{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;} {\f5\fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070409020205020404}Courier{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f66\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f67\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f69\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;} {\f70\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f71\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f72\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f73\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;} {\f74\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255; \red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\* \ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \ssemihidden footnote reference;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid6640823\rsid7419793 \rsid7555693\rsid8783777\rsid11479966\rsid11615960\rsid12474601\rsid14502699}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.4219;}{\info{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\author Emalus Campus}{\operator ehndvaun_d}{\creatim\yr2003\mo7\dy31\hr17\min16} {\revtim\yr2003\mo7\dy31\hr17\min16}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages17}{\nofwords6012}{\nofchars34271}{\*\company USP}{\nofcharsws40203}{\vern16469}}\paperw11906\paperh16838\margl1700\margr1700\margt1984 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\margmirror\notabind\wraptrsp\transmf\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\truncatefontheight\subfontbysize\sprsbsp\wpjst\lytprtmet\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0 \dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot7555693 \fet0\sectd \sbknone\linex0\headery1984\footery1440\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7555693\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\insrsid7419793 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid7419793 C:\\WP51\\DOCS\\HBA0004J.93L \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 \f5\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 AT LABASA}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CIVIL APPEAL NO.0004 OF 1993}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par Between:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 FIJI SUGAR CORPORATION LIMITED}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Appellant}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 - and - \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 THE LABOUR OFFICER}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 for and on behalf \par of }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 DAYA WATI}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (wife) }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SHALEN KUMAR SHARMA}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par (son) and }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SALESHNI LATA}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (daughter) of the \par deceased }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 BANS BAHADUR}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (f/n Jagat) of \par Boubale, Labasa. \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Respondent}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par Mr. V.P.Ram for Appellant \par Mr. J.Udit for Respondent}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11479966\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4253\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The Appellant/Original Respondent appeals against the judgment of the learned Magistrate given on 28 April 1993 i n the Magistrate's Court, Labasa whereby he found for the Respondent/Original Applicant on the issue of liability and on the question of compensation to be paid with costs to be taxed if not agreed. \par \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 GROUNDS OF APPEAL}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par The Grounds of Appeal are as follows}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 - \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 2.\tab That the learned Magistrate}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 erred in fact and in law in holding that Bans Bahadur died as a result of personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment with the Respondent in terms of Section 5 (1) of the Workmen's Compensation Act, Cap.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11615960 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 94. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 {\*\bkmkstart QuickMark}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark}3.\tab That the learned Magistrate}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 failed to have any proper}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 regard to the evidence}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 concerning the pre-existing}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 heart condition}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 of}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 the}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 deceased and the deceased's employment which the Appellant/Respondent would not have caused contribut ed or accelerated the deceased's death. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 4.\tab That}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 the learned Magistrate failed to have proper regard to the}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 evidence adduced}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 with respect to the}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 deceased's employment with the Appellant/Respondent}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 and that the said employment and/or work the deceased was engaged in could not have caused, contributed or accelerated the deceased's death. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 5.\tab That the learned Magistrate erred in finding that the death of the deceased was work related. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 6.\tab That the decision of the learned Magistrate was against the weight of th e evidence and/or is unsupported by the weight of evidence. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 7.\tab That the learned Magistrate misapplied the requirements of the onus of proof applicable in Workmen's Compensation cases in civil actions". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 THE FACTS \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par Briefly, the facts surrounding the case and some of the observations of the learned Magistrate are as follows as stated by him in his Judgment (page 15 of record): \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "Bans Bahadur had been married to Daya Wati for about 25 years and at the time of the marriage had been a healthy man.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He worked in the FSC Mill. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He had been admitted to hospital in 1982 and again in 1990.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He was having chest pains.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 On the day of his death he had returned from his work around 2p.m.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It had been a Saturday and he had done the day shift.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He had taken his dinner and returned to bed around 7p.m.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the evening he had complaint of pain in the left hand and head. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Around 11p.m. he had taken a deep breath in his sleep and his wife had massaged his chest.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Taken to hospital, he had been pronounced dead. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 His health had began to soften in 1982.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 After he}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 feel sick he had used to smoke only two cigarettes a day.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 After his second admission to hospital he had stopped smoking since then. Occasionally he took yaqona.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He ate mostly fish and mutton only sparingly without fat.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He went to work regularly and was happy.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Since 1990 sometimes he used to tell his wife that he had had a hard day's work. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 On the day of his death he had returned home around 11.30a.m. and had gone to Naga Mandir with}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 his wife to pray.