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\f36\fs24\lang1033\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
\par At Suva
\par Appellate Jurisdiction
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par CIVIL APPEAL NO. 12 OF 1991
\par 
\par Between:
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 1.}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149\charrsid10421149  }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 PRAKASH SINGH
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 s/o Dharam Singh
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149\charrsid10421149 2. }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 GURMEJ KUAR SINGH
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 d/o Dharsan Singh}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149\charrsid10421149 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Appellants
\par 
\par - and -
\par 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
\par BANKING GROUP}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149\charrsid10421149 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par Appellants in Person
\par Mr. S. Parshotam for the Respondent
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 JUDGMENT}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par This is an appeal against the judgment of the Suva}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
Magistrate Court dismissing the appellant's civil action on the ground that the appellant's had failed to prove their case.
\par 
\par The appellants who appeared in person in the court below and at the hearing of the appeal, have filed in person numerous grounds of appeal but only 2 appears to have been pursued at the hearing of the appeal and in their written submissions to the Court.

\par {\*\bkmkstart QuickMark}{\*\bkmkend QuickMark}
\par The plaintiffs case as pleaded in their particulars of claim filed in the Magistrate Court seeks restitution of a sum of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 $4,600}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  paid out of a fixed deposit account maintained in the respondent bank and which the plaintiff's averred was negligently paid out by the respondent bank w
ithout first sighting a grant of probate.
\par 
\par The defendant bank on the other hand asserted that the money had been released on the express written authority of the plaintiff's themselves.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 The authority was first produced to the plaintiff under cross-ex}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 a}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
mination by learned counsel for the bank and became }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Exhibit (X)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 .
\par 
\par The meaning and }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 legal status' of }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Exhibit (X) }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 was of paramount importance to the outcome of the case before the learned trial magistrate who observed, after dealing with the evidence relating to it without examining it's }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 legal status'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 "The Document Exhibit (X) completely demolishes the Plaintiff's case ......"
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 On appeal however the appellants vigorously argued that the authority in question was not a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 proper document'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 (by which I understood th
em to mean that it was not a document they were then empowered by law to make)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 and}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  in any event the authority itself required the respondent bank to release the money only upon sighting a grant of probate.
\par 
\par Learned counsel for the respondent bank countered that the bank relying upon the written authority of the appellants had taken a }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 '}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 calculated risk'}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  in paying out the money without first sighting a grant of probate.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Subsequent events however and in particular, the grant of probate in the appellants own nam
es retrospectively validated their authority and with it the bank's payment.
\par 
\par As to the meaning of the authority counsel submitted that it was merely a direction to the bank to pay out the money and did not in clear or express terms require the bank to first sight a valid grant of probate.
\par 
\par The }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 authority' which was before the learned trial magistrate is dated the }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 29th of May 1985}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  and was addressed to the Manager of the respondent bank.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 It is signed by the appellants and witnessed by their then solicitor }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Mr. A.J. Singh}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  and reads as follows}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 :}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
"We PRAKASH SINGH (father's name Dharam Singh) and GURMEJ SINGH (father's name Darshan Singh) both of Veisari, Lami the lawful Executors of the Estate of Dharam Singh hereby authorise you to pay GOVIND & COMPANY, Solici
tors from the account of Dharam Singh the sum of $4,000.00 (FOUR THOUSAND DOLLARS) being fees for Civil Action No. 10 of 1984 and fees for extracting Probate.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Payment of the said sum by you will be a full discharge to you.}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par In my considered view the wording of the authority clearly supports the learned trial magistrate's conclusions in the matter and although no case-law was cited as to the }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 '}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 legal status' of the authority there are several of assistance.
\par 
\par In }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Meyappa Chetty v. Supramanian Chetty}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
(1916) 1 AC. 603}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  a decision of the Privy Council it was said of the origin of an executor's power at pp. }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
608 and 609}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 "It is quite clear that }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
an executor derives his title and authority from the will of his testator and not from any grant of probate.}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 The personal 
property of the testator, including all rights of action, vests in him upon the testator's death, and the consequence is that he can institute an action in the character of executor before he proves the will}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 .}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 He cannot, it is true, obtain a decree before p
robate, but this is not because his title depends on probate, but because the production of probate is the only way in which, by the rules of the Court, he is allowed to prove his title .....}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 The law}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  on the point is well settled."}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 (The underlining is mine)}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par Furthermore in }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Whitehead v. Taylor}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
(1839) 50 RR 385}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
 in which objection was raised that an authority to distrain had been revoked by the testator's death and his executrix had no power to distrain before probate was granted.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 Lord Denman}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  in rejecting both objections said at }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 p. 387}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 :}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 "1.\tab 
The rent was due to the estate; and the law knows no interval between the testator's death and the vesting of the right in his representative.}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 As soon as he obtains probate, his right is considered as accruing from that period.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 2.\tab 
The executrix could ratify the act of the defendant, as testator's bailiff, though his authority was at an end .....}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
Such ratification has been held to legalise a past act, even when given after action brought. "
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 From the above it is clear that th
e plaintiffs as executors named in a will had the necessary power from the death of the testator and prior to obtaining probate, to authorise the defendant bank to pay out funds from the testator's fixed deposit to the plaintiffs' then solicitors for the 
purpose }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 inter alia}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149  of extracting or obtaining probate of the testator's will.
\par 
\par Furthermore upon obtaining probate of the will in }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 March 1986}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
 the plaintiffs by their failure to pursue any action against the defendant bank for no less than 4 1/2 years thereaft
er must be considered to have ratified the payment by the bank on the basis of the written authority they gave and which authority they were quite entitled to g}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid3804558 ive prior to obtaining probate.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par 
\par Accordingly the appeal is dismissed with costs to the respondent bank.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx3969\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 (D.V. Fatiaki)
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 At Suva,
\par 15th August, 1991.
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421149 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10421149 HBA0012J.91S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid4075200\charrsid10421149 
\par }}