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\f2\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par At Suva
\par Civil Jurisdiction
\par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par CIVIL ACTION NO. 290 OF 1992
\par 
\par Between:
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 RAMA GOPAL}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584\charrsid15735584 
\par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 s/o Gopal
\par Plaintiff
\par 
\par - and -
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF FIJI
\par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Defendant
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\par Mr. H. Lateef for the Plaintiff
\par Mr. P. Cowey for the Defendant
\par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 RULING}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
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\par On the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  28th of September 1991}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  the plaintiff was prevented by an }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Immigration Officer}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  from boarding a flight out of }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Nadi Airport}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  bound for }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Sydney }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 on which he had earlier checked-in as a passenger.}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 In particular the plaintiff's passport was seized by the immigration o
fficial and he was advised to collect it at the main }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Immigration Office}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  in }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Suva}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 .
\par 
\par The following Monday the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 30th of September, 1991}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  the plaintiff inquired about his passport at the }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Immigration Office}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  in }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Suva}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  and was told to call back in }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 2 weeks }{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 as its whereabouts was unknown.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 To this day no reason has been given for the seizure and detention of the plaintiff's passport nor has it been returned to him.
\par 
\par The plaintiff then instituted }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 CA No.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5963808  }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 552/91 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 by way of a }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Writ of Summons}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  and a }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Statement of Claim}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  seeking an}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
interim'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  declaration, the return of his passport and damages for false imprisonment.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 That action has since been discontinued.
\par 
\par The present action filed on the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  24th of June, 1992 (almost 9 months after the plaintiff's passport was seized)}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  is in the form of an }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Originating Summons}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  in which the plaintiff seeks a}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 declaration'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
"That the seizure and detention of the plaintiff's passport by servants or agents of the Defendant is contrary to law and an abuse of the powers conferred on the Defendant by the Passport Act."}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par In opposing the application learned counsel for the defendant has raised a preliminary objection to the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 form'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
 of the action which learned counsel submits, having regard to the circumstances of the case, the plaintiff ought to have brought by way of}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 an application for judicial review'}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 .
\par 
\par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Order 5 rule 4(2)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  of the }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 High Court Rules}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  clearly recognises that}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 "Proceedings - 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5963808 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 (a)}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }
{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 in which the sole or principal question at issue is, or is likely to be, one of the construction of an Act ... or some other question of law, or 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5963808 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 (b)}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }
{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 in which there is unlikely to be any substantial dispute of fact, 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5963808 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 are appropriate to be begun by originating summons ..."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par Order 15 rule 16}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  of the }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 High Court Rules}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  also provides that}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 "No action or other proceeding shall be 
open to objection on the ground that a merely declaratory judgment or order is sought thereby, and the Court may make binding declarations of right whether or not any consequential relief is or could be claimed."}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par Furthermore }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Order 53 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 which specifically deals with applications for}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
judicial review'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  provides}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  inter alia}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  in }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 rule 2}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  that}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 : }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 "(2)}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5963808  }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 An application for a declaration ... }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 may be made}{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  by way of an application for judicial review ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par (my underlining)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par thereby recognising that}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 judicial review'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  is but one}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 form'}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  of action for seeking declaratory relief.
