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.}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 \f2\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI \par (AT SUVA) \par CIVIL JURISDICTION \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par ACTION NO. 277 OF 1991 \par \par BETWEEN: \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 TRANSLINK SHIPPING LIMITED}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328\charrsid6895328 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Plaintiff \par \par AND \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 COMPAGNIE WALLISIENNE de NAVIGATION SARL}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328\charrsid6895328 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 First Defendant \par \par AND \par \par }{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 MICHEL DEWAS}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328\charrsid6895328 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Second Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par Mr. J.G. Singh: For the Plaintiff \par Mr. S. Parshotam and}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Mr. S. Lateef: For the Defendants \par \par Dates of Hearing: 3rd and 4th June 1991 \par Date of Judgment: 4th June 1991 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 JUDGMENT}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par On the 31st of May 1991 on an urgent ex parte application made by it I granted the Plaintiff a Mareva Injunction against the 1st Defendant restraining it by its agents or servants or otherwise from removing from the jurisdiction of this Court or otherwise disposing of or dealing with any of its assets within the jurisdiction including and in particular the ship Moa na III save in so far as such assets did not exceed in value the sum of $253,460.00 claimed by a Writ of Summons which had been issued in this Court on the 30th of May 1991. \par \par The Statement of Claim on the basis of which, together with two supporting affidavits the injunction was issued, alleges the following relevant matters: \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1)\tab The Plaintiff is a Shipping Company registered in Vila,}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Vanuatu and was at all relevant times the charterer of}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 the Danish registered vessel Coral Link. \par \par (2)\tab The First Defendant is a Shipping Company registered in}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Wallis Island and was at all relevant times the owner of}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 the French registered vessel Moana III. \par \par (3)\tab The Second Defendant Mic}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 hel Dewas was at all relevant }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 times the Master of Moana III. \par \par (4)\tab On Sunday 26th of May 1991, Coral Link, in the possession}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 of the Plaintiff, was lawfully berthed at the wharf at}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Mata Utu, Wallis Island. \par \par (5)\tab At about 0730 hours on the 26th of May 1991 the Second}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Defendant: \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (a)\tab Threatened damage to Coral Link; \par \par (b)\tab Threatened physical harm to the complement of Coral}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Link; \par \par (c)\tab Threatened to board and seize Coral Link by force; \par \par (d)\tab With threats and by force cast off the mooring lines}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 securing Coral Link to the said wharf; \par \par (e)\tab Cut mooring lines to and cast the gangway to Coral Link from the said wharf onto the wharf; \par \par (f)\tab Forcibly ejected Coral Link from her berth. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par (6)\tab The Second Defendant then }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 berthed the ship Moana III in }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 the berth from which Coral Link had just been ejected. \par \par (7)\tab Subsequent to so ejecting Coral Link and berthing Moana}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 III, the Second Defendant \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (a)\tab Refused to make room at the said wharf for Coral}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Link to berth; \par \par (b)\tab Threatened damage to Coral Link and physical injury}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 to her complement in the event of their attempting}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 to berth her at the said wharf. \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par (8)\tab As a result of the foregoing acts Coral Link had to lie}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 in the roads at Mata Utu until the evening of Tuesday}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 28 May 1991 and could not complete the discharge of the}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 cargo she carried for Wallis Island}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 nor load the cargo }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 she was to carry from Wallis Island. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par Paragraph 9 of the Stateme nt of Claim alleges that the Second Defendant was at all relevant times the servant or agent of the First Defendant and in performing the acts alleged in paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 above was acting on behalf of the First Defendant and with the knowledge of the First Defendant. \par \par It is alleged in paragraph 10 that in carrying out these acts the Defendants were pursuing a course of conduct calculated to create such an advantage for them or either of them of a value which might exceed any disadvantage they might suf fer by way of compensation payable to the Plaintiff, thereby allegedly entitling the Plaintiff to an award of exemplary damages. \par \par Paragraph 11 of the Statement of Claim then alleges that as a result of the acts aforesaid by the Defendants the Plaintiff has suffered economic loss and damages and that in all the circumstances is entitled to compensation in the nature of aggravated general damages for the injury to its feelings and dignity. \par \par Various particulars of special damages amounting to $53,460.00 are then given and the Plaintiff then claims the special damages together with the sum of $100,000.00 for general damages and a similar sum for exemplary damages. \par \par It appears from the affidavit material now filed that Moana III is a trading ship which trades on a general route between Wallis Island - Noumea - Fiji and New Zealand and visits Fiji about every two months.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The ship is owned by the First Defendant and is registered in the Wallis Island Shipping Registry.