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\f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 At Suva
\par Civil Jurisdiction
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 
\par CIVIL ACTION NO. 0492 OF 1994
\par 
\par Between:
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 THE NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12475409 OF FIJI}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231  LIMITED
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 Plaintiff
\par 
\par - and -
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 NATIONAL MBf INSURANCE (FIJI)
\par LIMITED
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 Defendant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 
\par Mr. I. Thain and F.G. Keil for Plaintiff
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid4918462 M.S. Sahu Khan, A. Khan and K. Muaror for Defendant
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462\charrsid7485231 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In this motion the plaintiff company, }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
The National Insurance Co. of Fiji, Limited}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  seeks an interlocutory injunction restraining the defendant, }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
National MBf Insurance (Fiji) Limited}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "by its directors, servants agents or otherwise, using the word }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
National' in its name, promotions, marketing material (including broadcasts) or in any other aspect of its business as an insurance company, until further order of this Honourable Court"}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 {\*\bkmkstart QuickMark}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark}
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In its }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Statement of Claim}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the plaintiff company pleads two causes of action, namely the common law tort of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 passing-off'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 and}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  breach of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 54}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Fair Trading Decree 1992}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The principal relief sought in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Statement of Claim}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  is a permanent injunction in terms identical to that sought in the interlocutory motion.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
This latter feature of the case gave rise to a submission of counsel for the defendant that the court ought not to grant the interlocutory relief sought if the practical effect would be to grant the principal relief sought in the substantive action }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 per}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Kermode J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Ba Town Council v. F.B.C. and Others}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1976) 22 F.L.R. 91}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 99}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The authority cited for this proposition by }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Justice Kermode}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Ba Town Council}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 case is }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Dodd v. Marine Workers Union}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
(1923) 93 L.J. Ch. 65}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 rule of practice'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  established in }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Dodd's}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case has been the subject however of some judicial criticism, most recently, in the judgment of }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Megarry J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Woodford v. Smith}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1970) 1 W.L.R. 806}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 817, 818}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  where the learned judge said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.817}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"I do not think that there is anything to prevent the court in a proper case from granting on motion substantially all the relief claimed in the action."}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Then after referring to the decision in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Dodds}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (ibid)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  his lordship continues}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "But this langu
age is general rather than absolute, the judgments are very brief, no reasons are given, and there have been later decisions.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Thus in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Bailey (Malta) Ltd. v. Bailey}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 (1963) 1 Lloyds Reps. 595, 598 Lord Denning M.R. flatly said that it seemed to him that there was }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 no such rule'.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In this he based himself on what Sargant L.J. had said in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Attorney-General v. Staleton-on-Tees Cooporation}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 (1927) 91 J.P.172, 174 where there is what I may call a reasoned demolition of the supposed rule, the basis of which seems to have been an objection to trying the same point twice over."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The remaining 2 decisions cited in support by counsel for the defendant namely, }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Locabial International Finance Ltd. v. Agro Export}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1986) 1 ALL E.R. 901}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Malone v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1978) 3 W.L.R. 936}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 are easily distinguishable from the present case in so far as they were concerned with }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 mandatory injunctions'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and it is well-settled that on such a motion, as contrasted with the trial, a court was far more reluctant to grant a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 mandatory injunction'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 and there is a higher degree of assuredness required than in the case of a prohibitory injunction }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (per}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Megarry J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Shepherd Homes Ltd. v. Sandham}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1970) 3 All E.R. 402}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 412}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Objection was also taken by defence counsel to the aff
idavits filed on behalf of the plaintiff company in that contrary to }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"... the correct procedure to be followed in applications of this nature, which requires affidavits to be sworn after issue of the writ ..."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 per}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Kermode J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Ba Town Council}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (ibid at }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.94}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , the affidavits were all sworn }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 6 days}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 before}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the issuance of the plaintiff's }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Writ}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Summons}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Having considered the matter and in particular, the stage at which the precise nature of the defendant's objection to the plaintiff's affidavits became apparent}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the use that was made by defence counsel of the plaintiff's principal affidavit}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the terms of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Order 41 r.4}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 High Court Rules}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the decision of }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Chitty J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Green v. Prior}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1886) W.N. 50}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 and the offer of counsel for the plaintiff to re-swear the affidavits, }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (if required)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
