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\f5\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par At Suva \par Civil Jurisdiction \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par CIVIL ACTION NO. 288 OF 1989 \par \par Between: \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 CHAUHAN INVESTMENTS LTD.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488\charrsid5789488 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Plaintiff \par \par - and - \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 BANK OF BARODA}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488\charrsid5789488 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par Mr. V. Maharaj for the Plaintiff \par Mr. H.M. Patel for the Defendant \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In this action the plaintiff company claims }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 specific performance}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 of a contract dated}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 16th June 1989}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and alternatively damages for its breach.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The defendant bank on the other hand denies the existence of any contract and pleads in any event its unenforceability under sev eral unparticularised heads including frustration, estoppel and common mistake of law. \par \par At the trial evidence was led concerning the transaction which had taken place between the parties.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The plaintiff company called a director and an officer of the bank gave evidence for the defendant. \par \par It is common ground that the plaintiff company is the registered lessee of Crown Land situated on the main street of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Labasa Town}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 upon which stands a double-storey commercial building.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 It is also common ground that since}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 March 1988}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 when the lease of the previous tenant expired, and up till the date of trial the building remained vacant. \par \par In order to better understand the various issues raised it is necessary to consider at this stage the factual context in which the dispute arose. \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Kaushal Chauhan }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 a director of the plaintiff company and principal of the law firm of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Messrs. Chauhan and Co.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 testified that it was on a visit to Labasa in}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 early 1989}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 that he first learnt of the defendant's interest in leasing the ground floor of the plaintiff's premises. \par \par Upon his return to Suva he made enquiries at the head office of the defendant bank and a meeting was arranged with one of its officers }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Dalip Kumar}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 where they discussed the prospect of the defendant bank leasing the plaintiff's premi ses for 10 years comprising an initial lease of 5 years with a renewal option for a further 5 years. \par \par During the discussions his opinion was sought as to how far the bank was legally bound to adhere to a renewal option it had exercised in respect of its existing premises in Labasa which it had leased from }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K. (Fiji) Ltd.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 since November 1982. \par \par After perusing a bundle of documents given to him which included a copy of the relevant }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 lease and correspondence relating to the defendant's exercise of the renewal option, he verbally advised them that as far as he could see the defendant bank was not bound by its letter exercising its option to renew the lease with }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par He refused however to give a written opinion on the matter and warned the bank officers to seek independ}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 e}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nt legal advice from their own solicitors as he was an }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 interested party'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 .}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The bank officers still required a written opinion in case their head office queried the matter and } {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 agreed to obtain one from the late }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Marquardt-Gray}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 a very senior and well-respected member of the legal profession. \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Gray's}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 short written opinion confirmed }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan's}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 verbal opinion to the effect that the defendant bank was not bound to take the renewal of the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 lease but for different reasons from that advanced verbally by }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . \par \par Thereafter }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and the bank officers met on several occasions and a draft agreement was drawn up which included a schedule of alterations and renovations that were required to be carried out to the p laintiff's premises in order to render it suitable for the defendant's purposes. \par \par A further 2 drafts were to be drawn up over the following 6 weeks with various clauses being added }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and/or}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 deleted by the parties before the terms and conditions of the disputed }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum of Preliminary Agreement}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was finalised.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 This latter document was signed and sealed by both parties on the 16th of June 1989}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (consented to by the Director of Lands on the 22nd of June 1989)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . \par \par The following day the plaintiff entered into a building contract with }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Vikash Builders}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 for the carrying out of the necessary alterations and renovations to its building in Labasa.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Construction work began on the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 22nd of June 1989}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and continued for several days before being suspended ostensibly }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... due to th e unavailability of such materials which were to be supplied by the (bank) ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in terms of the agreed }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 between the plaintiff and the defendant. \par \par The document the subject matter of dispute between the parties is entitled }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "}{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum of Preliminary Agreement to Enter into an Agreement to Lease}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 .}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Learned counsel for the plaintiff submits that }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... notwithstanding the heading the agreement contains all the essential ingredients of a fully immediately operative and binding contract without any conditions for its fulfilment"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 .