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Jamnadas for the Plaintiff. \par Mr. R. Gopal for the Defendant. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 DECISION \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par This is an application for an injunction restraining the defendant (hereafter referred to as the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "Council"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 ) its servants and/or agents from permitting the Suva Rugby Union and all the teams under its jurisdiction to use Albert Park Ground No.3 (hereafter referred to as the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "ground"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 ). \par \par Upon hearing ex parte an interim injunction was granted, modifying the application, restraining the Council from permitting the use of Ground No. 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "to any other Rugby Body or organisations"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 . \par \par Hearing inter part}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 es took place on 22 June 1995.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316\charrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Mr Jamnadas wants the injunction to continue whereas Mr Gopal says that it should be dissolved. \par \par The Plaintiff's submission is that the use of the ground has been given to it by Council until the end of the Rugby season by letter dated 28 March 1995.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Mr Jamnadas agrees that it is a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "licence"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 but he says that the Plaintiff has an }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "equitable"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 right to use the ground.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He complains about the manner in which the licence is being revoked in that it is }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "unconscionable"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He says that damages is not a proper remedy in this case.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Mr Jamnadas further states that the permission to use has been given to t}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11408448 he Plaintiff under Regulation 3}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (1) of }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 SUVA (PARKS, RESERVES AND GARDENS) BY-LAWS}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 , LAWS OF FIJI Vol VII Cap. 125 S408-S409}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 which provides, inter alia as follows:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "3.-( 1) Subject to the provisions of these By-laws, the Council may grant permission to any sporting, social or other organisation or body to have exclusive use of the whole or any part of any public park on any particular day or days for purposes approved by the Council and may give such organisation or body power to levy charges for admission: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \fi-11\li720\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Provided that- \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \fi22\li1418\ri1440\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin1440\lin1418\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (a) notwithstanding the grant of any such permission, the Council may, in its absolute discretion, }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 revoke}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 such permission to enable the public park to be used for other purposes in connection with a }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 special occasion}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 ;" \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \fi22\li1418\ri720\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin720\lin1418\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (b) ....."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (underlining mine) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par Mr. Jamnadas says that the licence can be revoked only on }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "a special occasion"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 in terms of the said by-law.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He argues that since this is not a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "special occasion"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 it cannot be revoked. \par \par Mr Gopal for the Council on the other hand submits that the Council has the right to revoke the licence (which is gratuitous in this case) upon giving reasonable notice.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He submits that the said by-law is not }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "exhaustive or conclusive"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 and the licence can be revoked }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "on other occasions"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 other than on }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "a special occasion"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 .}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He says that the Council has offered the Plaintiff the use of another ground, namely, Ram Lakhan Park at Samabula. \par \par The decision whether to dissolve the injunction or not will depend upon whether the licence to use the ground under the circumstances is revocable or not and whether this is a proper case for the grant of an injunction. \par \par In the said letter of 28 March 1995 the Council stated, inter alia, that: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "Afte r careful consideration, Council has decided to allocate one ground (No.3) at Albert Park for the 1995 session to the Fiji Rugby League.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 This ground shall be available for training and competition on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays throughout the 1995 season".}{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par Then on 18 May 1995 the Council informed the Plaintiff in writing, inter alia, that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "I regret to inform you that the earlier decision to allocate Ground No.3 at Albert Park for the Fiji Rugby League has been revised, and Council will not be able to release the same for the 1995 season". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 I find that on the facts of this case the Plaintiff was the holder of a licence permitting it the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "use"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 of the ground.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It has not paid the Council any }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "usage fee"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (as per Town Clerk's affidavit).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The fact that it was a licence is not disputed by Mr Jamnadas except that he complains about it being }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "inequitable"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "unconscionable"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 the way it is being revoked. \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The Plaintiff was a mere licensee.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It cannot be said that there was a contract in this case.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It was a mere licence to the Plaintiff giving it }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "permission"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 to have the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "use"}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 of the ground (the word }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "allocate"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 is used in the said letter of 28 March) for the period specified in the said letter.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 In the words of }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 MARTIN B}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 WILLIAMS v JONES}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (3 H & C 256 Vol 159 ER 528 at 530) the defendant "}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 might at any moment he thought fit, have revoked the licence, put an end to the user, and desired the carpenter to remove his tools, for there was no contract whatever between the parties."