, I am satisfied that this is an appropriate case for the grant of leave to the plaintiff to file and use its affidavits in evidence notwithstanding the irregularity.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 I turn then to a brief survey of the facts in the case.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The plaintiff company is a wholly owned subsidiary of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National Insurance Company of New Zealand, Limited}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  which latter company was first incorporated under the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Joint-Stock Companies Act 1860 (N.Z.)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and began trading in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 1873}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  as the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Nation
al Fire and Marine Insurance Company of New Zealand, Limited}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Subsequently in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 1908}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  it changed its name to the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National Insurance Company of New Zealand, Limited}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  a name it maintains to the present day.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The present plaintiff company first began operations in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Fiji}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  as a local office of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Auckland Branch}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of its }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  parent company and continued as such until its incorporation on the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 1st of September 1974}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Like its parent company the plaintiff company has traded in the fire and general insurance market in }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Fiji}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  for over }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 20 years}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and has a substantial share of the market which it transacts either directly with consumers or through its network of agents throughout }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Fiji}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  or via insurance brokers.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 It claims to have invested considerable time, effort and money in promoting the trading names }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "The National Insurance Company"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"National Insurance"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "The National"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 in its policy documentation, office signage and other promotional and advertising materials.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
So much so that it is said that there is substantial }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Fiji}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 attached not only to its business reputation as }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "a solid, reliable, experienced insurer of great integrity"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 but also to its various trading names which is described as }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... one of the plaintiff's most valuable assets, if not the most valuable"}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In other words if I may be permitted to adapt the words of }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lord Denning}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Legal and General Assurances Ltd. v. Daniel}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1968) R.P.C. 253 at}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 258}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , the plaintiff company claims that the words }
{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National Insurance"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  have acquired such a connotation, such a 
significance in business and elsewhere that they have become especially associated with the plaintiff company.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222\charrsid4918462 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The defendant company on the other hand was incorporated on the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 22nd of September 1993}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and must be considered a relatively "new player" in the local insurance market.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 That the tort of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 passing-off'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  is concerned with the protection of a right of property being the right to the }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of a business cannot now be doubted.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (See, for example}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 J. Bollinger v. Costa Brava Wine Co. Ltd}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1960) 2 Ch. 262, 276}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "Champagne"}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ) and that the }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of a business includes, amongst other things, its business or trading name has been settled since }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Churton v. Douglas}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1859) 123 R.R. 56, 64}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 I interpose here to deal with a quite unusual submission of defence counsel that whatever }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 the plaintiff acquired by the use of its various business and trading names was acquired in breach of the provisions of both the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Companies Act 1983}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Registration of Business Names Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (Cap. 249)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and as such
 this Court ought not to protect such user or lend its aid to such illegality by the granting of equitable relief.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
In particular counsel referred to the various newspaper advertisements and brochures annexed to the plaintiff's principal affidavit in which the words}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National Insurance"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  features quite prominently, and submitted that they were in breach of the clear requirements of }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 111(1)(c)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Companies Act 1983}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  which provides (inter alia)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "(1)\tab Every Company -
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (c)\tab shall have 
its name mentioned in legible roman letters in all business letters of the company and in all notices and other official publications of the company ..."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Similarly defence counsel submitted that in failing to register the variety of }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 names'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  which the plai
ntiff company was using, it was in clear breach of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 3(d)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Registration of Business Names Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (Cap. 249)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  which provides}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "(d)\tab 
every company as defined in the Companies Act carrying on business under a business name which does not consist of its corpo}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12475409 rate name without any addition,}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12475409 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid12475409 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12475409 s}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
hall be registered in the manner directed by this Act."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
I confess that when I first encountered the submission I was not only taken somewhat by surprise but in addition I considered it wholly unmeritorious.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In the first place as is stated by the learned author of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
The Principles of Company Law}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (2nd edn) at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
p.187}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"The object of the section is plain ... the legislature introduced limited liability on the basis that third parties would realise that they were dealing with limited companies.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Hence great emphasis has always been put on the use of the true name of the company and especially the word }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 limited'.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
