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)}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 \f2\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par CIVIL JURISDICTION \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 CIVIL ACTION NO. 559 OF 1993 \par \par Between: \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 FLOUR MILLS OF FIJI LIMITED \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Plaintiff \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 - and - \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 VISAMA ATTA MILLS LIMITED \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par Mr. H. Lateef for the Plaintiff \par Mr. H. Nagin for the Defendant \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 INTERLOCUTORY JUDGMENT}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par This is an application for interlocutory injunction in a passing-off action.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 On the 1st November, 1993 counsel made oral submissions on behalf of their respective clients. \par \par I would like to express my gratitude to counsel on both sides for their careful and helpful arguments. \par \par The Plaintiff is asking for an interim injunction restraining the Defendant its servants or agents from marketing selling its "Semolina - Suji" product in the present packaging and for an Order that the Defendant remove its "Semolin a - Suji" product from the shelves throughout all supermarkets, shops and other outlets in Fiji.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The grounds on which the Plaintiff relies are set out in the affidavit}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 sworn on the 23rd day of October, 1993 of }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 SANJAY PUNJA}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (f/n Hari Punja)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 a director of Plaintiff company and filed herein. \par \par The Defendant has through its Managing Director }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Raghubar Singh}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (f/n Ranjit Singh) filed an Affidavit in Reply sworn}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 the 29th day of October, 1993 opposing the application. \par \par The Plaintiff briefly argues, inter alia, as follows:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (a)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That it has been manufacturing "Semolina - Suji" product in Fiji for 18 years and the colour of the packet (yellow, blue and red) has remained same throughout this period. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (b)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That in or about November 1992 the Defendant had manufactured and w as putting out in the market a similar product in a very similar packet to that of the Plaintiff so much so as to lead to confusion in the minds of the public as to which product was made by which company. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (c)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That the Defendant's attention was drawn to t his fact in writing and the Defendant agreed to redesign its packets for future products. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (d)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That despite some modification the defendant has retained the front of the packet with the same yellow blue and red colour of the Plaintiff's and in almost the exactly the same wordings used by the Plaintiff. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par The similarities complained about are:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "(1)}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 that the colours on the packets are exactly the same. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (2)}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 the colours and artwork are designed in such a manner that it could be easily confused with that of the Plaintiff's. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (3)}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 the wordings on the packets are similar e.g. "highly nutritious" and "easily prepared family dish". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par The Plaintiff says, inter alia, that the Defendant does not normally produce and market this product and is passing off its product as that of the Plaintiff and this it has and just prior to the Hindu Festival of Diwali during which period the sale of this product soars in Fiji.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The Plaintiff says this act on the part of the Defendant in misrepresenting its products as that of the Plainti ff's is likely to create confusion in the minds of the purchasing public. \par \par The Defendant company replied to the Plaintiff's affidavit, inter alia, as follows:- \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (1)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That it has been manufacturing and marketing Semolina - Suji since 1992. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (2)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That the two packets are entirely different and denies marketing the product in a similar packet to that of the Plaintiff so as to lead to confusion in the minds of the public. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (3)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That to avoid entering into unnecessary and expensive litigation with the Plaintiff it agreed to redesign its packets.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It did redesign it and says that it is very different from the Plaintiff's packet.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The manner in which it is different is fully set out in item 6 of the Affidavit in Reply. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (4)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That apart from Diwali there are other Hindu F estivals like "Holi", "Ram Naumi" etc when Semolina-Suji product is also sold.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The defendant says that this product is also sold throughout the year. \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (5)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That on the yellow colour on the packet it says it is "}{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 very dark and is almost orange colour}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 " whereas the Plaintiff's "}{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 yellow is a very light yellow}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 " (underlining mine). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par The defendant denies that there is any likelihood of confusion being caused amongst the general public.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It further says that that "hardly any Indian people are illiterate and not able to differentiate between the two packets". \par \par I have to proceed to consider whether in the circumstances, this is a proper case for the grant of an interim injunction in the exercise of the court's discretion or whether the Plaintiff should be left to its remedy in damages. \par \par That question has been argued having regard to the principles stated in the House of Lords in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 AMERICAN CYANAMID CO}{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 v ETHICON LTD}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (1975) }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 AC 396}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 . \par \par The House of Lords there decided that in all cases, the Court must determine the matter on a balance of convenience, there being no rule that an applicant must establish a prima facie case.