\par 
\par Clearly any question about the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 appropriateness'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
 of the procedure adopted by the plaintiff in this action needs to be carefully examined in the context of the above }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Rules'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  and bearing in mind the observations of }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Viscount Simonds}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  in }{
\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Pyx Granite Co. Ltd. v. Minister of Housing and Local Government}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
 [1960] A.C. 200}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  when he said at }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 p.268}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
"It is a principle not by any means to be whittled down that the subject's recourse to Her Majesty's Courts for the determination of his rights is not to be excluded except by clear words."}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 and}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  of }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Lord Goddard}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  when he said at }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 p.290}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  (ibid)}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
"I know of no authority for saying that if an order or decision can be attacked by certiorari the Court is debarred from granting a declaration in an appropriate case.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 The remedies are not mutually exclusive, though no doubt there are some orders, notably conviction before justices, where the only appropriate remedy is certiorari."}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par It is common enough ground that the plaintiff's present action and complaint relates to the exercise of powers conferred on an}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Immigration Officer'}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  in terms of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Section 7}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  of the }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Passport Act}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  (Cap.89)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  which reads}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
"7-(1) It shall be lawful for ... any immigration officer ... to take and retain possession of any
 passport in any case where he has good reason to believe that the passport is in the wrongful possession of any person, or that the passport or a renewal or endorsement in respect thereof has been obtained by means of any false or misleading representati
on or of any statement that is false or calculated to mislead in a material particular."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par In }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 C.C.S.U. v. Minister for Civil Service}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 [1985] 1 A.C. 374}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Lord Diplock}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  said of the remedy of}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
judicial review'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  at }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 p.408}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 "Judicial review ... provides the means by
 which judicial control of administrative action is exercised.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
The subject matter of every judicial review is a decision made by some person (or body of persons) whom I shall call the "decision-maker" or else a refusal by him to make a decision.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 To qualif
y as a subject for judicial review the decisions must have consequences which affect some person (or body of persons) other than the decision-maker}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 ...}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 It must affect such other person either}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 (b)}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }
{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 by depriving him of some benefit or advantage which eithe
r (i) he had in the past been permitted by the decision-maker to enjoy and which he can legitimately expect to be permitted to continue to do until there has been communicated to him some rational grounds for withdrawing it on which he has been given an o
pportunity to comment ..."}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 and later in identifying the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 public law'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  element of the remedy he said at }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 p.409}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  

\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
"For a decision to be susceptible to judicial review the decision-maker must be empowered by public law (and not merely as in arbitration, by agr
eement between private parties) to make decisions, that, if validly made, will lead to administrative action or abstention from action by an authority endowed by law with executive powers, which have one or other of the consequences mentioned ...}{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 The ultim
ate source of the decision-making power is nearly always nowadays a statute or subordinate legislation made under the statute ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par Having regard to the nature and basis of the plaintiff's complaint in this case as earlier outlined when viewed in the light of the above dicta of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Diplock L.J.}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  there can be no}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
doubting the force of the submissions of learned counsel for the defence that an application for judicial review is the appropriate procedure for challenging the exercise by a public official of a power derived from a statutory provision.
\par 
\par But with all due respect to learned counsel's submissions the existence of a more appropriate procedure}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  per se}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  does not}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  ipso facto}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  preclude or exclude the availability of other}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  albeit}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  less appropriate}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 forms of action'}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 .}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
Indeed if that were necessarily so then even the defendant's present application under }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Order 33 r.3}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  might be considered to fall within the latter category.
\par 
\par As was trenchantly observed by }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Lord Wilberforce}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 Davy v. Spelthorne Borough Council}{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  [1984] 2 A.C.}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{
\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 262}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  at }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 pp.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5963808  }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
271-277}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 "... Before the expression }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
public law' can be used to deny a subject a right of action in the Court of his choice it must be related to a positive prescription of law, by statute or by statutory rules.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid15735584  }{
\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 We have not yet reached the po
int at which mere characterisation of a claim as a claim in public law is sufficient to exclude it from consideration by the ordinary Courts: to permit this would be to create a dual system of law with the rigidity and procedural hardship for plaintiffs w
hich it was the purpose of the recent reforms to remove."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par In the light of the above I am unwilling to accept having regard to the nature of the defendant's application that it ought to be granted and accordingly it is dismissed with costs to the plaintiff to be taxed if not agreed.
\par 
\par By way of further directions the defendant is hereby ordered to file and serve on the plaintiff's solicitor an answering affidavit}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  (if considered necessary)}{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 within }{
\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 14 days}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584  of the date hereof.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 (D.V. Fatiaki)
\par }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 At Suva,
\par 6th November, 1992.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid15735584 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15735584 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid2313235\charrsid2313235 Hbc0290d.92s}{
\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9792648\charrsid2313235 
\par }}