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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}
{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212\charrsid15816212 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 (AT SUVA)
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par CIVIL ACTION NO. 611 OF 1993
\par 
\par BETWEEN
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 JAI NARAYAN
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 (f/n Shiu Pal) as Executor
\par and Trustee of the estate of
\par Hazra Bibi
\par PLAINTIFF
\par 
\par and
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 DEFENDANT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par V. Maharaj for the Plaintiff
\par I. Mataitoga for the Defendant
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par On 12 April 1995 I gave Judgment in favour of the Plaintiff with damages to be assessed if not agreed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Unfortunately agreement}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 was not reached and accordingly I heard 2 witnesses, the Plaintiff and his housekeeper on 28 May 1996.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 I also called for written submissions and these were filed on 28 August 1995 and on 30 May 1996.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The matter was called for mention prior to Judgment on 2 July 1996.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 I now proceed to assess the damages recoverable.
\par 
\par The Plaintiff}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 is the widowed former husband of one Hazra Bibi who died at the CWM Hospital on 20 April 1993 aged 33.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 As previously found by me she died as a result of medical negligence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 She left 3 children:-}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212\charrsid15816212 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212 (i)\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Rozileen Narayan now aged 16
\par (ii)\tab Maureen Narayan now aged 15
\par (iii)\tab Jainendra Narayan now aged 3.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par The Action is brought by the Plaintiff for the benefit of Hazra Bibi's estate under the provisions of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Death and Interest) Act - Cap. 27}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 and for the benefit of the Plaintiff and the 3 children under the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of the Compensation to Relatives Act - Cap. 29.
\par 
\par }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Claims Under Cap. 27
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The Fiji Act broadly corresponds to the English Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934 and is therefore concerned with the recovery by the estate of damages accruing before}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 or as a result of the death.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Care must be taken when considering the authorities relevant to the English Act since there are a number of variations between the two brought about by}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 amendments to the 1934 Act which do not apply in Fiji.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 One important example is the English Administration of Justice Act 1982.
\par 
\par It will also be remembered that following the decision in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Davies v Powell Duffryn Collieries}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
 [1942] AC 601 any benefit accruing or likely to accrue to a dependant from an award under Cap. 27 will}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
fall to be deducted from damages awarded under a Fatal Accidents Act claim.
\par 
\par Heads of damage recoverable under Cap. 27 include:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 (i)\tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Loss of expectation of life}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 a nominal sum of $2,500 (see }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Hari Pratap v Attorney-General}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  FCA 14/92 \tab - FCA Reps 93/276).
\par 
\par (ii)\tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Funeral expenses}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  - $750 (not in dispute).
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 (iii)\tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Pain and suffering}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  - the only evidence was that given by PW1 Satya Nand Mudaliar at the trial proper.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  The }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 cause of death was dehydration caused by repeated vomiting over a period of 8 days.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 This must have been a most unpleasant and distressing experience. I}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 award $2500 under this head.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 (iv)\tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Medical expenses of the deceased}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  No evidence was led }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 and accordingly I make no award under this head.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212 (v)\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 "}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Lost Years}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 " -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 I will deal with this head later.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par In view of the claim for exemplary and punitive damages set our in paragraph (c) of the plaintiff's written submissions it must be noted that such damages are specifically excluded by section 2(a) of the Act.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 In my view they could not possibly form an element of loss under Cap. 29.
\par 
\par }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Claims Under Cap. 29
\par 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The Fiji Act once again has}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
its broad equivalent in English legislation namely the Fatal Accidents Act 1946 (Lord Campbell's Act) which has also been amended in England but not in Fiji, most notably by the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 and the Administration of Justice Act 1982.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 In seeking guidance from}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 the English authorities it is essential to}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
distinguish between authorities applicable}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 to Fiji's laws and authorities which are}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 only relevant to England's law as amended.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 When consideration must also be taken of relevant Australian authorities then the problem of assessing these damages in Fiji, never easy, becomes considerably more involved.
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The purpose of the Compensation to Relatives Act i
s to award the husband and children of the deceased "such damages are considered proportioned to the injury resulting from the death" (Section 5).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The method of assessing the damages was explained in the following much quoted passage from }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Malyon v Plummer}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1964] 1 QB 330, 349; [1963] 2 All ER 344, 353:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid545874 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 "the pecuniary loss which the Court has to assess is a loss which will be sustained in the future.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 This involves two estimates, videlicet (i) what benefit in money or money's worth arising out of the}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 relationship would have accrued to the person}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
for whom the action is brought from the deceased if the deceased had survived but has not been lost by reason of his death (ii) what benefit in money or money's worth (subject to certain statutory exceptions) the per
son for whom the action is brought will derive from the death of the deceased which would}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
not have been enjoyed had the deceased lived.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The difference between the two estimates}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 is the measure of damages recoverable under the ... (Act) ..."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par It is important to remember}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 that only injuries capable of evaluation}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 in monetary terms can found claims in damages under this Act (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Franklin v South Eastern Rly Co}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  (1858) 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 H}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 &}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 N 211; [1843-60] All ER}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Rep. 849).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
The loss however need not be monetary}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 loss and therefore
 a loss of services reasonably expected in the future and capable of being valued in pecuniary terms will suffice (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Berry v Humm & Co}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1915] 1 KB 627). Damages cannot be awarded as a solatium for injured feelings or for grief (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Taff Vale}{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Rly Co v Jenkins}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1913] AC 1,}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 4).
