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OFFICER FOR MOM WATI [17 FEB 95]}{\subject WORKERS COMPENSATION}{\author D PATHIK}{\keywords APPEAL DISMISSED} {\doccomm IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI; AT LABASA; APPELLATE JURISDICTION; CIVIL APPEAL NO.0005 OF 1993 ; Between: FIJI SUGAR CORPORATION LIMITED LABASA; Appellant; and ; THE LABOUR OFFICER for MOM WATI (wife), ; Malini San}{\operator ehndvaun_d}{\creatim\yr2003\mo7\dy31\hr17\min12}{\revtim\yr2003\mo7\dy31\hr17\min12}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages16}{\nofwords5659}{\nofchars32259}{\*\company USP}{\nofcharsws37843}{\vern16469}} \paperw11906\paperh16838\margl1700\margr1700\margt1984 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz921\notabind\wraptrsp\nocolbal\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\sprslnsp\nospaceforul\lytprtmet\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701 \dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot15031308 \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15031308 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{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par AT LABASA \par APPELLATE JURISDICTION \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par CIVIL APPEAL NO.0005 OF 1993 \par \par Between: \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 FIJI SUGAR CORPORATION LIMITED LABASA \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Appellant \par \par - and - \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 THE LABOUR OFFICER}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 for }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MOM WATI}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (wife), \par Malini Sandhya (daughter) and Avishkaar \par Deep (son) of deceased Mohan Lal. \par Respondent \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par Mr. V.P.Ram for Appellant \par Mr. J.Udit for Respondent \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The Appellant/Original Respondent appeals against the judgment of the learned Magistrate, Labasa delivered on 26 May 1993 in which he awarded compensation in favour of the Applicant the widow of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MOHAN LAL}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 the deceased workman, under the Workmen's Compensation Act Cap 94 (hereafter referred to as the "Act"). \par \par In the Court below the Labour Officer (the original applicant) for and on behalf of }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MOM WATI}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 the wife of the deceased }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MOHAN LAL}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (the "deceased") applied for compensation under Section 5 of the Act against the deceased's employer the }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 FIJI SUGAR CORPORATION LIMITED}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (the original Respondent) for personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment with Appellant. \par \par The Grounds of Appeals as filed are as follows}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 - \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 1.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the learned Magistrate erred in fact and in law in holding that Mohan Lal died as a result of personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment with the Respondent in terms of Section}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 5 (1) of the Workmen's Compensation Act, Cap. 94. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 2.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the learned Magistrate failed to have any proper regard to the evidence concerning the pre-existing heart condition of the deceased and the deceased's employm ent with the Appellant / Respondent would not have caused contributed or accelerated the deceased's death. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 3.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the learned Magistrate failed to have proper regard to the evidence adduced with respect to the deceased's employment with the Appellant / R espondent and that the said employment and/or work the deceased was engaged in could not have caused, contributed or accelerated the deceased's death. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 4.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the learned Magistrate erred in fact and in law in holding that the Respondent / Original Applicant had established the element required under Section 5 (1) of the Workmen's Compensation Act, Cap. 94. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 5.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the learned Magistrate erred in finding that the death of the deceased was work related. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 6.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the decision of the learned Magistrate was a gainst the weight of the evidence and/or is unsupported by the weight of evidence. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 7.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 That the learned Magistrate misapplied the requirements of the onus of proof applicable in Workmen's Compensation cases in civil actions. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par I shall consider the grounds of appeal in one single ground and therein deal with the following points raised in them in the manner hereafter appearing: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (a)}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 that the three essential elements as required by s5(1) of the Act have not been satisfied. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (b)}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 the effect of a pre-existing hea rt condition and its effect on the deceased has not been taken into account. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (c)}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 that the death was unrelated to his employment. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (d)}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 whether the death resulted as a result of deceased's "}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 pre-existing heart condition"}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 or the}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 employment had been a contributing factor had not been considered.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 THE FACTS \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Briefly, the facts surrounding the case and some of the observations of the learned Magistrate are as follows as stated by him in his Judgment (page 11 et. seq. of record): \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Mohan Lal c/o Munessar had been employed by the respondent Fiji Sugar Corporation as a Farm Advisor under a Contract of service.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 After a day's work on the 5th of October 1990 he had returned home, felt ill the next day, and was rushed to hospital when he died on the 5th of October 1990 . ...................... \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The death certificate in respect of Mohan Lal states the cause of death as left ventricular failure.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The report made by Dr. Krishnan the Medical Superintendent of Labasa Hospital states that the deceased had died of an acute attack of myocardial infarction.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Despite the difference in medical terminology describing the cause of death it can be taken as the result of heart failure for all intents and prupose as far as this case is concerned .......................... \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The deceased had been a farm advisor employed by the respondent.} {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In 1983 he had an operation for kidney stones.