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 MARTIN B}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 further states that: }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "we are not aware of any authority that a contract exists where a person occupies a shed under a licence, or any obligations beyond that which the law imposes in respect of negligence."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The evidence does not show that there was exclusive possession of the ground; the licence did not entitle the Plaintiff}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 to occupy the ground apart from using it on the days specified.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 As is stated in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 HALSBURY'S LAWS OF ENGLAND}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 4th Ed. Vol 22 p. 16: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "A licence is normally created where a person is granted the right to use th e premises without being entitled to exclusive possession of them, ......}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 If the agreement is }{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 merely for the use of}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 the property in a certain way and on certain terms while the property remains in the owner's possession and control, the agreement will operate as a licence, even though the agreement may employ words appropriate to a lease."}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par (underlining mine). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par The fact that this was a licence only and the consequences that flow from it is supported by }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 WILKIE -v- LONDON PASSENGER TRANSPORT BOARD}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (1947) 1 AER 258 CA.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There it was held that a }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "pass"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 entitling Plaintiff to travel free on board's omnibuses was a mere licence and not a }{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "contract for the conveyance of a passenger".}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 In his judgment }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 LORD GREENE}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 , M.R.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 discusses the circumstances which create a licence and when there can be a contractual force in a licence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He said at p. 260:}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "to regard it as having any contractual force is entirely to misinterpret it.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There is no contractual animus to be found in relation to it.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It is clearly nothing but a licence subject to conditions, a very common form of licence, e.g., a licence to a neighbour to walk over a field, providing he does not go with a dog.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 You cannot spell such a thing as that as being a contract:}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "I will let you go across my field in consideration of you, as a contracting party, agreeing not to take your dog."}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 In other words, looking at this document shortly and sensibly, it contains no intention to contract.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It is the mere grant of a revocable licence subject to a condition that, while the licence is being enjoyed, certain consequences shall follow.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 That is not contractual, but is a term or condition of the licence, and if anyone makes use of the licence he can only do so by being bound by the condition." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It is only right that I should also refer to }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 GORE v VAN DER LANN (LIVERPOOL CORPORATION}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 intervening) 1967 1 AER 360 C.A. where }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 WILKIE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (supra) was distinguished.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 LORD WILMER}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 L.J. in }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 GORE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (supra at p.365-366) said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "Wilkie's case (6), being a decision of this court, is binding on us unless it is disting uishable.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 I have found the question one of no little difficulty, but I have come to the conclusion, not without some hesitation, that the present case is to be distinguished.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The circumstances surrounding the issue of the free pass in the present case were quite different from those in which the pass in Wilkie's case (6) was issued.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There the pass was issued to an employee of the board as a matter of course as one of the privileges attaching to his employment.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There was certainly nothing contractual about it; there was, as LORD GREENE said (8), no contractual animus.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 In the present case, on the other hand, the pass was issued, not to an employee, but to a stranger, and only in response to a written application.}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 By the terms of the application which she signe d the plaintiff specifically undertook and agreed that the use of the pass should be subject to the conditions.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The }{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 very wording}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 of that which the plaintiff signed was }{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 couched in the language of contract}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 .}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 It appears to me that all the elements of contract were present."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (underlining mine) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par In }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 GORE}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (supra) }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "each party gave good consideration by accepting a detriment in return for the advantages gained"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There was a contractual animus.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Such is not the case before me.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 That being so it is fatal to the Plaintiff's application. \par \par Having held that this was a licence, the question arises as to how can it be terminated.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 As to giving of notice this is what the Fiji Court of Appeal said in }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 RAM PRASAD and DR. B.R. LOMALOMA & OTHERS}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (Civ. App. No. 7/89)}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 : \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "So far as the m atter of notice to vacate is concerned, we have no doubt that when the periods of the licence specified in the two licence agreements ran out, the plaintiff continued to occupy for periods of a month at a time upon the same conditions as those specified i n the agreements.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 But during such periods he was still a licensee.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 We have been referred to no provision in the law of Fiji that requires a person holding over at the conclusion of a licence, or, if there is such a thing, }{ \b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 a person occupying under a licence}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 from month to month, to be given any notice to bring his licence}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 to an end at the conclusion of a period of licence.