}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par In support of the proposition counsel referred to the well known decision of the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Court of Appeal}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (U.K.) in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Branca v. Cobarro}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1947] 2 All E.R. 101}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and 2 decisions at first instance of the New Zealand High Court.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The classical form ulation of the principle however is to be found in the well-known dicta of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Parker J.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg v. Alexander}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1912] 1 Ch. D. 284 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 when the learned judge said at }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 pp. 288, 289}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "It appears to be well settled by the authorities that if the d ocuments ... relied on as constituting a contract contemplate the execution of a further contract between the parties, it is a question of construction whether the execution of the further contract is a condition or term of the bargain or whether it is a mere expression of the desire of the parties as to the manner in which the transaction already agreed to will in fact go through.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In the former case there is no enforceable contract either because the condition is unfulfilled or because the law does not rec ognise a contract to enter into a contract.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In the latter case there is a binding contract and the reference to the more formal document may be ignored." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (}{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 See also}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Masters v. Cameron}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1954] 91 C.L.R. 353 at 360) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par Learned counsel for the defendant on the other hand submits that there was only}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 preliminary negotiations'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 between the parties, but in any event, the contract is void and unenforceable owing to the ambiguity and uncertainty of its terms and conditions and also because the entire agreement was conditional upon the defendant being released from its lease with } {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par There can be no doubting that during the course of negotiations and discussions between the parties the defendant bank had on several occasions both verbally and in writing expressed its concern at the possibility of being sued by }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 over its exercise of the renewal option and had sought various assurances from }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Messrs. Chauhan and Co.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 should such an eventuality occur. \par \par It is equally clear that the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum of Agreement}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 which the ba nk eventually executed by its lawful attorney did not contain any such clause.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In the circumstances this Court is unwilling to imply the existence of any such term or understanding between the parties particularly where it had been the subject matter of negotiations and had been expressly excluded.}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Needless to say the particular }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 term'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 or }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 condition'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 which learned counsel for the bank seeks to imply into the agreement is quite different in form and consequence from that which was discussed between the part ies during negotiations. \par \par In }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "}{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The Didymi}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1988] 2 Lloyds Rep. 108}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lord Justice Nourse}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 expressed with respect the correct legal position in the following passage when he said at }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p. 117}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... it has frequently been observed that the creature to which the law gives no effect is an agreement to agree on terms which are not specified.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 It has always given effect to an agreement to enter into some other agreement on specified terms, the classical example being an agreement to grant and accept a lease in the form of an annexed or scheduled draft."}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par In my view the present }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum of Preliminary Agreement}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 is an illustration of the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 classical example'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 identified in the above passage and is an agreement which this Court accepts was intended to be binding on the pa rties until a more formal lease was drawn up between them. \par \par In arriving at this view I have considered that the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 not only contains all the minimum essential terms of a lease such as the identities of the lessor and lessee; a legal description of the property to be leased; the rental }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the term of the lease with a fixed starting date but also the parties themselves have partly complied with the terms of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 on the faith that there was in existence between them a binding and effective agreement. \par \par It is not insignificant that in the defendant's lease with }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 dated the}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 30th of November 1982}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the third recital reads: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "}{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Whereas}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the Lessor and the Lessee agreed on certain terms and conditions of the tenancy by a correspondence dated the 28th of July, 1982 pending formalisation thereof."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par Clearly in that instance the parties acknowledge that agreement on certain terms and conditions had been reached some time }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 before}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the formal lease was drawn up and executed. \par \par Learned counsel for the bank however seeks to invoke the provisions of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Section 13}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 of the }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Crown Lands Act}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (Cap. 132)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 which strictly prohibits any }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 dealing'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 with a }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 protected lease'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 without the prior written consent of the Director of Lands. \par \par In this regard I am more than satisfied that the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum of Agreement}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was not a }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 dealing'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 with the plaintiff's lease within the terms of the section and whilst the renovations to the building may constitute a }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 dealing'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 with the land, the uncontraverted evidence is that the possession of the site by the plaintiff's agent and renovation work did not occur until the 22nd of June 1989 on which date the consent of the Director of Lands was signified on the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . \par \par Then there was counsel's complaint at the vagueness and uncertainty of some of the terms of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 which rendered it void and unenforceable.