff could reasonably have avoided the consequences of the defendant}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 s negligence}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1195877 .}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1195877 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877\charrsid1195877 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
The burden of proving contributory negligence is on the defendant which they have failed to do. Here, I find as fact on the evidence before me, that it was the second}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1195877  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 defendant who is to be blamed solely for the accident as he has failed in a duty he owed to the Plaintiff.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 Inevitable Accident
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The second defendant also raised the defence of }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid6573951 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 inevitable accident}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  in that }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 
notwithstanding the exercise of all reasonable care and skill on the part of the second defendant he was unable to avoid the same}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid3436930 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 In this regard also, I do not find that the defence of inevitable accident has been made out in view }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930 of my }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 findings of fact as outlined hereabove.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 What has to be proved by the second defendant is set out in the judgment of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6573951 LORD JUSTICE FRY}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  in }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 THE MERCHANT PRINCE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10967349  1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 892 P179 as follows}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6573951 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid6573951 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6573951 
The burden rests on the defendants to show inevitable accident. To sustain that, the defendants must do one of two things. They must either show what was the cause of the accident, and show that the result of that cause was 
inevitable; or they must show all the possible causes, one or other of which produced the effect, and must further show with regard to everyone of these possible causes that the result could not have been avoided. Unless they do one or other of these two 
things, it does not appear to me that they have shown inevitable accident.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid6573951 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6573951 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid6573951 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 For the above reasons I find as fact that on the day }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5662295 in question it was }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 solely through the negligent driving on second defendant that this accident}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930  happened. I further find }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
as fact that there was no evidence of contributory negligence on the part of the Plaintiff to make him partly liable for the accident. The defence of inevitable accident also fails on the facts of this case.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 Liability of the first defendant
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 I find D1 vicariously liable for negl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930 igent driving on the part of D2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
. As submitted by Mr. Maharaj D1 admitted in his Defence that he was the proprietor of A1774 and that is prima facie evidence that D2 was the servant and or agent of D1. The D1 has not d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930 enied that D2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  was not driving at the relevant time but he does say that it was not the negligence of D2 that caused the accident. Why would he say that unless he}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6573951  authorized him to drive it. D1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  has not rebutted this by proof. This is a civil action and not a criminal case
 where he could sit quiet and say nothing or no more than what he has said. It is a case of quiescence being acquiescence. The following passage from }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 BARNAM v SCULLY }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid6573951 (1931) 47 TLR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  is pertinent:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6573951 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 
Where a Plaintiff in an action for negligence proves that damage has been caused by Defendant}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 
s motor car, the fact of ownership of the motor car is prima facie evidence that the motor car, at the material time, was being driven by the owner, or by his servant or agent}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid3436930 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid3436930 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Also on rebuttal of presumption of law }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 PHIPSON ON}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15168341\charrsid15168341  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 EVIDENCE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  12th Ed. at p.112 states:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15168341 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid337958 
Where a disputable presumption of law exists in favour of a party, it lies upon his adversary to rebut it}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid337958 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3436930\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 Mr. Maharaj referred the Court to two other cases on this very aspect and it is so pertinent to the facts of this case that I quote the relevant extracts from them hereunder.
\par 
\par The first case is }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid337958 CHRISTMAS v NICOL BROS PTY }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6573951 L}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid337958 
IMITED }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 (1941) N.S.W. S.R. 317 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 where }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15407309 
SIR FREDERICK JORD}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid15407309 ON C.J.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958  said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid337958 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528 O}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
wnership of the vehicle by the person alleged to be vicariously responsible for the act of the driver becomes, however, significance, if in the circumstances of the particular case, the fact of ownership enables or assists the inferences that at the time 
o
f the accident the driver was probably the employee of the owner and was then acting within the scope of his employment. There is no hard and fast rule for determining what evidence may be regarded as sufficient to enable these inferences, or when and how
 ownership is material and there is no difference in principle between a commercial vehicle and a private vehicle. It is a matter of common sense, depending on each case upon the circumstances.}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid337958 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The above case was later applied in the case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958 
of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 WISEMAN v HARSE; COOM}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid337958 B}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 ES v HARSE }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid15168341 (1948) 65 W.N. (N .S .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15168341 W) 159 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 by }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15407309 SIR FREDERICK JORDON}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  when he said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15407309 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
In my opinion, it is now established by th}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528 e authorities referred to in CHRISTMAS v/}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 s NICOL BROS PTY LIMITED
, that in the case of a commercial vehicle, and probably also in the case of a private vehicle, evidence that at a particular time it was being driven is, in the absence of evidence, sufficient to justify a different conclusion, evidence that it was being
