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\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 \f2\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par At Suva \par Civil Jurisdiction \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par CIVIL ACTION NO. 136 OF 1991 \par \par Between: \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 WERNER SCHMITZ}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276\charrsid7823276 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Plaintiff \par \par - and - \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 ELGA RAVULA}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276\charrsid7823276 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par Mr. W. Morgan for the Plaintiff \par Mr. J. Singh for the Defendant \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 RULING \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 This is an application by the defendant under }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Order 18 Rule 18 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 of the}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 High Court Rules}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 seeking to strike out the plaintiff's }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Statement of Claim}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 on the sole ground that it discloses no reasonable cause of action. \par \par Such an application is in the nature of a }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 pre-emptive strike'}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 and it is we ll settled that it is only in plain and obvious cases that the court should exercise its powers under the summary process provided by the rule.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Furthermore under this procedure the facts pleaded in the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Statement of Claim}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 are taken to be admitted in the determination of the application. \par \par In this latter regard the facts pleaded by the plaintiff may be summarised as follows:}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 \par }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "that the defendant is the registered proprietor of a piece of land in Savusavu which she offered in writing to sell to the plaintiff a German for $98,000 in July 1990.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 The plaintiff accepted the offer and paid a deposit of $1,000 to the defendant and it was agreed that the documentation relating to the contract was to be completed in December 1990.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 In August 1990 however at the request of the defendant, the plaintiff came to Fiji to complete the transaction and application was made seeking the requisite consent of the Minister of Lands to the transaction.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Thereafter the plaintiff signed the necessary documentation which included a Sale and Purchase Agreement and paid a further sum of $21,000 to the solicitors handling the documentation for the parties.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 The defendant has refused to sign any of the documentation."}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par More particularly and in summary, the plaintiff pleads the following alternative causes of action}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "10.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 That the defendant has wrongfully refused to complete the execution of the Agreement for Sale and Purchase and other documentation relating to the transfer; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 and alternatively}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10902667\charrsid10902667 :}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\tx1440\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 11.... the defendant by words, actions and documen ts has entered into a binding contract to execute the said Agreement for Sale and Purchase and other documents relating to the transfer upon the receipt of the Minister of Lands consent. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 WHEREFORE THE PLAINTIFF CLAIMS}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10902667 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid10902667 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Specific performance of the Agreeme nt for Sale and Purchase and subsequent documents."}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid10902667 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Learned counsel for the defendant has minutely dissected each paragraph of the plaintiff's }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Statement of Claim}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 in an attempt to demonstrate to the Court that individually and collectively it discloses no reasonable cause of action.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 In particular, counsel noted the absence of any allegation of a breach of contract other than various failures on the defendant's part.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 At most the facts raised an agreement to execute a }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Sale and Purchase Agreement}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 the terms of which counsel suggested were as yet not agreed upon. \par \par In the circumstances counsel for the defendant submitted that the plaintiff's claim was plainly nothing more than an agreement to execute}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 (which meant }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 make'}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 )}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 an agreement and that is not something that gives rise to enforceable rights. \par \par In support of this proposition counsel sought to rely on the words of Lord Denning MR in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Courtney Ltd. v. Tolaini Bros. Ltd}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 .}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 (1975) 1 WLR 297}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 where he said at}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 p.301}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 :}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "It seems to me that a contract to negotiate, like a contract to enter into a contract, is not a contract known to the law."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par But that statement cannot be divorced from the factual context in which it was made as was clearly stated by Bingham L.J. in }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "}{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 The Didymi}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 [1988] 2 Lloyds Rep. 108}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 at}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 p.122}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 where he said of the decision}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "It is, I think, plain from that report that this issue arose at the outset of the parties relationship and concerned the existence of any contract at all between them ...}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 It further appears from the report that the whole substance of the parties relationship in the }{ \i\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Tolaini case}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 was unsettled.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par If I may say so that is a factual situation which contrasts materially from the present facts pleaded by the plaintiff in his }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Statement of Claim}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 and which in this application must be accepted as}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 prima facie}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 true. \par \par Learned counsel for the plaintiff submits that it is inappropriate for the Court at this stage to consider whether or not}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "specific performance"}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 is an appropriate remedy given the facts pleaded nor is there a need to allege a breach of contract.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par \par Counsel further submitted that the facts pleaded in }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 paras 2}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 and }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 3}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Statement of Claim}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 clearly showed that an oral contract for the sale and purchase of the defendant's land had previously been concluded between the parties and although the documentation was incomplete, nevertheless, that did not}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 belie}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 the existence of a contract.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Needless to say in counsel's view }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 '}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 execute'}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 meant }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 '}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 sign'}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 . \par \par Lord Diplock put it thus in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Sudbrook Trading Estate Ltd. v. Eggleton}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 [1983] 1 AC 444}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 when he said at }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 p.478}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "A contract is complete as a contract as soon as the parties have reached agreement as to what each of its essential terms is or can with certainty be ascertained}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 :}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 for it is an elementary principle of the English law of contract id certum est quad certum reddi protest.}{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 True it is that an agreement for the sale of land remains executory until transfer of title to the land and payment of the purchase price; but if this is the sense in which the agreement is said not to be complete it is only executor y contracts that do require enforcement by the courts; and such enforcement may either take the form of requiring a party to perform his primary obligation to the other party under it (specific performance) or, if he has failed to perform a primary obliga tion, of requiring him to perform the secondary obligation, that arises only upon such failure, to pay monetary compensation (damages) to the other party ..."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par Even accepting that one of the documents that was tendered for execution was a }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Sale and Purchase Agreement}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 nevertheless as was said by Parker J. in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Von Hatzfeldf-Wildenburg v. Alexander} {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 (1912) 1 Ch.D 284}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 at 288}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 :}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 "... it is a question of construction in each case whether the execution of the further contract is a condition or term of the bargain or w hether it is a mere expression of the desire of the parties as to the manner in which the transaction already agreed to will in fact go through.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{ \b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 In the former case there is no enforceable contract either because the condition is unfulfilled or because the law does not recognise a contract to enter into a contract.}{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 In the latter case there is a binding contract and the reference to the more formal document may be ignored."}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 In this case in the absence of any written correspondence between the parties}{\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 (which admittedly exists)}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 , this Court is unable to go behind the plaintiff's pleaded facts which in my considered view confirms the existence of a contract between the parties to buy and sell a piece of land in Savusavu. \par \par Accordingly the application is dismissed with costs to the plaintiff to be taxed if not agreed. \par \par By way of further directions the defendant is ordered within }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 21 days }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 to file and serve a }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 Statement of Defence}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 and thereafter the case is listed to be called in Court on Friday the }{\b\i\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 13th of September, 1991}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 . \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 (D.V. Fatiaki) \par }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 At Suva, \par 27th August, 1991.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7823276 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid7823276 HBC0136D.91S}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10035172\charrsid7823276 \par }}