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The First Defendant is a Company also registered in Wallis Island. \par \par The Plaintiff alleges that the ship has a value of about $1,500,000.00; the Second Defendant believes that its value is far in excess of this sum. \par \par It is common ground between the parties that Moana III ar}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6361529 rived in Suva during the afterno}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 on of the 30th May and the effect of the Injunction which I granted on the 31st of May has been to prevent the ship from departing here for Funafuti last Saturday morning, the 1st of June, until such time as I either dissolve the Mareva Injunction or th e First Defendant lodges security in this Court in the sum of $253,460.00. \par \par I granted the Injunction at about 10.30 a.m. on the 31st of May but it was not served together with other relevant papers on the Defendants until approximately 4.30 p.m. on the 31st of May. \par \par As might be expected the Defendants were most concerned about the Injunction and at about 1.00 p.m. on the 1st of June the Chief Registrar of this Court telephoned me at my home to ask whether I could hear an immediate application to discharge t he Injunction.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Because of other personal commitments that day I was not able to but I directed that the matter be listed before me at 8.45 a.m. on the 3rd of June.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The Defendants were represented by their present counsel but Mr. Singh who has appeared throughout for the Plaintiff was not able to be present until the afternoon.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 I then began the hearing of the present application by the Defendants for a stay of these proceedings and the discharge of the Injunction. \par \par Although none of the parties to the action resides in Fiji the claim was properly brought in this Court at least in the first instance because it was against persons duly served within the jurisdiction under Order 11(1)(1)(c) of the Rules of this Court.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The question which I have to decide is whethe r the proceedings, although properly commenced in this Court, can lawfully continue in the Court.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 This raises some interesting questions of law which I shall discuss in a moment.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 First however it is necessary to refer to further evidence in the form of affidavits filed on behalf of the three parties.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 On behalf of the Plaintiff an affidavit has been filed by one Villy Raki of Auckland, New Zealand the Operations Manager for Plaintiff who states his version of the events of the 26th of May last.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He says that he was on the ship Coral Link at Mata Utu, Wallis Island having travelled there in order to instruct shipping agents and stevedores in respect of the services recently established to Wallis Island by the Plaintiff. \par \par At about 7.30 a.m. on that day he alleges that the chief mate of Moana III came on board Coral Link which was then lawfully berthed at the wharf and demanded that she be removed to enable Moana III to berth.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He suggested that Moana III could share the wharf but this suggestion was declined and a threat was made of retaliatory action by the Master of Moana III, in the form of boarding Coral Link by members of Moana III's crew. \par \par Mr. Raki alleges that the authorities at Wallis Island did not know that Moana III was due to arrive on the 26th of May but that its expected time of arrival was 27th of May.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 It then appears from the documents exhibited to Mr. Raki's affidavit that some crew of Moana III cast off two mooring lines of Coral Link and removed her gangway and threw it on the wharf.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 It is then al leged that to avoid any unfortunate incident Mr. Raki and the Master of Coral Link decided to leave the wharf as quickly as possible, which they did and the ship then anchored outside the wharf area. \par \par Among other damages and losses sustained by Coral Link are said to be two mooring ropes valued at $6,000.00 each and four days loss of charter to the charterers. \par \par Finally Mr. Raki alleges that the following apart from himself were witnesses to the incident he describes: \par \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6361529 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang1036\langfe5129\langnp1036\insrsid148937\charrsid67696 (1)\tab Journalist for La Nouvelle Caledonienne. \par \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (2)\tab Reporters from the local television station "RFA". \par \par (3)\tab Chief of Affaires Maritime. \par \par (4)\tab Chief Customs Officer. \par \par (5)\tab Numerous local citizens who were on the wharf. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par In an affidavit sworn on the 3rd of June 1991 in support of the Defendants' application to dissolve the Injunction the Second Defendant denies most of the allegations by the Plaintiff as to the incident of the 26th of May.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He further alleges that the First Defendant has contracted with the Government of Wallis Island to provide it with shipping services and that Moana III is wholly devoted to this contract.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He states, and there could be little argument about this that the practical effect of the Injunction, apart from pecuniary loss, is to put his vessel under arrest.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He also alleges t hat because the acts complained of by the Plaintiff took place in Wallis Island, a French territory, that Moana III and the First Defendant are both registered in Wallis Island}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 and so have no connection whatsoever with Fiji and that the Plaintiff also has no such connection as its address is given as c/- Investors Trust, Vila, Vanuatu, this Court has no jurisdiction in the matter. \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 \par }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Those then are broadly the allegations of fact made so far in the action. \par \par I now consider the submissions made to me by counsel for the parties.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 For the Defendants Mr. Parshotam claimed that the only reason why the action was begun in this Court was because of certain bad blood existing between the parties.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 This was not denied by Mr. Singh but in any event I consider it irrelevant.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Mr. Parshotam first argues that because the incident giving rise to the action occurred in a foreign country outside Fiji and because both Defendants are not residents of Fiji, the Second Defendant being a citizen of New Caledonia, and the fact that Moa na III is registered in Wallis Island and is owned by a Company whose registered office is in Wallis Island this Court should decline to continue to exercise jurisdiction in the claim.