\par 
\par It is also clear from the English authorities that the whole assessment of damages is a jury question (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Hay v Hughes}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1975] 1 All ER 257, 266) but that:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 "now that such actions are no longer tried by juries, the judge who tries t
hem has to direct himself as he would a jury and then put himself in the position of the jury to decide the facts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
There are principles laid down which must be applied, but very often the reasoning of the judge is directed at facts of the individual case.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Sometimes a similar set of facts}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 emerges, sometimes not."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Spittle v Bunny}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1988] 3 ALL ER 1031, 1036).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par In my opinion this is also the correct approach in Fiji.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
I reach this conclusion because the relevant sections of the two Acts namely Section 2 of
 the 1846 English Act and Section 5 of the Fiji Act closely correspond and because the reference to the award being made by a jury rather than the Court was not only deleted by the English 1976}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Act but also removed in Fiji by Section 9 of the Law Revision}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
(Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 2) Ordinance 1966.
\par 
\par The first question then is the amount of loss suffered by the husband and children plaintiffs as a consequences of Hazra Bibis's death.
\par 
\par Nazia Nisha told me that she had looked after the youngest child Jainendra since 1993.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 He was now 3 years old.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 She looked after him 6 days per week for which she was paid $3 per day.
\par 
\par The Plaintiff himself told me that prior to Nazia he had another housekeeper to look after Jainendra who was of course only a few days old when his mother died.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 After Hazra Bibi had died}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
the Prisons Department for whom he had throughout worked had given him notice to quit the married quarters that he had been}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
occupying with his family.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 He had therefore quickly remarried in September 1993.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212 
 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 His second wife who had previously been a garment factory worker now stayed at home and did not work.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 By contrast Hazra Bibi had not only worked as a standby prison officer earning about $500 in 1990-1991 but she also grown vegetables for sale and had also sold yaqona, ice blocks}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 and cigarettes from home earning " $40 - $50" per week nett.
\par 
\par Looking at Hazra Bibi's cash contribution to the family in the round I think the prison salary should really be disregarded.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
It was in my view more of a perk which came her way from time to time.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 She was not a substantive prison officer (see memorandum from}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 the Commissioner of Prisons dated 14 August 1995 Exhibited to the Defendant's written submissions).}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 With a new young child to look after, the probability is that she woul
d not have been able to take on such duties, particularly at night.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The amount involved is small and does not significantly}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 affect the outcome.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The main financial loss is clearly the vegetables and small grocery business operated from home.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Although the income was fairly flexibly assessed I would accept a cash financial contribution of $45 per week.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 From this}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
of course has to be deducted the cost of accommodating and feeding}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Hazra Bibi herself which I would put at $15 per week.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Accordingly the net cash loss appears to have been $30 per week.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212\charrsid15816212 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The next question that arises is what value to put on the services provided by Hazra Bibi to her husband and children.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Evaluating those services in money terms is not at all easy.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
In England a "notional nanny" approach has usually been taken although}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
at least one very experienced judge (Sir David Croom-Johnson) has called the approach "wholly inappropriate" when in fact no full}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
time nanny was ever, or ever likely to be employed to take the place of the deceased mother (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Hayden v Hayden}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
 [1992] 4 ALL ER 681, 693).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
In the present case a housekeeper has in fact been employed to look after Jainendra at the rate of $3 per day on the basis of a 6 day week but that still leaves the value of Hazra Bibi's services as mother and 
wife, services much more valuable than those of a mere housekeeper (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Regan v}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Williamson}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1976] 2 ALL ER 241, and }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Mehmet v Perry}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1971] 2 ALL ER 529).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Reminding myself that I am not valuing the plaintiff's loss of companionship or the grief and misery caused}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
by Hazra Bibi's departure or indeed the love, guidance and influence she}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
would have given to the children I value the non financial contribution to the family at another $70 per week.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
The multiplicand I therefore assess at $100 per week or $5,200 per annum.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Given the ages of the children and the mother I think that the appropriate multiplier is 11 and accordingly I assess the total value of the family's dependency at 11 x $5200 = $57200.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 In view of the age of Jainendra I do not think a sliding scale award to reflect his growing up is appropriate.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212\charrsid15816212 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Under Section 6 of Cap 29 it is necessary that the award should be apportioned (and also see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Eifert v Holts Transport Co}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1951] WN 476) but I heard no evidence or submissions on this aspect of the assessment a
nd accordingly will need to hear counsel before making further orders of apportionment.
