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\rsid12876311\rsid14156115\rsid14502699}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.4219;}{\info{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Emalus Campus}{\operator ehndvaun_d}{\creatim\yr2003\mo7\dy31\hr17\min50}{\revtim\yr2003\mo7\dy31\hr17\min50}{\version2}
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\f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par AT LABASA
\par APPELLATE JURISDICTION
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3 of 1993
\par 
\par Between:
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 FIJI SUGAR CORPORATION LIMITED
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Appellant
\par 
\par - and -
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 THE LABOUR OFFICER}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  for and on
\par behalf of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 CHANDRA BHAN }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 s/o Sukhai
\par Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par Mr. V.P. Ram for the Appellant
\par Mr. J. Udit for the Respondent
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par The Appellant who was the original Respondent appeals against the decision of the learned Magistrate Moses Fernando Esq. delivered on the 30th day of January 1993 in the Magistrate's Court, Labasa whereby he found 
for the Respondent/Original Applicant on the issue of liability and on the question of damages and made an award in favour of the Respondent/Original Applicant in the sum of $3065.71 compensation based on an assessment of 12% and costs to be taxed if not 
agreed.
\par 
\par The grounds of appeal are as follows:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 1.\tab 
That the learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in holding that the injury in question was a scheduled injury as described in Section 8 (1)(a) of the Workmen's Compensation Act.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 2.\tab The learned Magist
rate erred in law in failing to distinguish between loss of earning capacity and percentage of permanent partial incapacity determined by the doctor at 12%.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 3.\tab 
The learned Magistrate erred in fact and in law in awarding compensation in the form of a lump sum of $3,065.71 without first determining the percentage of loss of earning capacity sustained by the Respondent/Original Applicant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 4.\tab 
The learned Magistrate erred in fact and in law in holding that there was no dispute as to the amount calculated and/or claimed, and erred in law and in fact in awarding compensation.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 5.\tab The learned Magistrate's finding is unsupported by the weight of evidence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par The facts and circumstances leading to the accident to the workman Chandar Bhan s/o Sukhai are as set out below in the learned Magistrate's judgment (pages 11 and 12 of Record) and I will adopt his summary of them: 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
"Chandra Bhan s/o Sukhai had been employed by the Respondent under a contract of service as a Loco Pointsman.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
While working at Lagalaga in Wainikoro sector in coupling loaded cane trucks his right leg had got caught between the cane truck buffers causing him permanent partial incapacity.
\par 
\par The respondent is denying liability.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 According to Chandra Bhan he had joined the FSC 16 years}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 back and in 1988 at the time of the accident was working as a loco pointsman.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 His duties were to check the tickets, hook the carts and deliver the empty carts.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Empty carts are delivered to the farmers to be loaded with cane.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In the ticket are mentioned the number of the cart and the grower's number.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Just before crushing starts they have an instruction course.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 They are instructed not to hook ill-laden carts and not to bring carts where the numbers do not agree.
\par 
\par Regarding hooking a signal has to be given to the driver.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 When the 
driver reverses a signal is given to him to stop at the suitable point.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
They stand outside the line about half-a-chain away so that the driver can see them.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
If the area is boggy they have to mount a loaded cart.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Before hooking the hooks have to be examined.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 On climbing a hill, if the hooks are bad the carts get disconnected.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 For hooking the carts have to be stationary and the hooks and rings have to be loose.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Their heads and hand have to be clear of the buffers.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Unhooking has to be done from the bottom.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Feet should not be used.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 They have to work closely with the driver.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Despite the instructions to the contrary they sometimes use both hands and feet.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 On the day of the accident he was at Lagalaga points.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115 
 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 There the tram line is on a slope.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 There were 75 loaded
 cane trucks.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 There were some half-loaded trucks too which had to be put at the back.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 The engine had some 20 to 30 carts hooked.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 There were 4 carts not carrying a heavy load.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
He wanted to connect those carts.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 When the carts were being reversed he was about half a chain away from the tram line.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He signalled the driver to stop.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 It was a slope.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He wanted to hook the carts.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In the middle they got disconnected.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He was on the tram line.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The carts came down and bumped him causing injury.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Normal buffer is about 6 i
nches above the ground but the one that hit him was very low.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 His leg was caught between the two buffers.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He held on to the trucks.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 For about half a chain his leg was caught between the buffers.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 After that he had jumped off while the carts were still moving.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He found his leg red and black.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The driver took him to the engine.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 After a while a FSC van came and took him to Navualevu health centre.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 From there he was referred to Labasa hospital after some treatment.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Then he was given some tablets and sent home.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 As
 he was suffering he came again to hospital the next morning.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
He was examined by a doctor, an x-ray was taken and a plaster cast was put.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
It was removed after 6 weeks, and he was again examined by a doctor."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par According to the Appellant the facts in dispute are as follows and they need the Court's determination but the Respondent thinks otherwise (to which I shall refer later):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 1.\tab 
The Appellant contends that the Respondent was attempting to hook the 2 trucks by use of his right foot and as a result received the }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 injury to}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 his right ankle}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 whereas the Respondent says he did not use his foot to hook the trucks.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (underlining mine)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 2.\tab 
The Respondent contends that the injury he received resulted in a 12% permanent incapacity of loss of use of his ankle whereas the Appellant argues that the Respondent's ankle was not permanently incapacitated at all.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par Both counsel made useful but quite lengthy written submissions and I have given careful consideration to them.