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 I accept that the }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 terms'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 complained of could have been more clearly and carefully worded but difficulty of interpretation is no reason for holding that no agreement existed between the parties. \par \par In }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Cudgen Rutile (No.2) Pty. Ltd. v. Chalk}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1975] A.C. 520}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lord Wilberforce}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 when delivering the judgment of the Privy Council, after referring to a submission that an agreement for a lease was ineffective or illusory because it left a number of essential terms to be determined by the Minister of Mines, said at }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p. 536}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... in modern times, the courts are readier to find an obligation which can be enforced, even though apparent certainty may be lacking as regards some terms such as the price, provided t hat some means or standard by which the term can be fixed can be found."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par With that in mind I approach the present case where counsel complains at the vagueness of phrases such as }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "automatic option for renewal"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Renewal of Lease}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Clause;}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "political and economic reasons"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Notice of Termination}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 clause }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the absence of any}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 formula}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 for quantifying the rent upon the exercise of the renewal option. \par \par In the first place all the clauses complained of may be con}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 sidered non-essential or ancill}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 ary provisions that affect the renewal or termination of the lease and not its existence but in any event, to paraphrase }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Megarry J.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Brown v. Gould}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1971] 1 All E.R. 1505, it has not been demonstrated to this Court that the clauses are uncertain in the sense of being meaningless }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 or}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 have such a wide variety of meanings as to make it impossible to say which was intended.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 test'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 of uncertainty is not whether the clause is proof against wilful misrepresentation, but rather whether someone genuinely seeking to discover its meaning is able to do so. \par \par Furthermore the incorporation of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... other usual general (as opposed to special) provisions ..."}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 such as those contained in an identified lease with which the parties are familiar, is not such an unusual or uncertain term as to negate the existence of a concluded agreement. \par \par In rejecting a similar argument on a similarly-worded clause in an agreement to lease in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Sweet & Maxwell Ltd. v. Universal News Services Ltd}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . [1964] 2 Q.B. 699, Harman L.J.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 said at }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p.726}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "It seems to me that if A agrees with B to grant him a lease at such a rent on such and such terms beginning on such a day, and no more, that is a specifically enforceable agreement, and the court will insert in it what are called "usual" covenants.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Those were defined in a case before Jessel M.R. being very jejune covenants indeed.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In a later case before Maugham J. he said that it was a question}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 of fact as to what were "usual covenants" and that the court will accept evidence from surveyors or conveyancers of the kind of covenants which were usual in leases of the kind of property which was the subject matter of the agreement."}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par As for the absence of a formula for fixing the rental upon renewal of the lease that is not an insurmountable problem}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (if at all)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nor is it one which leads to contractual uncertainty.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 A.G. v. Barker Bros. Ltd}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . [1976] 2 N.Z.L.R. 495 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Richmond P.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in dealing with a renewal option in which the parties had provided the machinery for resolving disputes but no formula}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (as in the present case)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 said after examining various well-known authorities, at } {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p.503}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13598071 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "It seems to me that once the court is satisfied that the parties have provided, by means of an arbitration clause, a machinery to settle the terms and conditions of a renewal lease, then the court sh ould give effect to that intention unless it can be seen that the lack of some stated formula or standard will render the task of the arbitrators impossible in practice.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In my view, that is not the situation in the present case."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par In light of the foregoing I am satisfied that the parties intended to be bound by the terms of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 executed by them until such time as it was replaced by a more formal lease. \par \par Having thus held that there was a firm contract between the parties I turn next to consider the rather vexed question of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Undue Influence}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 arising from the evidence in the case and the relationship}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (if any)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 that existed between the parties. \par \par The equitable doctrine of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "undue influence"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was succinctly described by }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lindley L.J.