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In November 1983 he had an attack of myocardial infarct}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 ion; he was suffering from diabe}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 tes too at the time.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 S}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 ince then he had been in regular mediatum from the hospital.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In 1988, 1989 and 1990 he had had impatient tr}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 e}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 atment in Labasa Hospital for ischaemic heart disease.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He had developed signs and symptoms of cardial failure in 1990. \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Two months before his death he used to complain of tiredness.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Two weeks before his death he had been on two week's sick leave and had been having pains in the chest. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He left for work at 6.30 a.m. in his own vehicle.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 At the work place he had a company vehicle.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He had given up both smoking and liquor six years before his death.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 H}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 e used to take grog occasionall}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 y with visitors. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He owned a farm of 30 acres of which only a part had been under cultivation.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It provided about 300 tons bringing $2000 - $3000 a year.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It was worked by labourers under the deceased supervision ...................... \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Nasir Ali's evidence gives a fair idea about the work the deceased performed as a farm advisor.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Nasir Ali too is a farm advisor who had worked with the deceased Mohan Lal. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 A farm advisor's job is a field job required 6 hours of work in the field advising the growers.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Farm advisors travel about 50 k.m. a day on main roads and feeder roads.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 They drive the vehicles themselves.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 They have certain targets to meet and have to submit reports monthly to the head office.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 If targets are not achieved they have to answer.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 They work all year round with more work during the crushing season. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Deceased used to travel from house to the work place with Nasir Ali using their vehicles alternatively ........................"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MAGISTRATE'S FINDING \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par After analysing the evidence of the witnesses, he further stated in his judgment (page 17 et. seq. of record):- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The evidence shows that the work the deceased was performing as a farm advisor entailed going round visiting farmers advising three or four farmers a day, travelling about 50 k.m. a day on various types of roads.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There were targets set by this F.S.C. to be achieved.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There is no doubt that it is a job carrying with it a great responsibility and stress for a person who had already suffered a heart attack and who was on contin}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2443335 u}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 ous medication visiting the clinic regularly. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Although driving in Seaqaqa can not be compared to driving in Shanghai, driving daily 50 k.m. on country roads is not an easy task.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Adduced to this is the need to achieve the targets set by the employer.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There is no doubt that all this had caused stress to the deceased who was already suffering from heart disease. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Dr. Jui Shaomin was of the view that the work the deceased was performing contributed to the progress of his disease and accelerated his death.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The result of Dr. Krishnan too is to the same effect ........................ \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In my view the lapse of a few hours or a night between the time Mohan Lal left his work and his subsequent death does not snap the nexus between his work and death and consequentl y I hold that his death had arisen in the course of his employment ........................" \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Both counsel made comprehensive written submissions which I found very useful.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I have given careful consideration to their arguments and will traverse the grounds in the manner hereafter appearing. \par \par In considering this appeal, I have borne in mind the established principles on the function of an appellate court on an appeal from the findings of the lower court.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In the well-known and often quoted case of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 BENMAX v AU STIN MOTOR CO. LTD (1955) AC 370}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 it was pointed out by the House of Lords that in appeals such as this it is necessary to distinguish between the finding of a specific fact and a finding of fact which is really an inference from facts specifically found or , as has sometimes been said, between the perception and evaluation of facts.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 On this aspect }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD REID}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 at p.376 said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "in cases where the point in dispute is the proper inference to be drawn from proved facts, an appeal court is generally in as good a pos ition to evaluate the evidence as the trial judge, and ought not to shrink from the task, though it ought, of course, to give weight to his opinion".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par I have also borne in mind the following words of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD HALSBURY}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 , L. C. in }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 RIEKMANN v THIERRY}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1896) 14 RPC 105 at p.116 which was cited in }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 BENMAX}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) at p.370: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The hearing upon appeal is a rehearing and I do not think there is any presumption that the judgment in the court below is right". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 And later in the same speech he said (ibid)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Upon appeal from a judge where both fact and law are open to appeal, it seems to me that the appellant tribunal is bound to pronounce such judgment as in their view ought to have been pronounced in the court from which the appeal proceeds, and that it is not within their competence to say that they would have given a different judgment if they had been the judge of first instance, but that because he has pronounced a different judgment they will adhere to his decision". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLAIM UNDER s.5(1) OF WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par The Respondent had claimed compensation under s.5(1) of the Act which provides as follows}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 - \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "If in any employment personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment is caused to a workman, his employer shall, subject as hereinafte r provided, be liable to pay compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Act and, for the purposes of this Act, as accident resulting in the death or serious and permanent incapacity of a workman shall be deemed to arise out of and in the cours e of his employment, notwithstanding that the workman was at the time when the accident happened acting in contravention of any statutory or other regulation applicable to his employment, or of any orders given by or behalf of his employer, or that he was acting without instruction from his employer, if such act was done by the workman for the purposes of and in connection with his employer's trade or business". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The onus was on the widow (the Respondent) to prove the following three essential elements of her claim}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (i)}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2443335 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "that the workman suffered personal injury, i.e. physiological injury or change, by accident; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (ii)}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2443335 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 that the injury arose out of the employment; \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2443335 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (iii)}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2443335 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 that the injury occurred in the course of employment".}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (}{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CARPENTERS (FIJI) LTD v LABOUR OFFICER FOR KATARINA ESITA}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 36/84 FCA - cyclostyled judgment p.3) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The claimants }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "have to prove their case; that is to say, they must show with reasonable clearness that the accident actually did come from the employment"}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (}{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 HAWKINS v POWELL'S TILLERY STEAM COAL CO.}{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1911) K.B.}{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 988 at p.995 per FLETCHER MOULTON L.J.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 ). \par \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The drawing of inferences from a given set of facts particularly in pre-heart condition cases is difficult.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In any case one has to rightly direct oneself on the law and draw inferences from the facts; and }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 " .... so long as there is evidence upon which the arbitrator, as a reasonable man, can come to a finding, it is not competent for the appellate court to substitute their own view of the weight of the evidence and the balance of probabilities for t he view of the arbitrator"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (}{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 DAVIES v ARMSTRONG - WHITWORTH}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1933) 26 B.W.C.C. 299)}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (}{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACTS}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 32nd Ed.1939 p.119). \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CONSIDERATION OF THE ISSUES \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par Evidence for the Respondent was given by }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 VISHNU DEO}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (PW1) labour inspector, }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MOM WATI}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (PW2) widow of deceased, }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 NASIR ALI}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (PW3) farm adviser, }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 DR.JIN SHAOMIN}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (PW4) acting consultant. \par \par For the Appellant evidence was given by }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 DR.RAJESH CHANDRA}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (DW1), }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 NIKO YADALEVU}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (DW2) field officer, }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 DAT RAJ}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (PW3) farm adviser and }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MOHAMMED SADAR KHAN}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (PW4) field o}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2165985 fficer.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par Bearing in mind the elements that have to be proved, the determination of the issue therefore depended upon sufficiency of evidence. \par \par I shall now deal with each of the said three essential elements separately. \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WAS IT PERSONAL INJURY BY ACCIDENT (FIRST ELEMENT)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par The circumstances and the events which led to death has been outlined hereabove suffice it to say that, as the learned Magistrate found, the deceased went to work at 6.30a.m. on 5 October 1990 and died at 6.00a.m. the next day. \par \par It is clear from the authorities that in the circumstances of this case and on the facts it is a case of personal injury by accident.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I discuss hereunder what constitutes }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "personal injury by accident".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par I refer to }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACTS 1925 TO 1938}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 by }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WILLIS}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 32 ED}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (hereafter referred to as }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "WILLIS"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 ) on the first element, namely }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "personal injury by accident"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 where at p.8 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "accident"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 is defined thus: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The word "accident" does not necessarily involve the idea of something fortuitous and unexpected as formerly held (HENSLEY v WHITE (1900) 1 Q.B.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 481. .............}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It includes injury caused by over-exertion in the ordinary course of employment (Fenton v. Thorley, [1903] A.C. 443; 5 W.C.C. 34 Digest 266, 2264).}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The word "accident", is used in the Act "in the popula r and ordinary sense of the word as denoting an unlooked for mishap or an untoward event which is not expected or designed (per LORD MACNAGHTEN, ibid., at p.448); or as denoting or including "any unexpected personal injury resulting to the workman in the course of his employment from any unlooked-for mishap or occurrence" (per LORD SHAND, ibid., at p.451); or "any unintended and unexpected occurrence which produces hurt or loss" (per LORD LINDLEY, ibid., at p.453). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2165985 It is further stated (ibid.):}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Applying the above description of accident to the case where a man suffering from serious aneurism ruptured it by an ordinary exertion (Clover v.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Hughes, [1910] A. C. 242; 3 B. W. C. 275; 34 Digest 273, 2316), it was said that the event was unexpected in the sense that a sensible man would}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 not have expected if from the nature of the work being done, and that it was not correct to ask whether a medical man knowing the condition of the workman would have expected it".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par What is }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "personal injury by accident"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 has also been clearly stated by }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD ATKIN}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 in }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 FIFE COAL CO., LTD v YOUNG}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1942) AER H.L 85 at 91 thus: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "... it is necessary to emphasize the distinction between "accident" and "injury", which in some cases tend to be confused. ...... It is now established, however, that, apart from external accident, there may be what no doubt others as well as myself have called }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 internal accident}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 . (underlining mine for emphasis) .............. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 A man suffers from rupture, an aneurism bursts, the muscular action of the heart fails, while the man is doing his ordinary work, turning a wheel or a screw, or lifting his hand.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In such cases, it is hardly possible to distinguish in time between accident and injury.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The rupture which is accident is at the same time injury, from which follows at once, or after a lapse of time, death or incapacity". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The above passage includes death or incapacity arising }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "}{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 at once or after}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 a }{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 lapse of time}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 ".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In the case before me it was at 6.00a.m. the day after he knocked off work as usual. \par \par Also on }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "personal injury by accident"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 the following extract from the judgment of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD MACNAGHTEN}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 in }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLOVER, CLAYTON & CO. LIMITED v HUGHES}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1910) AC}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 242 at 247-8 is apt: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "There the Court of Appeal had held that if a man meets with a mishap in doing the very thing he means to do the occurrence cannot be called an accident.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There must be, it was said, an accident and an injury: you are not to confuse the injury with the accident.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Your Lordships' judgment,}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 however, swept away these niceties of subtle disquisition and the endless perplexities of causation.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It was held that "injury by accident" meant nothing more than "accidental injury" or "accident", as the word is popularly used".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par In both }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLOVER}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) and }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 FENTON (PAUPER) V J THORLEY & CO. LIMITED}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1903)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 A.C 443 the House of Lords held that the workman had suffered personal injury by accident.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In the former case the workman was suffering from serious aneurism whilst employed in tightening a nut by a spanner when he suddenly fell down dead from rupture of the aneurism.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In the latter the workman, employed to turn the wheel of a machine, by an act of over-exertion ruptured himself. \par \par Applying the above principles to the present case there was an accident in the popular sense of the word.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The cause of death was }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "myocardial infarction"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 according to Dr. Krishnan's medical report at page 185 of Record. \par \par I therefore find that the first element has been satisfied and as found by the learned Magistrate. \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 SECOND AND THIRD ELEMENTS \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I shall now deal with the second and third elements namely}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (ii) Did the injury arise out of the employment?}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (iii) Did it arise in the course of the employment?}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The determination of these issues involve mainly issues of fact and in part they are questions of law.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Since the two questions posed before me overlap each other that to treat them separately would be repetitive so therefore I would deal with }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (iii) above first showing when course of employment began and ended and then with (ii) dealing mainly with the work the deceased was employed to do.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 IN THE COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT (THIRD ELEMENT)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Under this head I will not reiterate the facts which are as outlined hereabove by the learned Magistrate in his judgment.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It is in the evidence of PW3, a fellow employee, that the deceased and PW3 start work early and work 6 hours in the field advising on }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "plant preparation"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and do demonstration whenever required.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 They do travel about 90 km daily.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 They work all the year round but during crushing season there is more work.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 As stated already the deceased left for work at 6.30a.m. and returned home as usual after the day's work.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 But then the next day when he was getting ready to go to work he }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "sat on divan and collapsed ...... taken to hospital and was pronounced dead"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (widow's evidence page 29 of Record). \par \par The question that arises is whether on the facts of this case it can be said that the deceased died in the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "course of employment".