The provisions ... form part of a wider series of rules designed to ensure that the name of the company appears wherever it does business, on its seal, and on all business documents and letters."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Viewed in that light I cannot accept for one moment that promotional and advertising materials of a company so common in this day and age can be considered to be within the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 mischief'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the section }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the phrase }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... all notices and other official publications of the company"}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Quite plainly in my view they are not.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 I am fortified by an examination of the wording of the immediate predecessor to }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 111(i)(c)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  namely, }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 93(1)(c)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Companies Ordinance}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (Cap. 216 of the 1967 Revised Edition of the Laws of Fiji)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
, which clearly includes, as a separate and distinct category of company publication, }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "advertisements"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Its very absence in the more recent replacement se
ction with which I am concerned in this case, speaks volumes of the intention of the legislature.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Finally reference may be made to the headnote in }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 H.E. Randall, Limited v. The British and American Shoe Company}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1902) 2 Ch. 354}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  which reads}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12475409 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "A limited co
mpany may acquire a right to protection of a trade name used separately from its corporate name, although such user is in contravention of SS. 41, 42 of the Companies Act, 1862 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
(which are identical in substance to S.111 of our Companies Act 1983)."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Swinfen Eady J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 in rejecting an argument similar to that advanced by defence counsel in this case said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.358}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "The Companies Act 1862, SS.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12475409  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 41, 42}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
imposes certain penalties on a company for non-compliance with its provisions}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  but the additional penalty of fo
rfeiting its goodwill to any dishonest person who chooses to steal it is not imposed by the statute."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 See}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  also the judgment of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Sly J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Moreland Metal Company Ltd. v. Cowlishaw}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
(1919) 19 S.R.N.S.W. 231}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par In the circumstances I need only very briefly address the argument based on the provisions of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Registration of Business Names Act}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (Cap. 249)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In this regard the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Act}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  defines a }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "business name"}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 as meaning}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "the name or style under which any business is carried on whether in partnership or otherwise."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par and the crucial question under }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 3(d)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  is}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Is the plaintiff company carrying on business under a business name which does not consist of its corporate name without any addition}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Having carefully considered the matter I cannot agree that in 
placing advertisements and issuing brochures and other promotional material the plaintiff company can be said }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "to be carrying on business"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  as an insurance company under a business name.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The definition of }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "insurance business"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  as set out in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 2}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Insurance Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (Cap.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 217)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  reads}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "(a)\tab 
The business of undertaking liability by way of insurance (including reinsurance) in respect of lives, or any loss or damage, including liability to pay damages or compensation contingent upon the happening of a}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  specified event}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 ;}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (b)\tab 
business relating to the continuance, renewal or revival of the business referred to in paragraph (a) and includes business incidental thereto."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Needless to say I cannot accept the suggestion that the plaintiff company }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "carries on}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (insurance) }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 business"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  as opposed to an advertising or public relations agency, merely by placing advertisements in a newspaper or producing a brochure of the different insurance policies that it offers.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Furthermore some meaning must be given to the phrase }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ... without any addition'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  as it occurs in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Section 3(d)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 and the view of counsel for the plaintiff is that the section proscribes }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 additions'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  to a corporate name and }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 not}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 abbreviations of it such as are employed by the plaintiff company in its promotional and advertising materials.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The submissions of defence counsel relative to the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Companies Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Registration of Business names Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  are completely without merit and are accordingly rejected.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 I turn next to consider the plaintiff's claim of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 passing-off'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  bearing in mind that this is a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 similar name'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Blue Lagoon Cruises Ltd. v. Evanson}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1980) 26 F.L.R. 13}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  which was a }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 similar name'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case like the present, }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Dyke J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.17}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "The essence of a passing off action is that the use of a trade na