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The extent of the court's duty in considering an interlocutory injunction is to be satisfied that t }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 he claim is "not frivolous or ve}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 xatious;" in other words, "tha t there is a serious question to be tried". \par \par In }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 CYANAMID}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (supra) at page 406}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Lord Diplock}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 stated the object of the interlocutory injunction as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ".... to protect the plaintiff against injury by violation of his right for which he could not be adequ ately compensated in damages recoverable in the action if the uncertainty were resolved in his favour at the trial; but the plaintiff's need for such protection must be weighed against the corresponding need of the defendant to be protected against injury resulting from his having been prevented from exercising his own legal rights for which he could not be adequately compensated under the plaintiff's undertaking in damages if the uncertainty were resolved in the defendant's favour at the trial.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The court m ust weigh one need against another and determine where "the balance of convenience" lies"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 . }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par A similar view was expressed by }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 McCARTHY P}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 while delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 NORTHERN DRIVERS UNION v KAWAU ISLAND FERRIES LTD (1974) 2 NZLR 61)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9316320 when he said:}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "The purpose of an interim injunction is to preserve the status quo until the dispute has been disposed of on a full hearing.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 That being the position, it is not necessary that the Court should have to find a case which would entitle the applicant to relief in all events: it is quite sufficient if it finds one which shows that there is a substantial question to be investigated and that matters ought to be preserved in status quo until the essential dispute can be finally resolved..."}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (ibid, 620) \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "It is always a matter of discretion, and ... the Court will take into consideration the balance of convenience to the parties and the nature of the injury which the defendant, on the one hand, would suffer if the injunction was granted ... and tha t which the plaintiff, on the other hand, might sustain if the injunction was refused ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (ibid, 621). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par A very useful summary of the principles stated in the }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Cyanamid}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 case were considered by the Court of Appeal in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 FELLOWES & SON}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 v}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 FISHER (1976) QB}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 122 and has been summarized by }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 BROWNE L.J.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It will not be out of place to set it out hereunder and which is as follows:}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "Lord Diplock then laid down a series of principles on which the discretion should be exercised: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9316320 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "1}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 As to that [ie the balance of convenience ] the governing principle is that the court should first consider whether if the plaintiff succeeds at the trial, he would be adequately compensated by damages for any loss caused by the refusal to grant an interlocutory injunction.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 If damages ... would b e adequate remedy and the defendant would be in a financial position to pay them, no interlocutory injunction should normally be granted, however strong the plaintiff's claim appeared to be at that stage. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 2}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 If, on the other hand damages would not be an ad equate remedy, the court should then consider whether, if the injunction were granted, the defendant would be adequately compensated under the plaintiff's undertaking as to damages. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 If damages in the measure recoverable under such an undertaking would be an adequate remedy and the plaintiff would be in a financial position to pay them, there would be no reason on this ground to refuse an interlocutory injunction.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \tab \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 3 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It is where there is doubt as to the adequacy of the respective remedies in damages ... that the question of balance of convenience arises.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It would be unwise to attempt even to list all the various matters which may need to be taken into consideration in deciding where the balance lies, let alone to suggest the relative weight, to be attached to them.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 These will vary from case to case. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 4}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Where other factors appear to be evenly balanced it is a counsel of prudence to take such measures as are calculated to preserve the status quo. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 5}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The extent to which the disadvantages to each party would be incapable of being compensated in damages in the event of his succeeding at the trial is always a significant factor in assessing where the balance of convenience lies. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 6}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ... if the extent of the uncompensatable disadvantage to each party would not diffe r widely, it may not be improper to take into account in tipping the balance the relative strength of each party's case as revealed by the affidavit evidence adduced on the hearing of the application.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 This, however, should be done only when it is apparent on the facts disclosed by evidence as to which there is no credible}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 dispute that the strength of one party's case is disproportionate to that of the other party. \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 7}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ... in addition to [the factors] to which I have referred, there may be many other special factors to be taken into consideration in the particular circumstances of individual cases"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ([1975] 2 All ER 829, 840-841). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par As I have already said, this application is made in a passing-off action.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It is an actionable wrong for a trader so to conduct his business as to lead to the belief that his goods or business are the goods or business of another.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 This wrong is known as "passing-off".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It is immaterial whether the fatal representation, as to goods or business, involved in passing-off, is made expressly by words, or impliedly, by the use or imitation of a mark, trade name or get-up with which the goods of another are associated in the minds of the public "(}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 CLERK & LINDSELL ON TORTS, 11th Ed. p.990 para. 1698).}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par \par In the case before me there is no doubt that there is a question for determination between the parties.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Further both the Plaintiff and the Defendant say that they are each able to pay any damages which may be awarded against them.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In such circumstances the 7th item of the said summary is to be taken into consideration. \par \par I have given careful consideration to the very useful submissions of counsel and to the cases referred to by them.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In considering this matter I have not lost sight of the following passage from the }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Footnote to the SUPREME COURT PRACTICE 1979 29/1/11}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ) pertaining to the grant of interlocutory injunction: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "the grant of an interlocutory injunction is a remedy that is both temporary and discretionary, and in exercising its discretion whether or not to grant such an injunction, the Court is not justified in embarking upon anything resembling a trial of the action upon inflicting affidavits in order to evaluate the strength of either party's case".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par I shall therefore not delve into all the details of the submissions but will confine myself to matters relevant to the granting of an injunction. \par \par The defendant has set out in detail in item 6 of its affidavit as to in what respect its package is different from that of the Plaintiff.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 I am not here at this stage required to go into the merits of the arguments put forward by it on the differences in the package.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 However, leaving aside for the moment everything else, in my view, if one were to look at the respective package of the Plaintiff and the defendant one would at first sight be struck by the stark similarity of the }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 yellow colour with the white background}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 on each package.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 These are the colours which have been used by the Plaintiff for eighteen years in its package.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The use of that "get-up" by others could, in my view, amount to passing-off-and th us cause confusion in the minds of the purchasing public. \par \par On "get-up" in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 CLERK & LINDSELL (supra p. 996 para 1708}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ) it is stated: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "It is possible for the "get-up" of goods - the shape, - }{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 colour}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 and decoration of the goods or the wrapping in which they are sold - to become well enough known as indicating the goods of a particular trader, for use of that get-up by others to amount to passing-off."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (underlining mine). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par In the }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 LAW OF TORTS}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 by }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 SALMOND & HEUSTON 20th Ed. at p.397}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 on "imitating the get-up or appe arance" of the plaintiff's goods so as to deceive the public it is stated: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "when there is anything as characteristic in the get-up or appearance of the plaintiff's goods that it identified these goods as the merchandise of the plaintiff, any deceptive ado ption or imitation of that get-up or appearance is subject to the same rules as the deceptive adoption or imitation of his trade name or trade mark."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par The action of passing-off is essentially a cause of action arising out of confusion.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par \par How to establish confusion and the law relating to it is set out in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 HALSBURY 4th Ed. VOL. 48 para 163 et seq.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In para. 163 (ibid) it is stated: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "In arriving at the conclusion of fact as to whether deception or confusion is likely, the court will have regard to (a) the natu re and extent of the reputation relied upon, (b) the closeness or otherwise of the respective fields of activity in which the plaintiff and the defendant carry on business, (c) the similarity of the mark, name etc. used by the defendant to that of the pla i ntiff, (d) the manner in which the defendant makes use of the name, mark etc. complained of and collateral factors, and (e) the manner in which the particular trade is carried on, the class of persons who it is alleged is likely to be deceived and all oth er surrounding circumstances".}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par The relevant test as to confusion is not "whether many intelligent and discerning people would avoid confusion but whether a substantial section of the public is likely to be deceived: (compare }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 TREASURE COT COMPANY LTD v HAMLEY BROS LTD}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 1950) 67 RPC 89 at 91}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 , lines 1 - 4 per Harman J)" (}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 MY KINDA TOWN LTD v SOLL AND ANOTHER 1983 NO. 2 RPA p.15 at p.42}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ).}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Also in considering whether deception is probable, account is to be taken, not of the expert purchaser, but of the ordinary ignorant and unwary member of the public (}{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 RECKITT & COLEMAN PROPERTIES LTD v BOREDON INC. (1990) WLR 491}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ). \par \par In the case before me, without in anyway deciding, which I am not required to do at this stage, whether the public would be confused or misled by the defendant's package into thinking that its product was the Plaintiff's as one would have to do in the trial of the action, there is ample material before me to suggest that such confusion is likely to occur.