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par The test of what is }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "in the course of employment"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 is stated thus in }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WILLIS}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 supra at p.22.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "A workman is acting in the course of his employment when he is engaged 'in doing something he was employed to do'.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Or what is, in other and I think better words, ... when he is doing something in discharge of a duty to his employer, directly or indirectly imposed upon him by his contract of service.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The true gr ound upon which the test should be based is a duty to the employer arising out of the contract of employment, but it is to borne in mind that the word 'employment', as here used covers and includes things belonging to or arising out of it"}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (St. Helen's Col liery Co. v. Hewitson, [1924] A. C. 59, 71; 16 B. W. C. C. 230, 238, per Lord ATKINSON; 34 Digest 280, 2364. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The man is not in the course of his employment unless the facts are such that it is in the course of his employment, and in performance of a duty under his contract of service, that he is found in the place where the accident occurs.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 If there is only a right and there is no obligation binding on the man in the matter of his employment there is no liability" (ibid., p. 95, per Lord WRENBURY); \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2165985 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "I th ink an accident befalls a man 'in the course of' his employment, if it occurs while he is doing what a man so employed may reasonably }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 do within a time when he is employed, and at a place where he may reasonably}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 be during that time" (Moore v. Manchester Lin ers, [1910] A. C. 498; 3 B W. C. C. 527; 34 Digest 309, 2547, per Lord LOREBURN, L. C.)". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The two conditions which must be fulfilled before an accident can be said to have occurred }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "in the course of employment"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 are: (a) the accident must have occurred dur ing the employment of the workman and}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (b) it must have occurred while he was doing something which } {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "his employer could and did, expressly or by implication, employ him to do or order him to do"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (}{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 HELEN'S COLLIERY}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 supra p.91, 92.). \par \par I find that in this case both the conditions have been met.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Although he did not die at work he did his normal work for his employer, but because of the diseased heart condition the stress at work contributed to his death after knocking off work and collapsing at home the next morning.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 This is the only logical and sensible conclusion and inference we can draw from the evidence in this case.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 These facts are in actual fact not in dispute.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The appellant disagrees with this finding by the learned Magistrate but there is overwhelming evi dence about the nature of work the deceased did before his death and that turned out to be too much for him to bear in his '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 pre-heart condition'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and other sicknesses. \par \par Bearing in mind the test involved (as stated hereabove) in ascertaining what is }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "in course of employment"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I find that the third element has been proved and as also found by the learned Magistrate. \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 INJURY ARISING OUT OF EMPLOYMENT (SECOND ELEMENT)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Now I shall deal with element (ii) above namely, whether the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "injury arose out of employment".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par The term has been defined in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WILLIS}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 supra at p.44 thus: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Arising out of the employment 'obviously means arising out of the work which the man is employed to do and which is incident to it - in other words, out of his service" (Davidson v. M'Robb, [1918] A. C. 304, at p.314; 10 B. W. C. C. 673, at p.684; 34 Digest 276, 2339). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The expression is not confined to the mere "nature of the employment" as formerly held in several cases, but it "applies to the employment as such - to its nature, its conditions, its obligations, and its incidents.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 If by reason of any of these the workman is brought within the zone of special danger and so injured or killed, it appears to me that the broad words of the statute 'arising out of the employment apply".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par I have already stated hereabove the nature of the deceased's work.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 However, it is in the light of the deceased's medical condition that this second element could be better understood and dealt with and I therefore propose to set out the medical evidence in this regard which is as hereunder. \par \par In his memoran}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2165985 dum dated 6 June 1991, (at page }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 185 of Record)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Dr. Krishnan, the Medical Superintendent, Labasa Hospital, stated, inter alia, that the deceased's death was}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "accelerated by the nature of his work"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 .}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He said: \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Having conside red the distance the deceased had to travel daily to his work, his working hours, nature of his work, his long medical history of diabetes and ischaemic heart disease, it is my opinion that the deceased's death was caused by his disease but }{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 accelerated}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 by the nature of his work"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (underlining mine for emphasis).}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par Dr. Jin Shaomin (PW4) said that the deceased had a history of ischaemic heart disease; he was also a diabetic.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The PW4 said that }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "if he suffers from stress and exerts himself too much heart failure could occur".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He used to drive 64km everyday to work and "}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 driving is a stressful job.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Driving is a cause of stress".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 This, the doctor said might cause heart failure; the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "work he did definitely accelerated his ischaemic heart disease".