me or description or device by the defendant is calculated to deceive others into a belief that the business is the business of the plaintiff or that there is some close association between them.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Even if there is no deliberate intention to deceive, but in fact people are or are likely to be deceived or led to believe that there is some close association an injunction will lie."}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Of even greater similarity and assistance is the judgment of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Court of Appeal}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National Timber Co. Ltd. v. National Hardware Timber and Machinery Co. Ltd}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 . }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1923) N.Z.L.R. 1258}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  also a }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 similar name'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 passing-off case in which an injunction was granted restraining a duly registered company - the defendant - from carrying on business in }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  under its (registered) name or any other name resembling the plaintiff's name.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In that case }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Reed J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  conveniently summarised the issue to be determined in the following terms at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.1270-1271}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "In the first place it is unquestionable that the matter to be determined by the Court
 is a question of fact ...}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
The principles, then, to be gathered from the numerous cases seem to show that the question to be determined is}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Are the names of the companies so much alike that persons who under ordinary circumstances would be customers of suc
h companies for the commodities in which they deal are likely to be deceived into dealing with the new company in mistake for the old, to the detriment of the latter}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ?}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In considering this question it is material to ascertain}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (i) Whether the two companies are dealing inter alia in the same commodity.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (ii) Have mistakes already been made}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 It is not essential that there should be evidence of this fact, but where it exists }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 it would be very material in assisting the Court in coming to the conclusion that the' [name]. }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 complained of was calculated to deceive ...}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
(iii) The nature of the business carried on by the two companies, and the probability, on account of that nature, of persons doing business with them making mistakes as to their identity."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (My underlining)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par Furthermore the actionable damage to }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 that may arise in a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 similar name' case}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 may take a variety of forms such as}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 to divert business from the plaintiff to the defendant'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 to occasion a confusion between the businesses'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 by suggesting that the defendant's business is an extension, branch or agency of or otherwise connected with the plaintiff's business'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (See}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Ewing v. Buttercup Margarine Co. Ltd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 . }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
(1917) 2 Ch. 1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  that there had been }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 an amalgamation of the two concerns'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Earl of Halsbury L.C.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 North Cheshire and Manchester Brewery Co. v. Manchester Brewery Company}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1899) A.C. 83, 85}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  by }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 the possibility of adverse publicity'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Wilcox J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Chase Manhattan O'Seas Corporation v. Chase Corporation}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1985) 8 A.T.P.R)}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  by }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 inj
uring the trade reputation of the plaintiffs (goods or services)'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Slade L.J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Chelsea Man Menswear Ltd. v. Chelsea Girl Ltd}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1987) R.P.C. 189, 202}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 from a tendency to impair distinctiveness'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Cooke P.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Taylor Bros. Ltd. v. Taylor Group}
{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (1988) 2 N.Z.L.R.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 1, 37}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 As was said by }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Warrington L.J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Ewing v. Buttercup Margarine Company, Limited}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1917) 2 Ch.1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.13}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"To induce the belief that my business is a branch of another man's business may do that other man damage in various ways.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The
 quality of goods I sell, the kind of business I do, the credit or otherwise which I enjoy are all things which may injure the other man who is assumed wrongly to be associated with me."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par I mention next the principles that guide this Court in an application such as the present and which were authoritatively laid down in the judgment of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lord Diplock}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 American Cyanimid v. Ethicon Ltd}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1975) A.C. 396, 407, 408}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 The first or primary or threshold question which the Court must ask itself and determine is}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Is there a serious issue or question to be tried}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ?}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
and if the Court determines that there is a serious issue to be tried then the second or next step is that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "the Court should go on to consider whether the balance of convenience lies in favour of granting or refusing the interlocutory relief that is sought"}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Adopting this two-tier test in the present case and mindful of the }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 courts function at this stage of the litigation'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 and the necessarily limited nature of the evidence available to the Court, can it be said that the plaintiff has raised a }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
serious question to be tried'}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In this regard counsel for the plaintiff submits}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "There is a serious question to be tried that the defendant's use of the word }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National' in connection with its fire and general insurance business}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755353 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (a)\tab 
includes a misrepresentation to potential customers that the defendant is the plaintiff or is in some way connected with the plaintiff}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 and}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755353 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (b)\tab has the reasonably foreseeable consequence that the plaintiff's goodwill}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  or business will be injur}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ed}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 and}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755353 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (c)\tab will cause or probably cause damage to the plaintiff's business and/or goodwill."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Defence counsel submits however that there is no }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 misrepresentation'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the use of the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the defendant's name and in the absence of this }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 essential ingredient'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  the plaintiff has }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 no real prospect of succeeding'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in its claim of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 passing-off'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