\par 
\par The next question that has to be answered is}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
whether any deductions should be made from this award as a result of the Plaintiff's remarriage.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 I have to say that I have
 not found this question easy to answer.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Instinctively my reaction is to}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 disregard the remarriage altogether especially as the social circumstances in the Indo-Fijian population of Fiji are quite different from those which underlie English authorities.
\par 
\par In England the law already been amended so that a widow's remarriage prospects can be ignored (Fatal Accidents Act 1976 - Section 3 (2)) and the anomaly of not treating a widower in similar fashion has been remarked upon (see }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Hay v Hughes}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1975] 1 All ER 257, 273).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
Furthermore the tendency of the English Courts to disregard purely voluntary benefits received which were previously thought to have been "the result of" or "the consequence of" the death has been noted both in }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Hay v Hughes}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  (supra) and in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Stanley v
 Saddique}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1991] 1 All ER 537.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
It will also be remembered that it is for the Defendant to}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
establish that there must be offset against the loss caused by the death benefits received after the death (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Baker v Dalgleish Steam Shipping Co. Ltd}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1922] 1 KB 361, 377) and that there is a presumption against deducting the value of unpaid services rendered to a bereaved person.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The defendant did not present any evidence.
\par 
\par In Australia the High Court has ruled that the basis for an award in these circumstances is the }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 need}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
 of the Plaintiff for the services in question and that accordingly}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
the Plaintiff does not have to show that the need is or may be productive of financial loss.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
In general the value or cost of providing services}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 will be the standard or market cost 
of the services while the claim not being one for special damages, no question}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
of mitigation of the damages calls for consideration (see }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Van}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Gerven v Fenton}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  [1992] 175 CLR 327).
\par 
\par The only difficulty with this approach is that it appears to conflict with the third judgement in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Nguyen v Nguyen}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
 [1989-1990] 169 CLR were at page 265 their Honours restate that remarriage by a widower will reduce the compensation}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
payable to him "not because the Plaintiff's need for the services will then be satisfied but because the plaintiff's loss is thereby reduced.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212\charrsid15816212 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 The prospect of remarriage has always been regarded in claims under Lord Campbell's Act as providing a gain to the husband in the form of a revival of the capacity to marry.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 It is something which he would not have had, if his wife had not died".
\par 
\par In fact the authority cited by their Honours namely }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Carroll v Purcell}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
 (1961) 107 CLR 73, 79 appears, albeit somewhat gently, to question the value of the "revived capacity to marry" and in the circumstances of the present ca
se and in the changed social circumstances which have developed over the last 35 years I am inclined to question its value and rationale altogether particularly when their Honours recognised that in Australia too "the Courts have been reluctant to conclud
e that where someone outside the immediate family voluntarily takes over the care of the household, especially the care of young children, a}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 deduction should be made from the assessment of damages due to a Plaintiff and reluctant to recognise that the loss suffered by Plaintiff is thereby reduced". (}{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Nguyen v Nguyen}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  supra at page 266).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 I must confess that I can see no reason why the marriage of that "someone outside the immediate family" to the Plaintiff should}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 result in his damages being affected.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 On the fac
e of it such an approach would appear to encourage cohabitation rather than marriage.
\par 
\par I return finally to the "lost years".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 As made clear i}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
n Daya Ram v Cara}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  (FCA 59/82 FCA Reps 83/50) the law in Fiji is still that damages arising from loss of earnings dur
ing lost years are recoverable under Cap. 27, there being no Fiji equivalent to the English Administration of Justice Act 1982, Section 4(2).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 In view however of the fact that, as already seen, damages recovered under Cap. 27 are deducted from those recovered under}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Cap. 29 and bearing in mind that a deceased's earnings less his own living expenses must always equal or exceed his contribution}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 to his family from his earnings, there is no purpose (assuming}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
that the family are beneficiaries of the deceased's estate) to be served by assessing this head of damage.
\par 
\par There remains the question of interest.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 I award this at rate}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 of 8% from the date of }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874 Hazra Bibi's death until today.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par 
\par In the result therefore I award the Plaintiff damages as follows:-}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212\charrsid15816212 
\par }\pard \ql \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0\pararsid545874 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 $
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212 (i)\tab Loss of expectation of Life\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 2,500
\par (ii)\tab Funeral expenses\tab \tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874     }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 750
\par (iii)\tab Pain and suffering\tab \tab  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid545874  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 2,500
\par (iv)\tab Value of dependency\tab \tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 57,200}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par }\pard \ql \li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0\pararsid545874 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 Total}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15816212  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 $}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 62,950}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par plus interest to be calculated.
\par 
\par As previously indicated apportionment of this award will have to await further submissions by counsel
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 M.D. Scott
\par Judge
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15816212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068\charrsid15816212 
\par 9 October 1996}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6059068 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4590551 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590551 HBC0611.93S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4590551\charrsid15816212 
\par }}