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Allcard v. Skinner}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1887] 36 Ch.D 145}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 when he said at }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p. 181}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in a less cited passage}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (than }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Cotton L.J.'s}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 at p.171)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13598071 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "The doctrine relied upon ... is the doctrine of undue influence.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 These cases may be subdivided into two groups which however, often overlap. \par \par }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 First}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 , there are t he cases in which there has been some unfair and improper conduct, some coercion from outside, some over-reaching, some form of cheating, and generally, though not always, some personal advantage obtained by a donee, placed in some close and confidential relation to the donor.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The second group }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 consists of cases in which the position of the donor to the donee has been such that it has been the duty of the donee to advise the donor ...}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In such cases the Court throws upon the donee the burden of proving that h e has not abused his position, and of proving that the gift made to him has not been brought about by any undue influence on his part.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In this class of case it has been considered necessary to s}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 how that the donor had independe}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nt advice, and was removed from the influence of the donee when the gifts to him was made."}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (my underlining)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par Before reviewing the facts however there are 2 further passages from judgments of the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Privy Council}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 that may usefully be borne in mind}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par The first occurs in the case of }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Kali Buksh Singh v. Ram Gopal Singh}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1913] 30 T.L.R. 138}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 at }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p. 139}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 where }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lord Shaw}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 said of the requirement of}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 independent advice'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13598071 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "The possession of independent advice, or the absence of it, was a fact to be taken into consideration and well weighed on a rev iew of the whole circumstances relevant to the issue whether the grantor thoroughly comprehended, and deliberately and of her own free will carried out the transaction ... if the conclusion was reached that the obtaining of independant advice would not re ally have made any difference in the result, then the deed ought to stand."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par Then in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Poosathurdi v. Kanappa Chettiar}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1919] L.R. 47 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (Indian Appeal Cases) }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lord Shaw}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 said of the nature of }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 undue influence'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13598071 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "It is a mistake ... to treat undue influence as h aving been established by proof of the relations of the parties having been such that the one naturally relied upon the other for advice, and the other was in a position to dominate the will of the first in giving it.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Up to that point }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 influence' alone has been made out.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Such influence may be used wisely, judiciously and helpfully.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 But ... more than mere influence must be proved to render influence, in the language of the law }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 undue'.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 It must be established that the person in a position of domination has us ed that position to obtain unfair advantage for himself, and so as to cause injury to the person relying upon his authority or aid."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par Bearing those principles in mind I turn to the facts.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 It is beyond dispute that }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was at all times an }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 interested party'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in the negotiations that took place between the plaintiff company and officers of the defendant bank not only in his capacity as a director of the plaintiff but also in whatever advice he gave the bank in his capacity as a man trained in the law. \par \par In this latter regard whilst I would not go so far as to say that the advice given was not honestly held or rendered in good faith nevertheless it cannot be considered entirely devoid of}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 self-interest'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 even if it was unpaid for.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Needless to say that advice has not been shown to be either wrong or negligent but in any event need not be determined in these present proceedings. \par \par Be that as it may I am satisfied that }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was in a position to influence the officers of the bank and did influence them in signing the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . \par \par But, whether that influence was }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "undue"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 I am equally satisfied from the evidence that it was not and reference need only be made to the answers of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Dalip Kumar}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in cross-examination and re-examination in that regard.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 I am also mindful that we are here dealing with trained and experienced officers of a commercial bank and a solicitor negotiating the terms of a familiar agreement.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par It is admitted by the defendant's own witness that }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 had declared his interest from the out-set a}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 nd advised him to seek independe}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nt legal advice.