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 After returning home from the temple around 2p.m. he had lunch.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He had relaxed}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 at home in the afternoon.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Before going to bed he}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 had his evening meal of rice with dhal, tomato chutney and Bhaji which was the same menu as for lunch. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Around 11p.m. he had two long breaths and the children h ad brought him to hospital when he was pronounced dead. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He had been on medication and used to take this}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 tablets regularly.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He had no worries.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 His daughter had been married and the other two children were attending school. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 After his second attack in 1990 he used to complain of tiredness after return from work". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 MAGISTRATE'S FINDING}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 After analysing the evidence of the witnesses, he further stated in his judgment (page 19 of record):- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "It is in this background that the deceased died}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 on 7/10/1990 after returning home from work.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 had last attended the clinic on the 12th of September 1990 about 25 days prior to his death. After his second attack in 1990 he had been given}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 light work on the recommendation made by the}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 doctor in 1982 after the first attack.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The deceased was a heart patient suffering from Ischaemic heart disease where exertion is falted.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Even after the first attack in 1982 the deceased has been doing his normal work for about 8 years. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 As regards the light work he was supposed to be doing the res pondent's witness tried to show that it comprised if making two cups of tea twice a day.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 But the other witness stated that the duties consisted of cleaning as well.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 addition to convey of messages.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 No commercial institution would employ a person for making only}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 two cups of tea a day.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The evidence shows that the deceased was performing some sort of tasks.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Dr.Jian Shaomin was of the view that even the}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 light work may have precipitated a heart attack". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid6640823 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 And at page 21 of Record he said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "Hence Bans Bahadur h ad suffered his first attack in 1982 but he had been continuously working in the boat building yard for a further period of eight years.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Of course two years prior to his death his work had been changed and he had been}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 given light work.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The question is whether the}{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 work he had been doing at the time of death was light or heavy.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The terms light and heavy are relative terms.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Light work for a young and healthy person may not be so far an old and sickly person. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The fact that he had suffered a second attack in 19 90 a few weeks prior to his death is ample testimony that the work he had been doing at the time, though termed light, had contributed to and accelerated his death". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par Both counsel made comprehensive written submissions which I found very useful.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I have giv en careful consideration to their arguments and will traverse the grounds in the manner hereafter appearing. \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 FUNCTION OF APPELLATE COURT}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In considering this appeal, I have borne in mind the function of an appellate court on an appeal from the findings of the lower court.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the well-known and often quoted case of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 BENMAX v AUSTIN MOTOR CO.}{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11615960 }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LTD (1955) AC 370}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 it was pointed out by the House of Lords that in appeals such as this it is necessary to distinguish between the finding of a specific fact and a findi ng of fact which is really an inference from facts specifically found or, as has sometimes been said, between the perception and evaluation of facts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 On this aspect }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD REID}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 at p.376 said}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "in cases where the point in dispute is the proper inference to b e drawn from proved facts, an appeal court is generally in as good a position to evaluate the evidence as the trial judge, and ought not to shrink from the task, though it ought, of course, to give weight to his opinion". }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par I have also borne in mind the following words of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD HALSBURY}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 , L.C. in }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 RIEKMANN v THIERRY}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1896) 14 RPC 105 at p.116 which was cited in }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 BENMAX}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) at p.370: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "The hearing upon appeal is a rehearing and I do not think there is any presumption that the judgment in the court below is right". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 And later in the same speech he said (ibid): \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "Upon appeal from a judge where both fact and law are open to appeal, it seems to me that the appellant tribunal is bound to pronounce such judgment as in their view ought to have been pronounced in the court from which the appeal proceeds, and that it is not within their competence to say that they would have given a different judgment if they had been the judge of first instance, but that because he has pronounced a different judgment they will adhere to his decision". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Therefore in the case before me in accordance with established principle the Court will not interfere with findings of primary fact which depend on the credit of witnesses, but will do as stated above, to use the words of }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 MILES C.J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 , }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "as to inferences drawn from primary facts, in general, an appellate court is in as good a position as the tribunal to decide what inferences are to be drawn from the findings of the tribunal from which the appeal is brought, and "once having reached its own conclusion, will not shrink from giving effect to it"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 RADOVANOVIC v WHITE CONSTRUCTIONS (ACT) PTY LTD}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 106 FLR 405 at p.406. \par \par }{\b\i\f0\uldb\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CONSIDERATION OF THE GROUNDS OF APPEAL}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I shall consider the six grounds of appeal in one single ground and therein deal with the following points raised in them in the manner hereafter appearing: \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (a).