In dealing with this submission I say at once that the defendant has provided a perfectly legitimate reason for incorporating the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in its name}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 ;}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 nor}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 do I attribute any fraudulent intent on the part of the defendant in using the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , but the absence of either does not compel or pre-empt a finding of misrepresentation sufficient to support the tort of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 passing-off'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 John Bri
nsmead & Sons v. Stanley Brinsmead}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1913) 30 R.P.C. 493}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Buckley L.J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 laid down the following propositions with regard to passing off when he said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 pp.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 506 and 507}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "The law, as I understand it, is this}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755353 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 if a man makes a statement which is true, but wh
ich carries with it a false representation and induces the belief that his goods are the plaintiff's goods, he will be restrained by injunction.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 He cannot rely on the fact that his statement is litera}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222 l}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
ly and accurately true, if, notwithstanding its truth, it carries with it a false representation ...}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 but it is not necessary to prove intention to deceive."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par and later}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"There is in my opinion, no difference whatever where the true statement consists in an accurate statement of the defendant's name as distin
guished from any other true statement, if of course you have evidence that from the use of his own name deception results.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
..., if he is simply using his own name, and it is proved that its use results in deception, he will be restrained even from using hi
s own name, without taking such steps as will preclude the deception which, by hypothesis, is engendered by using his own name."}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755353 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (See also the judgment of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Court of Appeal}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Baume & Co. Ltd. v. A.H. Moore Ltd}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1958) 1 Ch. 907}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 To return to the absence of misrepresentation, in the }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Birmingham Vinegar Brewery Company Limited v. Powell}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1897) A.C. 710}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (the }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Yorkshire Relish'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case) }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lord Halsbury L.C.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.711}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "The most obvious way in which a man would be infringing the rule ... is if he were to say in terms }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 These are the goods manufactured by' a rival tradesman}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and it seems to be assumed that unless he says something equivalent to that no action will lie.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 It appears to me that that is an entire delusion."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In similar vein }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lord Parker}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  said in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 A.G. Spalding & Bros. v. A.W. Gamage Ltd}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 . }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1915) 32 R.P.C. 273}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 284}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"Members of the relevant trade or public who are familiar with the plaintiff's use of a name, mark or get-up will infer from the defendant's use of a name, mark or get-up which is the sa
me or similar, that the goods or businesses concerned are the same or connected, and in this sense the representation is implied rather than expressed.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Since this kind of misrepresentation arises by association with the plaintiff's mark or other indicia, i
t is unnecessary that the persons deceived should know the actual identity of the plaintiff with whose uses of the name, mark or get-up they have been familiar."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Nor do I consider the apparent }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 approvals'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Registrar of Companies}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  or the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Commissioner of Insurance}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 to the defendant's name a particularly significant factor, much less can they be determinative of the plaintiff's claim in passing-off.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 As was said by the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Earl of Halsbury L.C.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Manchester Brewery Company}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (op.cit at }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.85}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... bu
t upon the one question which your Lordships have to decide, whether the one name is so nearly resembling another as to be calculated to deceive, I am of the opinion that no witness would be entitled to say that, and for this reason}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  that that is the very question which your Lordships have to decide."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Further }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Section 21(2)(a)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Companies Act 1983}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  specifically lays down}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "(a)\tab no company shall be registered by a name which -}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755353 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid3755353 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (i)\tab is identical with that by which a company is already registered, }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 or so nearly resembles that name as to be calculated to deceive}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , ..."}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (my underlining)}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222\charrsid4461222 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Although this is not an application under the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Companies Act}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lindley M.R.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Court of Appeal}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in granting an injunction in the }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Manchester Brewery Company Limited}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (rep
orted in (1898) 1 Ch. 539)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 restraining the defendant company from using or trading under its registered name which included the whole of the plaintiff company's name with additions and which name suggested that two companies had amalgamated, the learned }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Master of the Rolls}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  referring to the identical words of the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 U.K.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  equivalent of the above section asked and answered the question at }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.545}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"If that (meaning the suggestion of amalgamation) is true, can it be said that the defendant company do not fall within the second part of the section, which says that no}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 company shall be registered under a name so resembling the name of a subsisting company}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  as to be calculated to deceive}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 It appears to me they are actually hit by those words."