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The doctor said that she agrees with Dr.Krishnan's said report that }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "death had been accelerated by the stress caused by the work".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par Dr. Rajesh Chandra who gave evidence on behalf of the appellant is not a cardiologist like Dr.Shaomin who was a professor of cardiology in China.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He says that he is employed on contract with the Fiji Sugar Corporation (the Appellant) and is paid by the F.S.C. \par \par Although he said that he does not }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "think that his work had any relation to his death that morning"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 ,}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 he later said that if the deceased had a heart attack it would have had something to do with his work".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I prefer to accept the testimony of Dr.Shaomin to that of Dr.Chandra in regard to the essential matters pertaining to the deceased's medical condition.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I also accept in toto Dr.Krishnan's opinion referred to hereabove. \par \par The above in gist is an account of the deceased's health and the doctors' opinions prior to his death. \par \par The test to be applied in order to determine whether an accident arises out of the employment has been stated by }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD SUMNER}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 L. & Y.R. v HIGHLEY (1917)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 A.C. 352, 372 thus}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "There is, however, in my opinion, one test which is always at any rate applicable, because it arises upon the very words of the statute, and it is generally of some real assistance.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It is this: Was it part of the injured person's employment to hazard, to suffer, or to do that which caused his injury?}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 If yea, the accident arose out of his employment.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 If nay, it did not, because what it was not part of the employment to hazard, to suffer, or to do cannot well be the cause of an accident arising out of the employment.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 To ask if the cause of the accident was within the sphere of the employment, or was one of the ordinary risks of the employment, or reasonably incidental to the employment, or, conversely, was an added peril and outside the sphere of the employment, are all different ways of asking whether it was a part of his employment that the workman should have acted as he was acting, or should have been in the position in which he was whereby in the cours e of that employment he sustained injury". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Further, on the factors to be looked at to determine whether the accident arose out of employment, I refer to the case of }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 PARTRIDGE JONES and JOHN PATON LIMITED JAMES (1933 A.C. 501}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 )}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 which states}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "An accident ar ises out of a workman's employment within the meaning of s. 1 of the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1925, when the required exertion producing the accident is too great for the man undertaking the work, whatever the degree of exertion or the condition of the workman's health.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In each case the arbitrator adjudicating upon a claim for compensation must consider whether in substance, so far as he can judge on such a matter, the accident came from the disease alone, so that whatever the man had been doing it would probably have come all the same, or whether the employment contributed to it". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The circumstances in which work contributes to the accident have been amply borne out by the said cases of }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 PARTRIDGE}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLOVER, CLAYTON}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra). \par \par The facts in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 PARTRIDGE}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) were not too different from the present case.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There the deceased a ripper was suffering from disease of the coronary arteries, and his state was such that although he might die at any time without any act of physical exertion, any such exertion was dangerous and likely to lead to heart failure.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He stopped work for a short time and sat down.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Within ten minutes of stopping work he died.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The House of Lords affirmed the award of damages. \par \par In }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLOVER, CLAYTON v. HUGHES}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 a workman who was suffering from serious aneurism was employed on tightening a nut by a spanner when he fell down dead.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The county court judge found the death was caused by a strain arising out of the ordinary work of the deceased operating upon a condition of body which was such as to render the strain fatal and the House of Lords held that it was a case of personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of employment. \par \par The principles applicable in situations such as the present have been clearly stated by }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD LOREBURN}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLOVER, CLAYTON}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) at p.246.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It will be seen from the extracts which I quote from the judgment of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD LOREBURN}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 that the deceased fits into the category of persons in whose case liability can be attached to his employer for his death.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The relevant passages at p.246 are as follows}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 - \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "I do not think we should attach any importance to the fact that there was no strain or exertion out of the ordinary.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It is found by the county court judge that the strain in fact caused the rupture, meaning, no doubt, that if it had not been for the strain the rupture would not have occurred when it did.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 If the degree of exertion beyond what is usual had to be considered in these cases, there must be some standard of exertion, varying in every trade". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 He goes on to state that}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Nor do I think we should attach any importance to the fact that this man's health was as described .... An accident arises out of the employment when the required exertion producing the accident is too great for the man undertaking the work, whatever the deg ree of exertion or the condition of health". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Further at p.247 he continues}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "In each case the arbitrator ought to consider whether in substance, as far as he can judge on such a matter, the accident came from the disease alone, so that whatever the man ha d been doing it would probably have come all the same, or whether the employment contributed to it.