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 } {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He also submits that on the question of the Injunction the Plaintiff should lodge some security in the Court as evidence of}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 its bona fides.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He then goes on to make submissions based on the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 American Cyanamid}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 case (1975) A.C. 396.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 As to this Mr. Singh refers me to the case of }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Allen v. Jambo}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Holdings Ltd}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1980) 1 W.L.R. 1252 whi ch held that in considering whether to grant a Mareva Injunction the question of financial stability of a Plaintiff should be disregarded, the important question being what is the essential justice of the case as between the parties. \par \par I accept that as good law in Fiji. \par \par I now turn to the real issue in this case, namely whether this Court should continue to exercise jurisdiction in the matter.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Until the case of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Atlantic Star}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 in 1973 in matters of this kind the English Courts had generally refused to gran t a stay of proceedings instituted in England and for which it was claimed the proper forum was in another country.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 This rule was defined by Scott L.J. in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 St. Pierre v. South American Stores (Gath & Chaves}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Ltd)}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1936) 1 K.B. 382 at 398: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 "Stay will only be granted on the ground of forum non conveniens where the court is satisfied that there is some other available forum, having competent jurisdiction, which is the appropriate forum for the action, i.e. in which the case may be tried more suitably for the i nterests of the parties and the ends of justice." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par In very few cases until more recent times has the Defendant been able to discharge this onus.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Any legitimate advantage, however tenuous, the Plaintiff hopes to gain in the forum has been held sufficient to prevent the discharge of the onus: }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Baroda v. Wildenstein}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1972) 2 Q.B. 282.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 In that case the Court of Appeal held that where the Defendant had been properly served within the jurisdiction when on a fleeting visit to England for the purpose of attending the Ascot races, he could only justify a stay of the action of which, arguably the proper forum was a French Court, if he could satisfy the Court positively that to continue it would be oppressive of him or an abuse of the process of the Court and negatively that the stay would not cause injustice to the Plaintiff.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Earlier Bridge J., as he then was, had held that the action be stayed on the ground that where a Defendant was served with a Writ while he was adventitiously within the}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 jurisdiction there was a pres umption that the proceedings were oppressive of him and that the Plaintiff had not shown that she would be handicapped if she could not sue in England.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The Court of Appeal unanimously rejected this approach. \par \par The law in England however began slowly to change when the case of the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Atlantic Star}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 came before the House of Lords in 1973.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 It is reported in (1974) A.C. 436 when the House by majority (Lords Reid, Wilberforce and Kilbrandon and Lords Morris and Simon dissenting) changed the meaning of the words "oppressive and vexatious" as they had until then been understood.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Lord Wilberforce said at 468 and 469, that the words should in future be interpreted not in their strict and technical sense but "descriptive words which illustrate but do not confine the Court's general jurisdiction." \par \par When the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Atlantic Star}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 had been in the Court of Appeal Lord Denning M.R. stated the position in English law up till that time as this (1973) Q.B. 364, 381G, 382C: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 "No one who comes to these courts asking for justice should come i n vain....}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 This right to come here is not confined to Englishmen.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 It extends to any friendly foreigner.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He can seek the aid of our courts if he desires to do so.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 You may call this }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 '}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 forum shopping' if you please, but if the forum is England, it is a good place to shop in, both for the quality of the goods and the speed of service." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par Lord Reid quoted this passage at page 453 and said that it seemed to recall the good old days, when inhabitants of England felt an innate superiority over those unfortunate enough to belong to other races.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He went on that it was the function of the House of Lords to try, so far as possible, to keep the development of the common law in line with the policy of Parliament and the movement of public opinion.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He therefore thought that the time was ripe for a re-examination of the rather insular doctrine which had previously been applied. \par \par In that case Mr. Robert Goff Q.C. appeared for the appellants.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Later as Lord Goff he gave the leading speech in the landmark decision of the House of Lords in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Spiliada Maritime Corp}{ \b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 v. Cansulex Ltd}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1987) 1 A.C. 460 where the House held that the basic principle henceforth to be followed in England in cases where the question of the proper forum arose was this, at 476: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 "A stay will only be granted on th e ground of forum non conveniens where the court is satisfied that there is some other available forum, having competent jurisdiction, which is the appropriate forum for the trial of the action, i.e. in which the case may be tried more suitably for the in terest of all the par}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 ties and the ends of justice."