\tab that the three essential elements as required by s5(1) of the Act have not been satisfied. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (b).\tab the effect of a pre-existing heart condition and its effect on the deceased has not been taken into account. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (c).\tab that the death was unrelated to his employment. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (d).\tab whether the death resulted as a result of deceased's }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "pre-existing heart condition"}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 or the employment had been a contributing factor had not been considered.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par I might mention at the outset that there is conflict of evidence as to whether the deceased died on 6th or 7th October, 1990.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Without going into details the fact remains that he died on a Saturday and it was 7th October and that was the day he knocked off work and died the same day. \par \par It is an undisputed fact that he died of acute }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 'myocardial infarction'.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4253\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLAIM UNDER s.5(1) OF WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The Respondent had claimed compensation under s.5(1) of the Act which provides as follows}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 - \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6640823 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "If in any employment per sonal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment is caused to a workman, his employer shall, subject as hereinafter provided, be liable to pay compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Act and, for the purposes of t h is Act, as accident resulting in the death or serious and permanent incapacity of a workman shall be deemed to arise out of and in the course of his employment, notwithstanding that the workman was at the time when the accident happened acting in contrave n tion of any statutory or other regulation applicable to his employment, or of any orders given by or behalf of his employer, or that he was acting without instruction from his employer, if such act was done by the workman for the purposes of and in connec tion with his employer's trade or business". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The onus was on the widow (the Respondent) to prove the following three essential elements of her claim}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (i)\tab }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "that the workman suffered personal injury, i.e. physiological injury or change, by accident;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (ii)\tab }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 t hat the injury arose out of the employment;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (iii)\tab }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 that the injury occurred in the course of employment"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (}{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CARPENTERS (FIJI) LTD v LABOUR OFFICER FOR KATARINA ESITA}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 36/84 FCA - cyclostyled judgment p.3) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par The claimants }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "have to prove their case; that is to say, they must show with reasonable clearness that the accident actually did come from the employment" }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 HAWKINS v POWELL'S TILLERY STEAM COAL CO.}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1911) 1 K.B.}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 988 at p.995 per FLETCHER MOULTON L.J.)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par The drawing of inferences from a given set of facts particularly in pre-heart condition cases is difficult.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In any case one has to rightly direct oneself on the law and draw inferences from the facts; and }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 " ..... so long as there is evidence upon which the arbitrator, as a reasonable man, can come to a finding , it is not competent for the appellate court to substitute their own view of the weight of the evidence and the balance of probabilities for the view of the arbitrator"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 DAVIES v ARMSTRONG - WHITWORTH}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1933) 26 B.W.C.C. 299)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (}{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACTS}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 32nd Ed. 1939 p.119).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par Evidence for the Respondent was given by }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 VISHNU DEO}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (PW1) labour inspector, }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 DR.JIN SHAOMIN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (PW2) acting consultant, }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 DAYA WATI}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (PW3) widow of deceased and }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 ABDUL KHALIL}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (PW4) F.S.C.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 employee. \par \par For the Appellant evidence was given by }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 DR.RAJESHWAR CHAND}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (DW1) and }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SHIV RAJ}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (DW2) FSC employee, training transport engineer. \par \par Bearing in mind the elements that have to be proved, the determination of the issue therefore depende}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11615960 d upon sufficiency of evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par I shall now deal with each of the said three essential elements separately. \par \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WAS IT PERSONAL INJURY BY ACCIDENT (FIRST ELEMENT)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The circumstances and the events which led to death has been outlined hereabove suffice it to say that death occurred at his home some eleven hours after the deceased knocked off work. \par \par It is clear from the authorities that in the circumstances of this case and on the facts it is a case of personal injury by accident.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I discuss hereunder what constitutes }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "personal injury by accident".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par I refer to }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACTS 1925 TO 1938}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 by }{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WILLIS}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 32 ED (hereafter referred to as }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WILLIS}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 ) on the first element, namely }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "personal injury by accident"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 where at p.8}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "accident"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 is defined thus: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "The word "accident" does not necessarily involve the idea of something fo rtuitous and unexpected as formerly held (HENSEY v WHITE}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1900) 1 Q.B.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 481. ........... It includes injury caused by over-exertion in the ordinary course of employment (Fenton v. Thorley, [1903] A.C.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 443; 5 W.C.C.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 34 Digest 266, 2264).}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The word "accident", is used in the Act "in the popular and ordinary sense of the word as denoting an unlooked for mishap or an untoward event which is not expected or designed (per LORD MACNAGHTEN, ibid., at p.448); or as denoting or including "any unexpected personal injur y resulting to the workman in the course of his employment from any unlooked-for mishap or occurrence" (per LORD SHAND, ibid., at p.451); or "any unintended and unexpected occurrence which produces hurt or loss" (per LORD LINDLEY, ibid., at p.453).