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Furthermore }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Reed J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National Timber}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (op.cit)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.1269, 1270 }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 cited with approval a passage from }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lord Justice Buckley}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  on the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Companies Act }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 where the learned author said
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... The fact that the Registrar has registered a new company under a name will not prevent the old
 company from obtaining an injunction restraining the new company from carrying on under that name a business of a kind as that of the old company where it is shown that the name is calculated to deceive."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par The question therefore is whether the use of the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the defendant's name is }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 calculated to deceive'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
In answering the question I begin with the observation that the plaintiff and defendant company both operate in the same industry or }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 common field of activity'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 , underwrite the same or sim
ilar types of insurable risks namely fire and general insurance, and therefore necessarily compete for the same customers in Fiji.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Further it is undisputed that }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Malaysia Borneo Finance' w}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 hich utilises the initials }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "MBf"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  has acquired interests in several 
long-established commercial and trading organisations in Fiji and in each instance the change of name occasioned by and reflective of such acquisition has been to adopt the organisations previous trading name with the addition of the initials }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 MBf}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  such as}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "Carpenters MBf"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "Morris Hestroms MBf"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  to name but two examples.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
In my view the defendant's name alone, when considered against the foregoing, is likely to lead consumers into the wholly reasonable although entirely erroneous belief that }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Malaysia Borneo Finance (MBf)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  had acquired an interest in the plaintiff company or at the very least was in some way closely associated with it.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Add to that the evidence of actual confusion that has already occurred in what may be conveniently called the }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Nashua invoice incident'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and the }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Ram Garib phone calls'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 which I accept, there is little doubt in my mind that the use of the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 in the defendant's name and in the conduct of its business raises at the very least }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 a serious question to be tried'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 I am of course mindful that the plaintiff cannot be allowed to claim a monopoly in the name }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  or the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "Insurance"}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  but as was said by }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Reed J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National Timber}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (op.cit at }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.1272}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "the use of the word }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National', which is an invented or fan
cy name having no relation either to the objects of the company or the place of its operations, is much more likely to deceive than if the name were simply a word in ordinary use ..."}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 and later at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.1274}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "It may be remarked that the appellant company has clearly no monopoly in the name }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National' or the name }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Timber' ... nor, of course, can it claim the exclusive right to the word }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Timber'.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
But it can claim the exclusive use of a combination of the words }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National' and }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Timber'."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand Insuran
ce Co. Ltd. v. New Zealand Insurance Brokers Ltd}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 . }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1976) 2 N.Z.L.R. 40}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Moller J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in dealing with the words }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Insurance'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the plaintiff company's name said at }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.46}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "If the words }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 New Zealand' and the word }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Insurance' are looked at sepa
rately there would be some real grounds for saying that the latter is no more than descriptive of the service given, and that the country's name is something of very common use."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Then after referring to the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National Timber}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case and the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Legal and General Assurance Society}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case his honour continued at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.47}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"I have come to the firm opinion, having considered ... the world-wide ramifications of the plaintiff's operations and the period of at least 100 years during which it has been carrying on its business,
 that the plaintiff company has established an exclusive right to the combination of the words }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
New Zealand Insurance' - that, indeed, the words have acquired a secondary meaning."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Similarly in this case I am satisfied from the evidence that the combination }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "National Insurance"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 have acquired such a notoriety within the fire and general insurance industry in this country as to acquire a secondary meaning as denoting or referring to the plaintiff company.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Finally I come to consider the }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 balance of convenience'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in this case, and again I turn to the speech of }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Lord Diplock}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 American Cyanamid}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (op.cit at }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.408}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  where he said in this regard}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"... the governing principle is that the Court should first consider whether, if the plaintiff were to succeed a