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 We know of no such requirement elsewhere.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 If any notice is required, }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 it would be a reasonable notice}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 , ...... \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 If no notice was required, or reasonable notice was given, then at the end of the period the licensee becomes a trespasser.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 He can be ejected by anyone having the right to do so."}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (underlining mine) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par As to reasonable notice it is stated in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 HALSBURY}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (supra at p.17): \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "if the licensee u nder a revocable licence has brought property onto the land, he is entitled to notice of revocation and to a reasonable time for removing his property and in which to make arrangements to carry on his business elsewhere."}{ \b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par {\*\bkmkstart QuickMark}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark}In answer to Mr. Jamnadas's submission that it would be }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 'inequitable'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "unconscionable"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 to revoke the licence in this manner, there is an interesting statement on the subject of licence and what a Court of Equity would do in such a case in the case of }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 THE KING v THE INHABITATS OF HORNDON-ON-THE HILL}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 4 M & S561 E.R. 105 p.942 at 943.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 LORD ELLENBOROUGH C.J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "A licence is not a grant, but may be recalled immediately; and so might this licence, the day after it was granted.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 We cannot take into our consideration what it may be conjectured a Court of Equity would determine in this case.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Perhaps a Court of Equity might interfere, but can we say with certainty that it would?}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 We ought to see that the party has clearly an equitable interest, and not merely such a claim as might possibly induce a Court of Equity to interpose in some way or other.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 There was a mere personal licence, and not like one of the cases cited, a grant by copy of parcel of the land."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par AND }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 BAYLEY J}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 also said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin720\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "We cannot know how Court of Equity would deal with thi s case; probably the utmost that it would do be to grant an injunction if an ejectment was brought."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par In the case before me, applying the principles stated above the Council was entitled to revoke the licence which it did.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 But in doing so it should have given a reasonable notice and not just a day's notice when for the following day the Plaintiff had organised some games.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 As a responsible body it would do well for Council not to in future for the sake of its credibility make such an arbitrary decision - par ticularly when as in this case it gave the ground for }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "throughout the 1995 season"}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 . \par \par The Council although wishing to have the ground back, have offered another ground, namely, Ram Lahkan Park in its place.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Hence the Plaintiff will not be left in the lurch. \par \par In this application I am not concerned with as to whom the Council wants to give the ground to, but to merely decide on a point of law governing the grant of the licence and its revocation in the light of the facts of this case. \par \par In the circumstances of this case, I do not consider this to be a proper case to grant an injunction in the exercise of Court's discretion.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The principles governing the grant of an injunction are laid down in the leading case of }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 AMERICAN CYANAMID CO. -v- ETHICON LTD 1975 AC 396.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par \par In }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 CY}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid11408448 A}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 NAMID}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (supra) at page 406 }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 LORD DIPLOCK}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 stated the object of interlocutory injunction as follows: \par }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri1440\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin1440\lin720\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "..... to protect the plaintiff against injury by violation of his right for which he could not be adequately compensated in damages recoverable in the action if the uncertainty were resolved in his favour at the trial; but the plaintiff's need for such protection must be weighed against the corresponding need of the defendant to be protected against injury resulting from his having been prevented from exercising his own legal rights for which he could not be adequately compensated under the plaintiff's undertaking in damages if the uncertainty were resolved in the defendant's favour at the trial.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The court must weigh one need against another and determine where "the balance of convenience" lies". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 As already indicated hereabove the action does raise the question as to whether the permission to use the ground is a contract or a licence but there is no serious question to be tried.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 The nature of the case is such that in considering this application I cannot do justice to it without dealing with the affidavit evidence before me on the very simple issue pertaining to licence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Hence I have dealt with the matter as above.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 In doing so I am not unmindful of the fact that in exercising the Court's discretion whether or not to grant an injunction, the }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 "the court is not justified in embarking upon anything resembling the trial of the action upon conflicting affidavits in order to evaluate the strength of either party's case."}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 (Note to Order 29/1/11 of the Supreme Court Procedure 1979 Vol. I). \par \par On the facts of this case I consider that damages would be a proper remedy if the Plaintiff is successful, hence applying the very first principle of injunction law, prima facie the Plaintiff cannot obtain an injunction to restrain an actionable wrong in this case. \par \par In the outcome, for the above reasons, I see no basis for the interim injunction to continue in the present case. \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 However, if Council is minded to revoke the permission to use the ground then it should give the Plaintiff a reasonable notice. \par \par I therefore dissolve the interim injunction and the application for injunction is dismissed with costs which is to be taxed if not agreed. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 D. Pathik \par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 Judge}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126\charrsid4458316 At Suva \par 13 July 1995}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4460126 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458316 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316 HBC0252D.95S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4458316\charrsid4458316 \par }}