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In other words, did he die from the disease alone or from the disease and employment taken together, looking at it broadly?}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Looking at it broadly, I say, an d free from over-nice conjectures, was it the disease that did it, or did the work he was doing help in any material degree?"}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The answer to that question has been found in this case in the clearest terms, and, if any possible comment could be made upon the conclusions of the learned county court judge, my feeling would be that they had not been sufficiently emphatic as to the association of the employment and the disease which resulted in death".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par In the same case at p.249 }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 LORD MACNAGHTEN}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 gave judgment to t he same effect said}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The real question, as it seems to me, is this: Did it (the death) arise out of his employment?}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 On this point the evidence before the county court judge was undoubtedly conflicting.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 But he has held that it did, and I think there was s ufficient evidence to support that finding ...... 'The death, 'learned judge says, 'was caused by a strain arising out of the ordinary work of the deceased operating upon a condition of body which was such as to render the strain fatal'. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Mr. Udit referred the Court to a number of cases in which the Courts had to consider lapses of hours, weeks and even months from the time of knocking off work and time of death.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In some cases it was held that death occurred in the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "course of employment"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 .}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 But it should be borne in mind that each case must be considered on its own facts.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 I refer to the following extract from the judgment in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 BA INDUSTRIES LIMITED}{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and LABOUR OFFICER, BA}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (Civil Appeal 37/83 Fiji Court of Appeal) where the deceased died of a heart attack at home although there was }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "no positive evidence of existing heart disease".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The Court stated what had to be proved and on whom the decision lay of proving:}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "No burden lay on the respondent to prove that the deceased was suffering from a heart disease prior to his death.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Evidence that the manual work he was engaged in would not, as a rule, trigger a heart-attack in a normally healthy man would only provide basis for inference.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The burden on the respondent was to show that the heart attack occurred during the cours e of his employment }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and that the work he was doing was a contributing factor"}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 .}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (underlining mine for emphasis)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par The Respondent I find had discharged the burden that lay upon him; there was overwhelming evidence that the work that the deceased did some twelve hours before his death was a contributing factor.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The following passage from the judgment of }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 CLAUSON L.J.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 in }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 OATES v. EARL FITZWILLIAM COLLIERIES CO}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1939) 2 AER 498 at 502 is apt to show that the work he did prior to the physiological injury or change contributed in a material degree to its occurrence}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "In our judgment, a physiological injury or change occurring in the course of a man's employment by reason of the work in which he is engaged at or about the moment is an injury by accident arising out o f his employment, and this is so even though the injury or change be occasioned partly or even mainly, by the progress or development of an existing disease if the work he is doing at or about the moment of the occurrence of the physiological injury or ch ange contributes in any material degree to its occurrence - }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 moreover, this is nonetheless true though there may be no evidence of any strain or similar cause than that arising out of the man's ordinary work"}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 .}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (underlining mine for emphasis) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The cases that were referred to were mainly those of workers dying at work.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In the Court of Appeal case of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WHITTLE v EBBW VALE STEEL IRON v COAL CO. LTD}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1936) 2 AER the workman with heart disease was found dead at work.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There was evidence in that case that the employment contributed to the death of the workman.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WHITTLE}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) the House of Lords case of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 BARNABAS v BERSHAM COLLIERY CO. (1990)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 4 B.W.C. 119, 34 Digest 325, 2656) was distinguished.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 There a collier died of apoplexy during working hours in a mine.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It was he ld that the evidence as to cause of death was equally consistent with an accident and no accident and the onus of proving that it was due to accident rested on the applicants wh}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2165985 o had not discharged that onus.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par \par Further in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WHITTLE}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 SLESSER L.J.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 in discussing the case of }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 FALMOUTH DOCKS v ENGINEERING CO. LTD v TRELOAR}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1933) A.C. 48) H.L. and }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 PARTRIDGE}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) pointed out that in both those cases there was a finding that the worker might have died at any time, but what is more important is that there was evidence that the work he was doing was of a laborious nature and that it accelerated or produced the workman's death.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 One died ten minutes and the other 25 minutes after he last worked.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 This is what happened in the present case. \par \par There is also the Fiji case of }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 THE LABOUR OFFICER on behalf LUISA LEGALEVU and THE PORTS AUTHORITY OF FIJI}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (Civ.App. No.6 of 1983 F.C.A.) where the court in a }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "pre-heart condition"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 said that there has to be evidence of injury }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "occurring in the course of employment".