}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par It is further stated (ibid): \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "Applying the above description of accident to the case where a man suffering from serious aneurism ruptured it by an ordinary exertion (Clover v.Hughes, [1910] A. C. 242; 3 B. W. C.275; 34 Digest 273, 2316), it was said that the eve nt was unexpected in the sense that a sensible man would not have expected it from the nature of the work being done, and that it was not correct to ask whether a medical man knowing the condition of the workman would have expected it". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par What is }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "personal injury by accident"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 has also been clearly stated by }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD ATKIN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 FIFE COAL CO., LTD v YOUNG }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1942) AER H.L. 85 at 91 thus: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "... it is necessary to emphasize the distinction between "accident" and "injury", which in some cases tend to be confused.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 ...... It is now established, however, that, apart from external accident, there may be what no doubt others as well as myself have called }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 internal accident.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (underlining mine for emphasis) ............... \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 A man suffers from rupture, an aneurism bursts, the musc ular action of the heart fails, while the man is doing his ordinary work, turning a wheel or a screw, or lifting his hand.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In such cases, it is hardly possible to distinguish in time between accident and injury.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The rupture which is accident is at the same time injury, from which follows at once, or after a lapse of time, death or incapacity". (underlining mine for emphasis) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid12474601 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The above passage includes death or incapacity arising }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 at once or after}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 a }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 lapse of time}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the case before me it was after a few hours of time. \par \par Also on }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "personal injury by accident"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 the following extract from the judgment of }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD MACNAGHTEN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLOVER, CLAYTON & CO. LIMITED v HUGHES}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1910) AC 242 AT 247-8 is apt:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "There the Court of Appeal had held that if a man meets with a mishap in doing the very thing he means to do the occurrence cannot be called an accident.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There must be, it was said, an accident and an injury: you are not to confuse the injury with the accident.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Your Lordships' judgment, however, swept away these niceties of subtle disquisition and the endless perplexities of causation.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It was held that "injury by accident" meant nothing more than "accidental injury" or "accident", as the word is popularly used". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In both }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLOVER}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) and }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 FENTON (PAUPER) V J THORLEY & CO. LIMITED}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1903)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 A.C. 443 the House of Lords held that the workman had suffered personal injury by accident.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the former case the workman was suffering from serious aneurism whilst employed in tightening a nut by a spanner when he suddenly fell down dead from rupture of the aneurism.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the latter the workman, employed to turn the wheel of a machine, by an act of over-exertion ruptured himself. \par \par Applying the above principles to the present case there was an accident in the popular sense of the word.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 As learne d counsel for Respondent pointed out, cause of death}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 was }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 myocardial infarction}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 supported by Dr.Krishnan's medical report; Dr.Rajesh Chandra did not deny that it was heart attack and Dr.Shaomin agreed. \par \par I therefore find that the first element has been satisfied and as found by the learned Magistrate. \par \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SECOND AND THIRD ELEMENTS \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I shall now deal with the second and third elements namely.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (ii)}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Did the injury arise out of the employment? and}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (iii) Did it arise in the course of the employment?}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The determination of these issues involve mainly issues of fact and in part they are questions of law.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Since the two questions posed before me overlap each other that to treat them separately would be repetitive so therefore I would deal with}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (iii) above first showing when course of employment began and ended and then with (ii) dealing mainly with the work the deceased was employed to do. \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 IN THE COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT (THIRD ELEMENT) \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Under this head I will not reiterate the facts which are as outlined hereabove by the learned Magistrate in his judgment.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It is in the evidence of PW3 (the widow) at page 31 of record that deceased worked half a day on 7 October 1990 and returned home at 11.30a.m. and died at 11.00p.m; upon arrival at the hospital he was pronounced dead.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I fail to understand how the learned Magistrate could say in his judgment that the deceased came home at 2.00p.m. and died around 7.00p.m. thus giving the difference between work and death as seven hours (page 23 of record).}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11615960\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Be that as it may, the question that arises is whether on the facts of this case it can be said that the deceased died in the }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "course of employment"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 . \par \par The test of what is }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "in the course of employment"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 is stated thus in }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WILLIS}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 supra at p.22. \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "A workman is acting in the course of his employme nt when he is engaged 'in doing something he was employed to do'.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Or what is, in other and I think better words, ... when he is doing something in discharge of a duty to his employer, directly or indirectly imposed upon him by his contract of service.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The true ground upon which the test should be based in a duty to the employer arising out of the contract of employment, but it is to be borne in mind that the word 'employment',as here used covers and includes things belonging to or arising out of it"}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (St. Helen's Colliery Co. v. Hewitson, [1924] A.C. 59, 71; 16 B. W.C. C. 230, 238, per Lord ATKINSON; 34 Digest 280, 2364). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "The man is not in the course of his employment unless the facts are such that it is in the course of his employment, and in performance of a duty under his contract of service, that he is found in the place where the accident occurs.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 If there is only a right and there is no obligation binding on the man in the matter of his employment there is no liability"}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (ibid., p. 95, per Lord WRENBURY); \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "I think an accident befalls a man 'in the course of' his employment, if it occurs while he is doing what a man so employed may reasonably }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 do within a time when he is employed, and at a place where he may reasonably}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 be during that time"}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (Moore v. Manchester Liners, [1910] A.C. 498; 3 B.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 W. C. C. 527; 34 Digest 309, 2547, per Lord LOREBURN, L. C.)". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The two conditions which must be fulfilled before an accident can be said to have occurred }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in the course of employment"}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 are: (a) the accident must have occurred during the employment of the workman and (b) it must have occ}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 ur}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 red while he was doing something which }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 his employer could and did, expressly or by implication, employ him to do or order him to do"}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (}{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 HELEN'S COLLIERY}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 supra p.91, 92). \par \par In this case the above conditions have not been met.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The deceased did not die at work; he was not doing any work for his employer at the time of his death; there is no evidence to indicate that the work which he did while at work before knocking off gave rise to any adverse effect on him and in fact he did not complain about any aches and pains.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 According to PW4 he }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "did his usual light duties"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The nature of his work on the last day at work was just }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 '}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 light work'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 which he has been doing for about two years prior to his death.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 On the day in question he worked half a day and knocked off at 11.30a.m. as stated by the learned Magistrate (page 15 of Record). \par \par The learned Magistrate with all due respect could not possibly have on the facts of this case find that the deceased's death was work-related or that the work had an adverse effect on his pre-heart condition.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He is merely assuming without any supporting evidence when he said in his judgment at page 21 of record that }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "the fact that he had suffered a second attack in 1992 a few w eeks prior to his death is ample testimony that the work he had been doing at the time, though termed light had contributed to and accelerated his death".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 This is not a proper inference which he could draw from the evidence before him. \par \par I therefore find that the third element has not been proved. \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par INJURY ARISING OUT OF EMPLOYMENT (SECOND ELEMENT)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Now I shall deal with element (ii) above, namely, whether the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 injury arose out of employment}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 ".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par The term has been defined in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WILLIS}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 supra at p.44 thus: \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "Arising out of the employment' obviously means arising out of the work which the man is employed to do and which is incident to it - in other words, out of his service"}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (Davidson v. M'Robb, [1918] A.C. 304, at p.314; 10 B. W. C. C. 673, at p.684; 34 Digest 276, 2339). \par \par The expression is not confined to the mere "nature of the employment" as formerly held in several cases, but it "applies to the employment as such - to its nature, its conditions, its obligations, and its incidents.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 If by reason of any of these the workman is brought within the zone of special danger and so injured or killed, it appears to me that the broad words of the statute 'arising out of the employment apply". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I have already stated what the nature of the deceased's work was and it was some eleven hours after he knocked off work that he died. \par \par It is in the light of the deceased's medical condition that this aspect of the matter could be better understood and dealt with and I therefore propose to set out the medical evidence in this regard as hereunder. \par \par It is not in dispute that for two years before his death the deceased was a}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 'tea boy'}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 and also delivered messages in the mill area and cleaned the office. \par \par There is no doubt that since 1982 the deceased was suffering from ischaemic heart disease (IHD).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The PW2 }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 DR.SHAOMIN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 who gave evidence based on Dr.Krishnan's report of 22 August 1991 testified that the deceased had artery atherosclerosis which gave chest pain and that it was a progressive disease.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 She said that work could accelerate a heart attac k, light work was not bad for a person suffering from IHD but irrespective of whether he worked or not the change in his heart would still occur because of IHD.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 She said that the deceased was a very sick man but he could have died at any time since the disease was a progressive one. \par \par This doctor did not say that the work the deceased did that day brought about his death.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 After he left work he went various places before returning home.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Could this have brought about chest pains?}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 This possibility could not be ruled out rather than the work which he did until 11.30a.m. \par \par Dr. Rajeshwar Chand for the Respondent testified along the same lines as Dr.Shaomin.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He said that }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 'angina'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 is not work related.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It can happen at any time.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It is the disease that caused his death. \par \par There is evidence from the doctors and fellow employees that he was smoking daily which was bad for him.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 His cholesterol level was 329mg whereas normal is 240mg.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 According to }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 KHALIL}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (PW4) a fellow employee the deceased}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 did "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 his usual light duties}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 " on his last day at work. \par \par In his report dated 22 August 1991, Dr.Krishnan said that the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 cause of his disease was coronary artery atherosclerosis which has no relation to his occupation.