t the trial ... he would be adequately compensated by an award of damages for the loss ... sustained as a result of the defendant's continuing to do what was sought to be enjoined ..."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In a passing-off case as already pointed out it is}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  that is sought to be protected, but }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 is such a fluid concept comprised of so many unquantifiable variables that it would be almost impossible to estimate with any degree of accuracy the damage that would be caused by the defendant's actions nor is quanti
fication made any easier having regard to the multifarious ways in which damage to }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  may occur.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (earlier set out at }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.9, 10}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 This difficulty which is often confronted by the Courts has been variously described by such phrases as}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
impossible to estimate'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Dyke J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Blue Lagoon}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.17E}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 pure speculation'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Casey J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Esanda Ltd. v.Esanda Finance Ltd}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 . }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (1984) 2 N.Z.L.R. 748}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 754}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "notoriously difficult to assess"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Chilwell J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the New Zealand }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Farmers}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case unreported decision at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.17}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 difficult to estimate and indeed could hardly be viewed as adequate'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Somers J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
Sutton v. The House of Running Ltd}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
(1979) 2 N.Z.L.R. 750}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 755}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and finally, per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 McGechan J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Taylor Bros. Ltd. v. Taylors Group Ltd}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (op.cit)}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 when in considering the appropriate remedy in a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 similar name'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  passing-off case the learned judge said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.31}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"In the ordinary way, a Court will have little hesitation over granting an injunction to prevent passing off."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par By way of contrast, the Courts in considering the defendant's position with regard to damages in passing off cases have used expressions such as}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... their assessment will be straightforward ..."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Casey J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Esanda}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.754}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... some actual part of the loss incurred can be readily measured ..."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  e.g. setting up and registration costs (per }
{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Somers J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 House of Running}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.755}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 "... largely calculable in monetary terms ..."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  (per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Savage J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the New Zealand }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Weight Watchers}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ' }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 case an unreported judgment at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.17}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 )}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353 ;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  and finally per }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Chilwell J.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the New Zealand }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Farmers}{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  case }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (op.cit)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  when he said at }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 p.18}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
"A defendant cannot create his own inconvenience and then have it taken into account in balancing the scales of convenience - at least when he embarks upon questionable conduct with his eyes open."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In this case having carefully considered the various ways in which potential damage to the plaintiff's }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 goodwill'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
 is likely to be occasioned by the continued adoption of the word }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 National'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  in the defendant's name and busi
ness including inducing the erroneous belief of a close association with the defendant, simple confusion arising from the similarity of the names, and loss of custom and trade reputation, I am satisfied that the }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 balance of convenience'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  strongly favours th
e grant of an injunction in the }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4918462 '}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 ordinary way'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Accordingly there will be an injunction granted in terms of the relief sought in }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 para.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (a)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462  of the plaintiff's summons for interlocutory relief with the costs of this application to be taxed if not agreed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 In view of the above it is not necessary for me to deal with the plaintiff's further claim under the }{
\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 Fair Trading Decree No.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3755353  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 25 of 1992}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 .
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 (D.V. Fatiaki)
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 At Suva,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4918462 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 2nd March, 1995.}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4918462 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4461222 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222\charrsid4461222 HBC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4461222 0492J.94S}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5835510\charrsid4461222 
\par }}