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It said}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "Th ere does not seem to be any serious divergence of views as to the principle to be applied in such cases.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 It is not necessary for the evidence in case of a person with a long history of heart disease to show that a specific injury had resulted from a specif ic act during the course of employment.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 But, as was said in Oates v. Earl Fitz William's Collieries Co.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1939 2 All E. R. 498)}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 - \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "It was essential that there should be evidence of a physiological injury or change occurring in the course of a man's employment by reason of the work on which he was engaged at or about the time of his death". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The principle was also stated by Goddard J. in Whittle v. Ebbw Vale etc. Co. (1936 2 All E. R. 1221 at 1235) in following words}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 - \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The principle which I extract from t he case of Partridge Jones v James}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (1933 A. C. 501) seems to me to be this}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 the House of Lords have decided that where a man in a diseased condition dies and it is found that the disease and the work together contribute to his death, then his death results from accidents within the meaning of that Act".}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par On lapse of time in }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 WHITTLE}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (supra) }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 SLESSER L.J.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 at p.1223 said }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "But there can be no general principle that a man must die immediately he has received the strain; it is a question of fact of be decided on t he evidence and the medical evidence".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Here there is}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 abundance of evidence to enable the Respondent to qualify for compensation particularly the uncontroverted evidence of the doctors.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 In the editorial note to }{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 OATES (supra)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 it is stated}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "The Court of App eal have reiterated that the proof of extra exertion or strain is not essential for recovery of compensation but }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 there must be evidence of physiological injury or change due to the work upon which the workman was engaged at or about the moment of his death"}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Before I conclude on the list of authorities I would like to mention the case of }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 FIJI ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY and LABOUR OFFICER (for and on behalf) of Kesaia Naikolala and Another}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 )}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Civ. App. No.5 of 1993 of 24.8.94 where }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 SCOTT J.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 found that although the death occurred after about 4 days the chest pain commenced on 4 April at work and continued until he died at home on 8 April after medical attention and hence it was work related.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 His Lordship stated that the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 "difficulty is not the principle but the evide nce required to bring the matter within their scope"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 and with this view I concur. \par \par Therefore in view of what I have stated hereabove the second element, namely, that the injury arose out of employment has been proved.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The learned Magistrate had also found to this effect. \par \par To conclude, on the facts and on the authorities the learned Magistrate came to the right decision in this case and I consider that he had approached the matter in a proper manner. \par \par For these reasons the appeal is dismissed with costs here and in the court below (already ordered by the learned Magistrate)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 which is to be taxed unless agreed.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 Consequently the learned Magistrate's order for compensation in the sum of $12,000.00 payable by the Appellant to the Respondent stands. \par \par On the question of interest on the said $12,000.00 which the Respondent claims, I consider that he is entitled to it.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The Appellant has not said an}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 y}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 thing in this regard in its written submissions.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The payment of interest falls into two categories, namely (i) }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 'pre judgme nt interest'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 which is the period between when the cause of action arose and the date of judgment and (ii) }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 'post judgment interest'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 which is from date of judgment until payment. \par \par On (i) above, in line with decided cases, I award interest on the said $12,000.00 at the rate of 13.5% from 19 February 1992 (date of application) to 26 May 1993 (date of judgment)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 (}{\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 MAGANLAL BROTHERS LIMITED v L.B.NARAYAN & COMPANY Civ. App. 31/84 FCA, JAI PRAKASH NARAYAN v SAVITA CHANDRA Civ. App. 37/85}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 )}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 .}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 On (ii) above, since it was a Magistrate's Court judgment, the post judgment interest}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 is allowed at the rate of five per cent from 26 May 1993 until payment for Or.32 r.8 of Magistrates' Courts Rules Vol.II Cap 14 provides that "}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 where a judgment or order is for a sum of money, interest at five per cent per annum shall be payable thereon, unless the court otherwise orders".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2567268 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 The interest computation is to be done by the learned counsel for the Respondent and incorporated in this order at the time of sealing. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4253\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid4020863 D PATHIK \par }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid4020863 JUDGE}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid4020863 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2567268 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid4020863 At Suva \par 17 February 1995.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid4020863 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4020863 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4020863 HBA0005J.93B}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15031308\charrsid2567268 \par }}