\par 
\par Mr. Sharma in his written submission argues, that under section 5(1)(b) of the Workmen's Compensation Act Cap 94 (hereafter referred to as the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "Act"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ) the appellant has proved that the Respondent's injury is attributable to the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "serious and wilful misconduct"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  of the Respondent and therefore any compensation claimed in respect of that injury should be disallowed.
\par 
\par The said s.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 5(1)(b) reads:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
"if it is proved that the injury to a workman is attributable to the serious and wilful misconduct of that workman, any compensation claimed in respect of the injury will }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703 be disallowed:}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Provided that where the injury results in death or serious or permanent incapacity, the Court on consideration of all the circumstances may award the compensation provided for by this Act or such part thereof as it shall think fit."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par It is the appellant's submission that all the evidence presented in this case suggests that the Respondent's injury arose due to his }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "serious and wilful misconduct"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .
\par 
\par Whether it is }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "serious and wilful misconduct"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  is a question of fact or law is discussed in }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 WILLIS WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  33rd Ed. 1941 by W.P. WILLIS (hereafter referred to as }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 WILLIS}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ) thus:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "Whether a Question of Fact or Law. -}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 The question whether or not the conduct amounts to "serious and wilful misconduct" is, according to the English Courts, a question of fact; and, in order to }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 dispute}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 in the Court of Appeal the finding of a county court judge on this subject, it is necessary to satisfy the Court }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
that there was no evidence on which the arbitrator could rightly have found as he has found.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  (unde
rlining mine for emphasis). 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par After referring to the above-quoted passage from WILLIS the learned counsel agrees that the issue is not so much of law as of sufficiency of evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In view of this in considering this appeal I remind myself of what is stated in the headnote to }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 WILSON v LOWERY}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  1993 110 FLR p. 142 that }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
"it is not the role of the Court to review findings of fact made by the Workers' Compensation Court at first instance.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The Court should not review a finding of fact by the Workers' Compensation Court where there was evidence to support that finding of facts"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .
\par 
\par I am asked to review the findings of facts by the trial Magistrate.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The findings in this case are based essentially on the credibility of witnesses.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Very rarely would an appellate court be 
justified in interfering unless the findings of fact could not be supported on the evidence or law or any other proper ground.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The principles to be applied by an appellate court in this regard are laid down in the well-known and oft-quoted case of }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 WATT (or THOMAS) v THOMAS}{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (1947) 1 AER 582 at p.587}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  and }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 BENMAX v AUSTIN MOTOR CO LTD (1955) 1 AER 326 at 329}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .
\par 
\par At this juncture I would like to refer to one aspect of the appeal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 It is a point which has been raised by Mr. Udit}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 for the Respondent in his written submission.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He says that:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 NOTE}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115 :}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 Before any further submissions on this issue is made, the respondent prays to his Lordship that the submissions on this (pgs 8-15 of the appellant's submission) be struck out.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 This is because the appellant in it's grounds of appeal has no where attempted to challenge the decision of Magistrate in this respect.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 That is, the respondent acted in contravention of his instructions and was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par I agree with this comment of his.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 The matter raised by him is not included in the grounds of appeal.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 I do not think it would be proper to allow Mr. Sharma to make submission on this aspect for my consideration and determination.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In any case I refer him again to the appellate Court's reluctance to interfere with the learned Magistrate's findings of fact.
\par 
\par Lest I am held wrong in disallowing Mr. Sharma to argue this subject of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "serious and wilful misconduct"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
, I have myself on a careful study of the record in this case found that the learned Magistrate in his well-considered and well analyzed judgment could not have come to any other finding on this aspect than he did.