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He was working on the day of his death with no complaints but died suddenly at home later on the same day" }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 but he goes on further to state that }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "it is possible that the strain of his work could have accelerated his death within two months after a heart attack he already had on 19.08.90".}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He merely talks of the possibility of that happening but how does this tie up with the work he did on the day in question; the evidence in this regard is not there. \par \par The above is in gist an account of the work which the deceased did on the last day at work and his medical condition. \par \par The test to be applied in order to determine whether an accident arises out of the employment has been stated by }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD SUMNER}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 L. & Y.R. v HIGHLEY (1917)}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 A.C.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 352, 372 thus: \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "There is, however, in my opinion, one test which is always at any rate applicable, because i t arises upon the very words of the statute, and it is generally of some real assistance.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It is this: Was it part of the injured person's employment to hazard, to suffer, or to do that which caused his injury?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 If yea, the accident arose out of his employment.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 If nay, it did not, because what it was not part of the employment to hazard, to suffer, or to do cannot well be the cause of an accident arising out of the employment.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 To ask if the cause of the accident was within the sphere of the employment, or was one of the ordinary risks of the employment, or reasonably incidental to the employment, or, conversely, was an added peril and outside the sphere of the employment, are all different ways of asking whether it was a part of his employment that the workma n should have acted as he was acting, or should have been in the position in which he was whereby in the course of that employment he sustained injury". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Further, on the factors to be looked at to determine}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 whether the accident arose out of employment, I refer to the case of}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 PARTRIDGE JONES and JOHN PATON LIMITED JAMES (1933 A.C.}{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11615960 }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 501)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 which states}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "An accident arises out of a workman's employment within the meaning of s. 1 of the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1925, when the required exertion producing the ac cident is too great for the man undertaking the work, whatever the degree of exertion or the condition of the workman's health.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In each case the arbitrator adjudicating upon a claim for compensation must consider whether in substance, so far as he can judg e on such a matter, the accident came from the disease alone, so that whatever the man had been doing it would probably have come all the same, or whether the employment contributed to it". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The facts in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 PARTRIDGE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) were different from the present case.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There the deceased a ripper was suffering from disease of the coronary arteries, and his state was such that although he might die at any time without any act of physical exertion, any such exertion was dangerous and likely to lead to heart failure.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He stopped work for a short time and sat down.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Within ten minutes of stopping work he died.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The House of Lords affirmed the award of damages. \par \par Here, although he could have died at any time, he knocked off work without any complaint and whilst at home he died.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Could be from any cause while at home.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The possibility of some physical exertion after work cannot be ruled out but certainly not at work as there is no evidence in that regard.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The evidence from PW4 is that he did }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "his usual light duties"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 on the day that he died.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The learned Magistrate's statement at page 17 of record that }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 " .... BANS BAHADUR with his high cholesterol continuing to work has been a contributing factor to his eventual heart attack"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 is unsupported by evidence.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There is no nexus revealed between his work that day and his eventual heart attack some eleven hours afterwards at home.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Dr.Rajesh Chand who said that he is not a cardiologist, is evidently not qualified to speak with authority and confidence on this matter. \par \par The situation in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLOVER, CLAYTON v HUGHES}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 was also different from this case.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There a workman who was suffering from a serious aneurism was employed on tightening a nut by a spanner when he fell down dead.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The county court judge found that death was caused by a strain arising out of the ordinary work of the deceased operating upon a condition of body which was such as to render the strain fatal and the House of Lords held that it was a case of personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of employment.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There is a distinction between this case and }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLOVER CLAYTON}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 as is evident from the facts outlined already. \par \par The principles applicable in situations such as the present have been clearly stated by }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD LOREBURN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLOVER}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 ,}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLAYTON}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) at p.246.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It will be seen from the extracts which I quote from the judgment of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD LOREBURN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 that the deceased did not fit into the category of persons in whose case liability can be attached to his employer for his death.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The relevant passages at p.246 are as follows}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 - \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "I do not think w e should attach any importance to the fact that there was no strain or exertion out of the ordinary.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It is found by the county court judge that the strain in fact caused the rupture, meaning, no doubt, that if it had not been for the strain the rupture would not have occurred when it did.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 If the degree of exertion beyond what is usual had to be considered in these cases, there must be some standard of exertion, varying in every trade". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 He goes on to state that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "Nor do I think we should attach any importa nce to the fact that this man's health was as described ..... An accident arises out of the employment when the required exertion producing the accident is too great for the man undertaking the work, whatever the degree of exertion or the condition of hea lth". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Further at p.247 he continues}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "In each case the arbitrator ought to consider whether in substance, as far as he can judge on such a matter, the accident came from the disease alone, so that whatever the man had been doing it would probably have com e all the same, or whether the employment contributed to it.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In other words, did he die from the disease alone or from the disease and employment taken together, looking at it broadly?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Looking at it broadly, I say, and free from over-nice conjectures, was it the disease that did it, or did the work he was doing help in any material degree?"}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The answer to that question has been found in this case in the clearest terms, and, if any possible comment could be made upon the conclusions of the learned county cour t judge, my feeling would be that they had not been sufficiently emphatic as to the association of the employment and the disease which resulted in death". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the same case at p.249 }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD MACNAGHTEN}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 gave judgment to the same effect said}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "The real question, as it seems to me, is this:}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Did it (the death) arise out of his employment?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 On this point the evidence before the county court judge was undoubtedly conflicting.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 But he has held that it did, and I think there was sufficient evidence to support that finding ....}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 'The death,' the learned judge says, 'was caused by a strain arising out of the ordinary work of the deceased operating upon a condition of body which was such as to render the strain fatal'.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par Mr. Udit referred the Court to a number of cases in which the Courts had to consider lapses of hours, weeks and even months from the time of knocking off work and time of death.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In some cases it was held that death occurred in the }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 course of employment"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 But it should be borne in mind that each case must be considered on its own facts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 I refer to the following extract from the judgment in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 BA INDUSTRIES LIMITED and LABOUR OFFICER, BA}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (Civil Appeal 37/83 Fiji Court Appeal) where the deceased died of a heart attack at home although there was }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 no positive evidence of existing heart disease".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The employer's appeal was dismissed; the Court stated what had to be proved and on whom the decision lay of proving:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601\charrsid12474601 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12474601 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "No burden lay on the respondent to prove that the deceased was suffering from a heart disease prior to his death.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Evidence that the manual work he was engaged in would not, as a rule, trigger a heart-attack in a normally healthy man would only provide basis for inference.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The burden on the respondent was to show that the heart attack occurred during the course of his employment }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 and that the work he was doing was a contributing factor"}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 . (underlining mine for emphasis) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par In the case before me the Respondent has not discharged the burden that lay upon him; there was no evidence that the work that the deceased did some eleven hours before his death was a contributing factor. \par \par On the facts of this case, I cannot find in the following passage from the judgment of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLAUSON L.J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 OATES v EARL FITZWILLIAM COLLIERIES CO}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1939) 2 AER 498 at 502 (although worth noting) which was referred to by the Respondent, to be of any assistance as the work the deceased was doing at about the moment of the occurrence of the physiological injury or change did not contribute in any material degree to its occurrence}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "In our judgment, a phy siological injury or change occurring in the course of a man's employment by reason of the work in which he is engaged at or about that moment is an injury by accident arising out of his employment, and this is so even though the injury or change be occas ioned partly or even mainly, by the progress or development of an existing disease if the work he is doing at or about the moment of the occurrence of the physiological injury or change contributes in any material degree to its occurrence - }{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 moreover, this is nonetheless true though there may be no evidence of any strain or similar cause than that arising out of the man's ordinary work}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 ". (underlining mine for emphasis).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par The cases that were referred to were mainly those of workers dying at work.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In the Court of Appeal case of }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WHITTLE v EBBW VALE STEEL IRON v COAL CO. LTD}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1936) 2 AER the workman with heart disease was found dead at work.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There was evidence in that case that the employment contributed to the death of the workman.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WHITTLE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) the House of Lords case of }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 BARNABAS v BERSHAM COLLIERY CO. (1990)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 4 B.W.C. 119, 34 Digest 325, 2656) was distinguished.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There a collier died of apoplexy during working hours in a mine.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It was held that the evidence as to cause of death was equally consistent with an accident and no accident and the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 onus of proving that it was due to accident rested on the applicants who had not discharged that onus.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Similarly, in the case before me, the onus of proof has also not been discharged. \par \par Further in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WHITTLE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SLESSER L.J .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in discussing the case of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 FALMOUTH DOCKS v ENGINEERING CO. LTD v TRELOAR}{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1933) A.C. 48) H.L. and }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 PARTRIDGE}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) pointed out that in both those cases there was a finding that the worker might have died at any time, but what is more important is that t here was evidence that the work he was doing was of a laborious nature and that it accelerated or produced the workman's death.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 One died ten minutes and the other 25 minutes after he last worked.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The situation in the present case on the evidence is otherwise. \par \par There is also the Fiji case of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 THE LABOUR OFFICER on behalf LUISA LEGALEVU and THE PORTS AUTHORITY OF FIJI}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (Civ.App. No.6 of 1983 F.C.A.) where the court in a }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "pre-heart condition"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 said that there has to be evidence of injury "occurring in the course of employment".