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In the exercise of my discretion I am of the vi ew, on the affidavit evidence before me that the normal casual and unwary customer is likely to be confused as to the manufacturer of the product in the respective packages.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In my view, an ordinary shopper would not be able to see the difference between the two packages.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par \par What in actual fact would give rise to the confusion is the identical 'yellow colour with white' background even after making allowance for the 'light' and 'dark' shades of the yellow colour as stated by the Defendant.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The immediate ques tions that come to one's mind are, firstly, why does the Defendant use the similar "yellow and white background" colours which had been used by the Plaintiff for eighteen years as compared to the defendant emerging on the market with the same product in a similar colour package about twelve months ago?}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 AND}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 secondly, what is there to prevent the Defendant from using some other colour other than the yellow in the package?}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Whether or not the Defendant is infringing the rights of the plaintiff is a matter to be determined in the trial of the action. \par \par In a similar action in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 CADBURY LIMITED & 2 others}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 v MAGAN LAL JIWA & SONS LIMITED & ANOR}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (C.A. 256/80 }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Sup Ct (WEST.DIV)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 where the defendant was using wrappers which were so similar to those of the Plaintiff, the defendant discontinued using them and gave an undertaking not to use it again.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 But the injunction was refused in regard to the "other wrapper" where similarity was not so obvious. \par \par Also, in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 LEES TRADING COMPANY LIMITED}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 v}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 UNIVERSAL PRINTING PRESS LIMITED, & 2 others}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 (C.A. 547/92) Byrne J. had to deal with a somewhat similar situation as the one before me,}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 But for the reasons he gave in the circumstances and facts of that case he refused to grant an injunction stating, inter alia, that:}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "the differences in the two photographs satisfy me, at least at this stage, that the normal casual and unwary customer in any of the Third Defendant's stores would not be likely to be confused as to the manufacturer of the cakes in the respective packets.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In my opinion the differ ences both in the photographs and in the general design and colour of the two packets would not lead the ordinary person shopping in any of the Third Defendant's supermarkets to conclude that they were other than what they claim to be, namely produced eit her by the Plaintiff or by the Second Defendant or the Third Defendant."}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 In the case before me I have expressed my views hereabove.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Therefore after analyzing the affidavit evidence before me in this case and applying the principles stated by Lord Diplock, I am of the opinion that damages as a remedy was insufficient to determine the matter.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 It would indeed be difficult to compensate the Plaintiff by award of damages in this type of situation with the continuation of the alleged passing off.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 I make similar comment with regard to the Defendant. \par \par In these circumstances I now come to deal with "balance of convenience". \par \par In this case, after the Plaintiff complained to the defendant about the alleged passing off as soon as it noticed it, the defendant redesigned the package but the get up did not come up to expectation thus resulting in this action.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The defendant went ahead, so to say, with its eyes open by printing the package the way it did with the result that the Plaintiff thinks that it had the right to complain. \par \par Bearing in mind the circumstances of this case I consider that this is a proper case to grant an interlocutory injunction and to maintain the status quo.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 I adopt the view of }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 ORR L.J.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 in }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 HUBBARD v PITT (1976) Ch 142}{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 at p.190}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 in which he said "... if the relevant factors were evenly balanced ..." it was appropriate: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 "... to grant an interlocutory injunction which would maintain the status quo that being in the context of this case the situation which existed prior to the commencement, very shortly before the issue of the writ, of the activities complained of"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par I am also of the view that since the defendant only began to market its new product in 1992 compared to that of the Plaintiff some 18 years ago, although they both trade in and are manufacturers of similar products, and in all the circumstances of this case, considerations in favour of maintaining what was until then the status quo are quite strong. \par \par This is not in my view a case where the balance of convenience dictates that relief sought, albeit partially, should be refused. \par \par For the reasons given hereabove I grant the Plaintiff a limited form of injunction.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 There will be an order granting an interim injunction against the Defendant, its servants or agents from marketing selling its "Semolina - Suji" product in the present packaging.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 To allay any doubts about the Order, the effect of this Order will be that no further supplies of the product in the present package be put out on the market by the defendant for sale.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The product already delivered for sale by the defendant are not affected by this order and these can be sold until exhausted.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 The Plaintiff is ordered to give the usual undertaking as to damages. \par \par I order the Defendant to pay the costs of this application which are to be taxed if not agreed. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 D. Pathik}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 Acting Puisne Judge \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602\charrsid12338511 At Suva \par 18th November, 1993}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15605602 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12338511 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511 HBC0559J.93S}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12338511\charrsid12338511 \par }}