\par 
\par In dealing with this he no doubt considered s.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
5(1) of the Workmen's Compensation Act which reads, inter alia (referred to by Mr. Udit):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ".... an accident resulting in the death of serious and permanent incapacity of a Workman shall be }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 deemed}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  to arise out of and in the course of his employment, notwithstanding that the workman was }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 at the time when}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  the accident happened }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 acting in contravention}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  of any statutory or other regulation applicable to his employment, or of any }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 orders given}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  by or on }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
behalf of his employer}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 , or that he was acting }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 without instruction}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  from his }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 employer}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
, if the act was done by the workman for the }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 purposes of and in connexion with his employer's trade or business}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ":...}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (emphasis added)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par The learned Magistrate found as follows (page 19 of Record):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "What Chandra Bhan had done in my view falls far short of misconduct let alone it being serious.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 It is common ground that he was a capa
ble experienced and excellent employee with a commendable record in recognition of which he had been given promotion.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
It is difficult to think that he would wilfully expose himself to personal danger.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In the circumstances I hold that Chandra Bhan was not guilty of any wilful and serious misconduct."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par In these circumstances I do not wish to consider any further Mr. Sharma's submission on pages 8 to 15 of his written submission on the subject of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "serious and wilful misconduct"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .
\par 
\par I shall now consider the gro}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703 unds of appeal as one ground.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par 
\par Putting the grounds together the issue for my consideration boils down to this, whether the learned Magistrate was correct in regarding the injury in this case as a scheduled injury for which compensation is payable under sect
ion 8(1)(a) of the Act or whether it should have been a non-scheduled injury for which compensation if any is payable under section 8(1)(b) of the Act if the injury has resulted in loss of earning capacity.
\par 
\par The relevant provisions of section 8 are as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "8.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (1)}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Where permanent partial incapacity results from the injury the amount of compensation shall be - 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (a)\tab 
in the case of an injury specified in the Schedule, such percentage of two hundred and sixty weeks' earnings as is specified therein as being the percentage of the loss of earning capacity caused by that injury; and
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (b)\tab 
in the case of an injury not specified in the Schedule, such percentage of two hundred and sixty weeks' earnings as is proportionate to the loss of earning capacity permanently caused by the injury:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Provided that in no case shall the amount of compensation in respect of permanent partial incapacity be greater than twelve thousand dollars nor less than such percentage of one thousand five hundred dollars as represents the loss
 of earning capacity arrived at in accordance with paragraph (a) or paragraph (b)."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par Under the Schedule to the Act is a list of injuries and fixes the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "percentage of incapacity"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 in respect of each item in the Schedule.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 What it conveys is:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "Each percentage
 stated is the percentage of loss of earning capacity which a person is deemed by law to have suffered as a result of the injury to which the percentage relates.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 It is immaterial whether a person who has suffered a scheduled injury loses no earning capacity at all or has, in fact, suffered a much higher percentage of loss of earning capacity.}
{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
For the purposes of the Act he has suffered the percentage stated in the Schedule and is only entitled to compensation based on that percentage".}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 KERMODE J}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  in }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 FIJI ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY v LABOUR OFFICER ON BEHALF OF VITALE RAMASI}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703 , 27 FLR 62 at 66).}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par Under item (2) in the schedule (under s8) it provides for percentage of incapacity for }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ankylosis}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  of any}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703  joint thus (underlining mine):}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "2. The percentage of incapacity for
 ankylosis of any joint shall be reckoned as from twenty-five to one-hundred per cent of the incapacity for loss of the part of that joint, according to whether the joint is ankylosed in a favourable or unfavourable position....."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par Mr. Sharma submits that there is no evidence of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
; that Dr. Matainavula was not questioned on this subject; that Dr. Goneyali's report of 2 February 1989 does not refer to }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  apart from saying }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "cannot move the right ankle freely"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Mr. Sharma says that according to the Medical Dictionary }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  is defined as (no reference given to this definition):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
"a fusion of the bone across the joint space either by bony tissue or by shortening of connecting fibrous tissue.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 It is a compli
}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115 c}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ation of prolonged joint inflation as may occur in chronic infection of rheumatic disease".
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par He says that there is conflicting evidence on the incapacity of the Respondent's ankle.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Doctors Goneyali and Matainavula examined the workman in the early stages of the injury but because it takes time for injury to heal Dr. Chandra's report of 25 February 1992 would be a more viable one.
\par 
\par Mr. Sharma submits that there is no evidence in regard to the provisions of item (2) above.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Hence he says item (2) is not applicable in the circumstances.
\par 
\par Therefore he says that the Respondent's submissions on the applicability of section 8(1)(a) ought to be rejected.