 driven by or on behalf of its owner. The presumption of fact arising from the mere evidence of the ownership may, in the absence of some statutory provision to the contrary, be displaced by evidence pointing to the }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528 contrary..... }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 But if evidence of ownershi
p is given, and the matter is simply left at that, there being nothing in the circumstances proved by the Plaintiff to indicate that the vehicle was not being driven on the owner}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898\charrsid1072528 '}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 s behalf, and no explanation, or no explanation accepted by the Tribunal of Fact, is given on behalf of the owner, it is a reasonable inference that the owner is responsible.}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 at 160.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1072528 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15407309 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
In the instant case the First Defendant being party to the proceedings, carried with him evidential burden to prove on balance of}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
probabilities that the Second Defendant at the material time was not his servant and or agent. The fact is that the First Defendant was never called as a witness and as such no evidence was produced by the Defendant to rebut the}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 presumption that the law placed in favour of the Plaintiff. }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15407309\charrsid1072528 We}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528  submit therefore that there is no merit in the Submissions made by the Defendant}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898\charrsid1072528 '}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 s Counsel on this issue and ought to be rejected.}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 For the above reasons the first defendant is vicariously liable to suffer the consequenc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15407309 es of negligent driving on the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 part of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355898 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  his driver, namely the second defendant.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 Liability of the third defend}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid337958 ant
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The third defendant as insurers do not dispute that there is a third party insurance policy with the se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958 
cond defendant as the insured.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 The learned counsel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15407309  for D2 states that D3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1072528 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15407309 s }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15407309\charrsid15407309 legal}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid15407309  obligation is to satisfy any judgment}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 that the Plaintiff obtains against the First and Second Defendant in respect}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
of personal injuries that the Plaintiff may obtain and not damages against property damage and he refers the Court to section 11 of the Motor Vehicle (Third Party) Insurance Act Cap. 177 in this regard which provides:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15407309 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528 1}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 1. - (1) If, after a certificate of insurance has been delivered under the provisions of subsection (4) of section 6 to the person by}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
whom a policy has been effected, judgment in respect of any such liability as is required to be covered by a policy under the provisions of paragraph (b) 
of subsection (1) of section 6, being a liability covered by the terms of the policy, is obtained against any person insured by the policy, then, notwithstanding that the insurance company may be entitled to avoid or cancel or may have avoided or cancelle
d the policy, the insurance company shall, subject to the provisions of this section, pay to the}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
persons entitled to the benefit of such judgme}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10421250\charrsid1072528 nt any sum payable thereunder in}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 
 respect of the liability, including any amount payable in}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 respect of costs}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 and any sum payable by virtue of any written law in re}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid1072528 spect of interest on that sum.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4751127\charrsid1072528 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid1072528 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958 Mr. Ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
haraj accepts this suggestion but submits that D3 has been properly joined as a party for he says that under the said Act the D3 as insurers are under a statutory}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 duty to supply various particulars of the Policy to the Plaintiff to enable him or her to lodge claims}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958 
 under the Policy. He says that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 since D3 has not a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958 pplied to have itself struck ou}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 t as a party to the action, no harm will be done to it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11538167  in the event the Court finds D1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  and D2 liable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 No authority has been cited to show that D3 cannot be joined}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682990  as party }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837 
to the action in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  the circumstances of this case. No doubt D3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3682990 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 s liability will depend on my finding on D1 and D2 particularly when it is not in dispute}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 that there was a thi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837 rd party policy in existence at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
 the time of the accident.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 Conclusion}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid337958\charrsid337958 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 To sum up, I find the second defendant who was the driver of the vehicle of which the first defendant was the owner and which said vehicle the third defendant insured}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2651489 fo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
r third party, solely liable for the accident with no contributory negligence established against the Plaintiff nor was it a case of inevitable accident.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 As far as the third defendant is concerned i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837 t has been joined as a nominal }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 defendant mainly for the purpose of satisfying any judgment to which the insured (the first defendant) may be liable under the said section 11.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 In the outcome, for these reasons there will therefore be judgment against the first and second defendants for damages suffered by the Plaintiff which is to be assessed}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3425837  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
unless agreed with costs against them to be taxed if not agreed. As far as the third defendant is concerned since it is a nominal defendant and is liable to satisfy a judgment under the said section 11 I do not propose in the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7499033  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 
circumstances of this case to enter judgment against it but leave to it to comply with section 11 in so far as it is applicable to it with liberty reserved to it to a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2651489 pply to Court generally with no}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652  order as to costs against it.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7499033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16141144\charrsid7499033 D. Pathik
\par Judge
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634652 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16141144\charrsid10634652 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634652\charrsid10634652 At Suva
\par 15 January 1997}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16141144\charrsid10634652 
\par }}