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The bank prior to executing the }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 had sought and received independent legal advice verbally}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (later confirmed in writing)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 that it was bound to take a renewal of the }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 lease which it chose to ignore.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 Subsequently a second independe}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nt legal opinion along similar lines was ignored}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (albeit after it had executed the }{ \b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 )}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 when the bank sought to terminate the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lease.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par Put simply, before signing the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the bank had before it 3 l egal opinions concerning the legal status of the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 R.M.K.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 lease,}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 2 against and 1 for.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 These were all considered and the bank chose to go with the majority. \par \par Needless to say I was not moved by the suggestions of the witnesses for both parties that neither was keen to let out }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 or}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 take a lease of the premises in question.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par The undeniable fact remains that the plaintiff's premises was under mortgage, had been vacant for over a year and would undoubtedly have been a drain on the financial resources of the plaintiff company.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Equally the attractiveness of the plaintiff's premises to the defendant bank cannot be denied.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 It was a third larger in area than its existing premises, the rental was }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 $500}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 cheaper and the plaintiff company had agreed to carry out all necessary alterations and renovations to the premises at its own expense. \par \par As for the hotly disputed question of whether or not a }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 solicitor/client'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 relationship existed between }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and the bank sufficient to raise a presumption of}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 undue influence'}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 within the second group enunciated by }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lord Lindley}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (op cit)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 , after considering all that has been urged in that regard in the comprehensive submissions of learned counsel for the defendant and the evidence of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Dalip Kumar}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 , I am not at all persuaded that }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was untruthful in his denials and I prefer and believe his evidence in this regard which was given confidently and in a forthright manner.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Moreover it had a}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 ring of truth'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 to it. \par \par Needless to say vague expressions such as}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... we took it that he was acting for the bank ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... after all the discussions he took our instructions ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 falls well short in my mind of establishing a}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 client/solicitor'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 relationship. \par \par In my view it could not have been anything but obvious to the bank and its officers during the course of the various drafts and redrafts of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 that }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 acted almost solely in the interests of the plaintiff company.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 I note also that in his first letter to the defendant bank dated}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 2nd May 1989}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (Ex.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 E')}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 seeking an appointment f or a second conference he describes the plaintiff company as }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... our client Chauhan Investment Ltd."}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 This has not been questioned as one might have expected if the bank honestly and reasonably believed that }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was acting for it. \par \par Then much has been made of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan's }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 letter to }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Messrs. Marquardt-Gray & Co.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (Ex.}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 B')}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 which begins}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 : }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "We act for Bank of Baroda ..."}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and in which he describes the bank as }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "our client"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 , but with all due regard to learned defence counsel's views on the matter quite litera lly the letter can be and in my view ought to be read and I accept it to mean that on the narrow issue on which counsel's opinion was sought }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was acting for the defendant bank }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nothing more. \par \par There is not a shred of credible evidence to support the assertion that }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was acting for the bank in respect of any of the negotiations and/or drafts of the }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 which he personally executed for and on behalf of the plaintiff company in his dual capacities of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Director/Secretary}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . \par \par With hindsight it would have been better for }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Mr. Chauhan}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 to have refused even to proffer a verbal opinion but in the particular context and circumstances in which it was given coupled with the accomp}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 anying caution to seek independe}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 nt legal advice }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 the existence of such advice, I do not accept that any gross impropriety occurred. \par \par I have come to the firm conclusion that there was in existence between the parties a firm and binding contract which was intended and voluntarily entered into without any undue influence such as to render it voidable at the instance of the bank. \par \par Accordingly I find that the bank was in breach of the agreement }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (Ex.