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It said: \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid7419793 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "There does not seem to be any serious divergence of views as to the principle to be applied in such cases.} {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 It is not necessary for the evidence in case of a person with a long history of heart disease to show that a specific inju ry had resulted from a specific act during the course of employment.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 But, as was said in Oates v. Earl Fitz William's Collieries Co.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1939 2 All E.R. 498)}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 - \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11615960 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "It was essential that there should be evidence of a physiological injury or change occurring in t he course of a man's employment by reason of the work on which he was engaged at or about the time of his death". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid7419793 The principle was also stated by Goddard J. in Whittle v. Ebbw Vale etc. Co. (1936 2 All E.R. 1221 at 1235) in following words}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601\charrsid7419793 :}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid7419793 - \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid7419793 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "The princi ple which I extract from the case of Partridge Jones v James (1933 A.C. 501) seems to me to be this: the House of Lords have decided that where a man in a diseased condition dies and it is found that the disease and the work together contribute to his dea th, then his death results from accidents within the meaning of that Act". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par In the }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Ports Authority of Fiji}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) because of lack of evidence as to the work the deceased did prior to his death no damages was awarded; but the Court concluded by saying: \par }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "So in the instant case the applicant would have succeeded if there had been any evidence of heart attack during working hours and death followed shortly thereafter". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 On lapse of time in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 WHITTLE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra),}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SLESSER L.J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 at p.1223 said }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "But there can be no general principle that a man must die immediately he has received the strain; it is a question of fact to be decided on the evidence and the medical evidence"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Here there is no evidence of any strain as a tea boy or other miscellaneous work which he did.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 When I say that I note the following statement from the editorial note to }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 OATES (supra)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 :}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7419793\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "The Court of Appeal have reiterated that the proof of extra exertion or strain is not essential for recovery of compensation but }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 there must be evidence of physiological in jury or change due to the work upon which the workman was engaged at or about the moment of his death".}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par (underlining mine for emphasis)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par Before I conclude on the list of authorities I would like to mention the case of }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 FIJI ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY and LABOUR OFFICER}{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (for and on behalf) of Kesaia Naikolala and Another)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 Civ. App. No.5 of 1993 of 24.8.94 where }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 SCOTT J.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 found that although the death occurred after about 4 days the chest pain commenced on 4 April at work and continued until he died at home on 8 Apr il after medical attention and hence it was work related.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 His Lordship stated that the }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "difficulty is not the principle but the evidence required to}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 bring the matter within their scope"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 and with this view I concur. \par \par To conclude, in this case with respect I have disagreed with the learned Magistrate's inferences from the evidence before him and find that he was }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "plainly wrong".}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 In this regard I paid heed to the dicta of }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 LORD SHAW}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLARKE v EDINBURGH TRAMWAYS CORPORATION}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (1919) S. C. (H.L.) 35 where he said}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12474601 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7419793 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "...In my opinion, the duty of an appellate Court in those circumstances is for each Judge of it to put to himself, as I now do in this case, the question, Am I - who sit here without those advantages, sometimes broad and sometimes subtle,}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7419793 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 which are the privilege of the Judge who heard and tried the case - in a position, not having those privileges, to come clear conclusion that the Judge who had them was plainly wrong?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 If I cannot be satisfied in my own mind that the Judge with those privileges was plainly wrong, then it appears to me to be my duty to defer to his judgment".}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par With respect, I cannot see how the learned Magistrate could possibly have come to the conclusion that the deceased's death arose out of and in the course of his employment.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 There is nothing in the evidence to prove that the work the deceased did that day in any way caused}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 or contributed to his death.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The application should have been dismissed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 To use the words of }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 CLAUSON C.J.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 in }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 OATES}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 (supra) at 503: }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "In MILLER v CARNTYNE STEEL CASTINGS CO.LTD (1935) J C 207 the workman would have succeeded if he had collapsed during his work under the strain of his work ................."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 AND as }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 KERMODE J}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 said in the PORTS AUTHORITY}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 of FIJI case (supra) (in the High Court Civ.App. No.13/82), so in the instant case the applicant }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 "could have succeeded if there was evidence of a heart attack during working hours and death resulted shortly thereafter".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 With this view I agree. \par \par For the above reasons the appeal is allowed with costs to the appellant.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6640823 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 The costs are to be taxed unless agreed. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4253\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 D PATHIK \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 At Suva \par 3 FEBRUARY, 1995.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11479966 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11479966 HBA0004J.93B}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7555693\charrsid11479966 \par }}