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\f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par At Suva
\par Civil Jurisdiction
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par CIVIL ACTION NO. 111 OF 1991
\par 
\par Between:
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 CARPENTERS FIJI LIMITED}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529\charrsid1866529 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Plaintiff
\par 
\par - and -
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 AUGUSTO TASSINARI}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529\charrsid1866529 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Defendant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par Mr. S. Lateef for the Plaintiff
\par Mr. T. Fa for the Defendant
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 RULING
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 On the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 11th of February 1991}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
 the plaintiff issued a Writ of Summons out of the High Court registry claiming a very substantial sum from the defendant pursuant to 3 }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Memorandum of Guarantees}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  executed by him in favour of the plaintiff guaranteeing payment for the supply of goods and services to }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
Toorak Builders Ltd}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .
\par 
\par On the following day the plaintiff issued }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 ex-parte}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  an absconding debtor summons against the defendant.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 The {\*\bkmkstart QuickMark}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark}summons however was heard }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 inter-partes}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  by Scott J. and refused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 The relevant court file minutes reveals that at the hearing of the summons the defendant was represented by counsel.
\par 
\par Then on the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 26 of March 1991}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  the plaintiff issued a summons under }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 14}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  of the High Court Rules seeking summary judgment on the ground that the defendant had no defence to the actio
n.
\par 
\par The summons was listed for the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 12th of April 1991}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
 on which day the defendant was represented by counsel Mr. I. Fa and was given 14 days in which to file an affidavit in reply.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 On the }
{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 26th of April}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  when the matter was again called before Jayaratne J. th
e defendant did not appear and in the absence of an affidavit in reply, summary judgment was entered for the plaintiff.
\par 
\par A sealed order of the court was issued on the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 6th of May 1991}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .
\par 
\par This present application by the defendant seeking to set aside the summary judgment was lodged almost 4 months later on the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 23rd of August, 1991}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .
\par 
\par The defendant's affidavit filed in support of his application to set aside judgment did not, as is the usual practice, annex a copy of a proposed Statement of Defence, instead the 
defendant deposed that he had never been served with a copy of the plaintiff's Writ of Summons, and although a copy of the summary judgment order was posted to }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
Messrs Tevita Fa and Associates}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  and Mr. I. Fa is recorded as having appeared for the defendant on the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
12th of April 1991}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 , the defendant strenuously denies that he had ever instructed Mr. I. Fa to appear for him in these particular proceedings.
\par 
\par In reply the plaintiff's Credit Manager deposed}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 "That by virtue of the fact that the Defendant appeared 
with his counsel he has waived the right of personal service of the Writ of Summons on him."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par I observe however that that occurred in respect of a related interlocutory application (}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 i.e}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 . }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 the absconding debtor summons}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 ) and may not be an answer to the defend
ant's application which is based primarily on the provisions of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 10}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  of the High Court Rules.
\par 
\par Needless to say it is a condition precedent in an application under }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 14 Rule (1)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  for summary judgment that}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 "... a statement of claim has been served o
n a defendant and that defendant has given notice of intention to defend the action."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par In this latter regard it is common ground that the defendant was never personally served with a copy of the plaintiff's Writ of Summons nor is there an }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Acknowledgement of Service}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  by the defendant filed in the Registry pursuant to }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 12}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .
\par 
\par I turn then to the provisions of the relevant High Court Rules that are invoked by the defendant's application, namely, }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 10}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 65(2)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
 and mindful that we are here concerned only with service within the jurisdiction.
\par 
\par }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 10 r.1(1)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  provides the general rule that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 "A writ must be served personally on each defendant by the plaintiff or his agent."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  and }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 65 r.(2)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  provides}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 "Personal service of a document is effected by leav
ing a copy of the document with the person to be served."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par 
\par Recently the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 House of Lords}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  had occasion to consider the corresponding English Rules in }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Kenneth Allison Ltd. v. A.E. Limehouse & Co}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 . (1991) 3 W.L.R. 671 in which the Court accepted that the parties
 to an action could validly agree on a mode of service of process outside the provisions of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 10}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .
\par 
\par In reaffirming however the mandatory nature of the general rule}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Lord Goff of Chieveley}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  said at p.686}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 "First of all, as it seems to me, effect must be given to the rules of court in accordance with their terms.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
Here, the rules of court do indeed provide a comprehensive code, with a mandatory rule of personal service subject to certain specified exceptions.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Such service alone constitute good and effective service for the purpose of the rules of court.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 With all respect, I feel unable to accept earlier authority in so far as it suggest that any different form of service ... can constitute good and effective service."}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par His lordship however found on the facts in the case that service was valid and effective on the doctrine of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
estoppel by convention'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .
\par 
\par In similar vein in the present case learned counsel for the plaintiff seeks to invoke the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 '}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 doctrine of waiver'}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  on the basis of the factual circumstances deposed to by the plaintiff's Credit Manager in his affidavit of the 5th day of September, 1991.
\par 
\par }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Lord Diplock}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
Kammins Ballrooms Co. Ltd. v. Zenith Investments}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid5009557  (Torquay) Ltd.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
 [1971] A.C. 850 said at p.880 that a failure to comply with a procedural requirement im
posed for the benefit or protection of one party alone can be waived by that party even though the statute states the requirement in unqualified and unequivocal words and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 waiver'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  in this context, }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Lord Diplock}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  observed, may occur where that party has so conducted himself that it would not be fair to allow him to rely upon the non-compliance.
\par 
\par It is furthermore required that the party waiving the requirement must have acted intentionally and with full knowledge [per }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Lord Chelmsford L.C. }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Earl of Darnley v. London, Chatham and Dover Railway Co}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  (1867) L.R. 2 H.L.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5009557  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 43}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  at p.57].
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
This Court is mindful that questions of service of proceedings affect not only the parties to an action but also the administration of justice itself in so far as it is important that 
court registry officials dealing with default judgments should know precisely what mode of service has been adopted }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 (if any)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  and therefore be able to know }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 (by reference to the relevant court rules)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  the precise date upon which proceedings are treated as having been served and from which prescribed periods (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
such as there are in the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 High Court Rules}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 ) can be computed.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Neville J.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  summed the matter up in words that I would}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 gratefully adopt when he said in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Wright v. Prescott UDC}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 115 L.T. 772}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  at pp. 773 and 774}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
"Every court must have a practice ... it is in the interest of the profession and in the interest of the public, that the rules which are made, with the view in the best possible way of bringing matters before the court, should be adhered to, because if t
hat were not done, you would have one perpetual confusion."}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par Applying the foregoing principles to the facts of this case I cannot accept that the defendant has knowingly and intentionally waived the mandatory requirements of the general rule for the service of proceedings as set out in }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Order 10 r.1(1)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
It follows therefore that the summary judgment entered in default must be considered to have been irregularly obtained and is accordingly set aside on condition that the defendant file and serve a }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 Statement of Defence}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  on the plaintiff's solicitors within }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 14 days}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529  of the date hereof.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 (D.V. Fatiaki)
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574\charrsid1866529 At Suva,
\par 25th March, 1992.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1919574 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1866529 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529 HBC0111R.91S}{\i\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1866529\charrsid1866529 
\par }}