\par 
\par Mr. Sharma further submits that since the injury is not a scheduled one under section 8(1)(a), the quantum (if any) must be assessed under section 8(1)(b).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In his submission Mr. Sharma states that since the accident his wages has increased and he received two promotions; that there is no loss suffered by him or that he is likely to suffer.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 There is no chance of loss of potential incapacity.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He is still in employment of the Appellant.
\par 
\par He concludes by saying that the question is:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
"did the incapacity suffered by the Respondent which was of a permanent nature reduce the Respondent's earning capacity in any employment which he was capable of undertakin
g at the time must be considered in the negative having regard to both the evidence of the Respondent's earnings (which demonstrates no loss of earning capacity) and the medical evidence of Dr. Chandra."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par He therefore says that under the circumstances no compensation should be paid to the Respondent under Section 8(1)(b) either.
\par 
\par On the other hand Mr. Udit submits that it is a scheduled injury and that compensation ought to be paid under s}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
8(1)(a) as the learned Magistrate ordered.
\par 
\par I would not like to reiterate Mr. Udit's arguments but will deal with them in my consideration of the issue which is for my determination.
\par 
\par Whether the injury fits into the definition of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 or not will depend on the medical evidence adduced in this case.
\par 
\par Mr. Sharma gave one definition (referred to above) but without reference and Mr. Udit quoted another from }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 ENCYCLOPAEDIA AND DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE, NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 , 3rd Edition by }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 MILLER & KEANE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 at p.58 which states: }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis - abnormal immobility and consolidation of a joint"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .
\par 
\par I have carefully analyzed the evidence of the two doctors, namely Dr. Asaeli Matairavula and Dr. Chandra and also Dr. Goneyali's report on the workman.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 In the final analysis on a balance of probabilities I prefer to accept the report o
f Doctor Goneyali and the evidence of Dr. Matainavula who are both surgeons of considerable experience and their qualifications are higher than those of Dr. Chandra a general practitioner.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Also because Dr. Chandra is engaged as the appellant's doctor there is every likelihood of his evidence being biased in favour of the Appellants with all due respect to the doctor.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Justice must not only be done but it must be seen to be done.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 I am satisfied that on the definition of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  the injury does come under the scheduled injury under (2).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The fact that the actual term }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "ankylosis"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 was not specifically used to describe the injury does not matter so long as it fits the definition.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
I also accept the doctors' opinion that the disability is 30%.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 The doctor (Dr. Gon
eyali) stated in his memorandum dated 2 February 1989 to the Permanent Secretary for Employment and Industrial Relations, inter alia, at ({\*\bkmkstart QuickMark}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark}page 129 of Record):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "due to the above injury the following disabilities could be seen:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (1)\tab Cannot move his right ankle freely;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 (2)\tab Pains especially during cold season.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He is therefore entitled to 12% permanent disability.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12389703 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid12389703 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Calculation: Loss of foot\tab =\tab 40%
\par Percentage of disability =
\par 30% of 40%\tab \tab \tab =\tab 12%"
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par The learned Magistrate also concluded at p.21 of Record that:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "In
 these circumstances the opinion expressed by Dr. Goneyali and confirmed by Dr. Asaeli have to be given preferences".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par In fact the learned Magistrate had very carefully analysed the three doctors' evidence (see pages 19 to 21 of the Record) before finally 
accepting the report of Doctor Goneyali and the evidence of Dr. Matainavula and he gave his reasons for so doing so as far as the matter of degree of partial permanent incapacity is concerned and the extent and type of the injury.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Both the doctors were wel
l qualified to give their opinion on the matter and according to them the fact that Dr. Goneyali's examination was done some two months after the injury was sustained it was not premature to form an opinion which they gave.
\par 
\par In the grounds filed by the appellant, Mr. Sharma argued that the learned Magistrate }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "erred in law and in fact"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 in grounds 1, 3 & 4 but in ground 2 he said that he }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "erred in law"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 The learned Magistrate has given a well-considered judgment setting out the facts, analyzing the evidence a
nd drawing conclusions from them.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 I find that he had taken into account all the factors that should have exercised his mind.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 He has correctly applied the law and came to the right conclusion.