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 I') }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and by its breach the plaintiff company is entitled to claim damages. \par \par I have not ignored the plaintiff's primary claim for specific performance }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 or}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 of the partial performance by both parties of some of the terms of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 , rather I have come to the conclusion on the evidence and submissions not only that the plaintiff company may be adequately compensated in damages b ut that this court ought not to exercise its discretion to grant a remedy which would cause totally disproportionate hardship to the defendant bank.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 As for the question of damages learned counsel for the bank submits that the plaintiff has failed to mitig ate its damages and is thereby disentitled from claiming damages.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Furthermore since the plaintiff had undertaken contractually to bear all the costs in effecting the necessary alterations to its premises therefore the bank should not be made liable for them. \par \par With respect I cannot agree.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 The present proceedings were instituted in}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 August 1989}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 after it became patently clear to the plaintiff that the bank had no intention of further honouring the contract between them.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 This cannot be considered dilatory as the first inkling the plaintiff had of the bank's non-performance occurred in early}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 July 1989}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 . \par \par Furthermore the submission that the plaintiff should bear the entire cost of the alterations sits uncomfortably on the court's mind when it is clear beyond a doubt that the alterations to the plaintiff's premises were effected as a direct and unavoidable result of the parties agreement in the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 and must now be considered wasted as a result of the defendant's breach. \par \par In }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Anglia Television Ltd. v. Reed}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 [1972] 1 Q.B.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Lord Denning M.R.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in upholding an award for wasted pre-contract expenditure affirmed the relevant principle when he said at }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p.64}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... wasted expenditure can be recovered when it is wasted by reason of the defendant's breach of contract.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 It is tru e that, if the defendant had never entered into the contract, he would not be liable, and the expenditure would have been incurred by the plaintiff without redress; but the defendant having made his contract and broken it, it does not lie in his mouth to say he is not liable, when it was because of his breach that the expenditure has been wasted."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par The relevant building contract was executed the day after the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 was signed and alterations to the premises were effected with the knowledge, approval and active assistance of the defendant bank by the supply of some materials from its existing premises. \par \par Needless to say the alterations have significantly transformed the nature and character of the plaintiff's premises and detrimentally affected its leasing potential.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Where it once housed 3 separate shops it is now}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (in the words of Mr. Chauhan)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "... a big hall with 2 poky rooms at the rear ... with an incomplete strong room"}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 .}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 In that state and with a generally depressed market for rental premises, let alone a }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 '}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 customised'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 one such as the plaintiff has, it is of little wonder that all the plaintiff's attempts to lease or sell the premises }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "as is"}{ \i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (of which there were several}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 ) have met with little success. \par \par Having considered the matter I am satisfied that this is a case in which the usual principle }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 "restitutio in integrum"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 ought to be applied in the assessment of damages.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 I am also mindful that the initial drafts of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 Memorandum}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 contained a liquidated damages clause}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (inserted by the plaintiff)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 in the sum of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 $20,000}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 for non-performance of the agreement. \par \par In the circumstances having regard to the largely undisputed evidence adduced by the plaintiff as to the particular and special expenses incurred on its part firstly in partly performing the agreement and then in seeking to mitigate its losses, and further mindful of the expenditure necessary to reinstate the premises to its former condition, I award the plaintiff company damages as follows}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 :} {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13598071 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (a)}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 \tab }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 For breach of contract}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 : }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6099795 \tab }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 $20,000 \par (b)}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 \tab }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 For wasted expenses}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 : }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6099795 \tab }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 $ 5,600 \par (c)}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13598071 \tab }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 For reinstatement}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 : }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6099795 \tab \tab }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 $18,000}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6099795 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 TOTAL}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5789488 : }{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6099795 \tab \tab \tab }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 $43,600}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 together with interest thereon at the rate of }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 7%}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 p.a. with effect from the 17th of August 1989 until payment. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 (D.V. Fatiaki) \par }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 JUDGE}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789488 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661\charrsid5789488 At Suva, \par 16th July, 1992.}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid16279661 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13522106 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6234597 HBC0288J.89S}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid13522106\charrsid13522106 \par }}