\par 
\par On the matter of distinguishing between questions of law and questions of fact, the authorities have been conveniently summarised by }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 MILDREN J}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 TRACY VILLAGE SPORTS AND SOCIAL CLUB v WALKER}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  (UNREPORTED, SUPREME COURT, NT, }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 MILDREN J}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
 File No. 43/92 November 1992).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Since this subject of the application of }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 'facts'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 'law'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  and proper inferences to be drawn from those facts have a strong bearing on the issue before me I venture to repeat the principles involved as hereunder (quoting from }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 WILSON v LOWERY}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115  (supra) p. 146) at the risk of being lengthy and conclude by saying 
that the learned Magistrate followed the right principles in this case:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "1.\tab 
In the process of arriving at an ultimate conclusion a trial judge goes through a number of stages.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The first stage is to find the preliminary facts.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 This may involve the evaluat
ion of witnesses who gave conflicting accounts as to those facts.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
If the trial judge prefers one account to another, that decision is a question of fact to be determined by him and is not reviewable on appeal.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 It may be that the reason given for preferring one witness to another is patently wrong.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Nevertheless, no appeal lies: R v District Court of the Metropolitan District Holden at Sydney; Ex parte White (1966) 116 CLR 644 at 654; Azzopardi v Tasman UEB Industries Ltd (1985) 4 NZWLR 139 at 156; Haines v Leves (1987) 8 NSWLR 442 at 469-470.
\par 
\par 2.\tab Regardless of the trial judge's reasons, if there is evidence which, if believed, would support the finding, there is no error of law: Nicolia v Commissioner of Railways (NSW) (1970) 45 ALJR 465.
\par 
\par 3.\tab If, on the other
 hand, there is no evidence to support a finding of fact which is crucial to an ultimate finding that the case fell within the words of the statute (for example, that injury by accident arose out of the course of the employment, or that the failure to giv
e notice was occasioned by mistake), there is an error of law: Nicolia v Commissioner of Railways (supra); Tiver Constructions Pty Ltd v Clair (supra), per Martin and Mildren JJ (at 145-146); Haines v Leves (supra) (at 156).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 4.\tab But, a finding of fact canno
t be disturbed on the basis that it is "perverse", or "against the evidence or the weight of the evidence or contrary to the overwhelming weight of evidence".}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Nor may this Court review a finding of fact merely because it is alleged to ignore the probative 
force of evidence which is all one way, even if no reasonable person could have arrived at the decision made, and even if the reasoning was demonstrably unsound: Haines v Leves (at 469-470).
\par 
\par 5.\tab The second stage is the drawing of inferences by the trial judge from the primary facts to arrive at secondary facts.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 This is subject to the same limitations that apply to primary facts.
\par 
\par 6.\tab If there are no primary facts upon which a secondary fact could be inferred, and the secondary fact is crucial to the ultimate
 finding as to whether or not the case fell within the words of the statute, there is an error of law. If there are primary facts upon which a secondary fact might be inferred, there is no error of law.
\par 
\par 7.\tab It is not sufficient that an appellate court would have drawn a different inference from those facts.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The question is, whether the}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115 re were facts upon which the inf}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 erence might be drawn.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 If a tribunal draws an inference which cannot reasonably be drawn, it errs in point of law and its decision can be revie
wed by the courts: Instrumatic Ltd v Supabrase Ltd [1969] 1 WLR 519 at 521; [1969] 2 All ER 131 at 132, Lord Denning MR, with whom Edmund Davies LJ and Phillimore LJ agreed; Edwards (Inspector of Taxes) v Bairstow [1956] AC 14".}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par Since the learned Magistrate found in favour of the workman under s}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
8(1)(a) of the Act as a scheduled injury and item (2) of the said schedule he did not have to consider s}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12389703  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 8(1)(b).}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 So the matter ends there and this Court has no reason to disturb the learned Magistrate's findings in this regard.
\par 
\par In the outcome, for the above reasons the appeal is dismissed with costs here and in the court below (already ordered by the learned Magistrate) which is to be taxed unless agreed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Consequently the learned Magistrate's order for compensation in the sum of $3065.71 payable by the Appellant to the Respondent stands.
\par 
\par The Respondent claims interest on the judgment amount of $3065.71 at the rate of 13%.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
Since it was a Magistrate's Court judgment, the post judgment interest is allowed at the rate of 5% from 4 February 1993 (date of judgment) until payment for Or. 32 r.8 of Magistrate's Courts Rules Vol 11 Cap. 14 provides that }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 "where a judgment or order is for a sum of money, interest at five per cent per annum shall be payable thereon; unless the court otherwise orders"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
The circumstances of this case are not such as to warrant a higher rate of interest.
\par 
\par The appeal is dismissed.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 D. Pathik
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 Judge}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par At Suva
\par 28 April 1995
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14156115 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid14156115 HBC0003J.93B}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12876311\charrsid14156115 
\par }}