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par In a wide-ranging speech His Lordship referred to the differences which had hitherto existed between English law and Scots law.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The Courts in Scotland had consistently stayed proceedings on the ground which is usually called forum non conveniens.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 It was stated by Lord Kinnear in }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Sim v. Robinow}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1892) 19 R. 665 at page 668 as follows: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 "the plea can never be sustained unless the court is satisfied that there is some other tribunal, having competent jurisdiction, in which the case may be tried more suitably for the interests of all the parties and for the ends of justice." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par In the }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Abidin Daver}{\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1984) A.C. 398, 411 Lord Diplock stated that on this point, English law and Scots law might now be}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 regarded as indistinguishable.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par \par In }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Spiliada}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 , Lord Goff noted that the burden is on the applicant to establish the conditions for a stay, and that the standard of proof is a high one; the foreign forum must be shown to be clearly more appropriate.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The factors which may be c onsidered in the search for the "natural forum" (i.e. that with which the action has the most real and substantial connection) were then given by His Lordship at pp.481-483 and include the general undesirability of subjecting to the jurisdiction of Englis h Courts any foreigner who owes no allegiance to England, more particularly if the dispute has little to do with England, the availability of witnesses, the law governing the relevant transactions, and the places where the parties reside or carry on busine ss.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 If the Court concludes that there is a clearly more appropriate foreign forum, it will ordinarily grant a stay unless the Plaintiff proves that it will not obtain justice in the foreign jurisdiction. \par \par The }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Spiliada}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 case was applied unanimously by the New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Club Mediterranee NZ v. Wendell}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1989) 1 NZLR 216 but was not followed by the High Court of Australia in }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Link v. Fay}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1988) 62 ALJR 389.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 There by a 3 to 2 majority the Court held that a Plain tiff who had claimed damages for negligence arising out of his participation in trap shooting on board a Greek vessel sailing in Greek waters on a cruise and for which the contract of carriage had been made in New South Wales was entitled to sue in the Su preme Court of New South Wales.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par \par The High Court's decision has been criticised by Professor Pryles in "Judicial Darkness on the Oceanic Sun" (1988) 62 A.L.J.R. 774.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 He prefers the approach of the two dissenting Justices, Wilson and Toohey JJ, who agreed with the decision in }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Spiliada}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 which overturned the doctrine of the St. Pierre case.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 As they pointed out, this shift in the English law could not be ascribed to local considerations affecting the United Kingdom, such as the incorporation of that country into the European community.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 They added at page 395: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\tx0\tx720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 "Rather, this century has witnessed such a transformation in communications and travel, coupled with a greater importance attaching to considerations of international comity as the nations of the world becom e more closely related to each other, as to render the St. Pierre principle, fashioned as it was in the nineteenth century, inappropriate to modern conditions.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 In this regard, we agree with the views expressed by Kirby P in the Court of Appeal.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 The St. Pierre principle places such a tight rein on the discretion of a court as to render it unable to deal justly with the problem of forum sh}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 opping, even in blatant cases."}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par The editor of the Australian Law Journal Mr. J.G. Starke Q.C. commenting on the decision of the High Court said that it is possible that another bench of the Court may well treat the decision as one limited to the particular facts and that the result, namely, a refusal of the stay sought by the appellants was certainly of a controversial char acter. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4680\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6895328 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Reviewing the submissions made to me by counsel in the instant case, it seems to me with respect that that of Mr. Singh on behalf of the Plaintiff fails to pay sufficient heed to the decision in Spiliada.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 In my judgment the fact that a majority of t he witnesses to the incident on Wallis Island are local inhabitants, the fact that the First Defendant and the ship Moana III are registered in Wallis Island, the fact that clearly the law to be applied is French law and last, but by no means least, the e xpense and inconvenience to be incurred if this action were to be tried in Fiji point conclusively to my holding that the proper forum in this li}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 ti}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 gation is Wallis Island and not Fiji. \par \par Mr. Singh pointed out correctly that no evidence had been offered by the Defendants as to whether indeed there were any Courts at all on Wallis Island and this was a basic flaw in the Defendants' application to dissolve the Injunction.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 I was briefly attracted to this submission but on reflection consider it is irrelevant.}{ \f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6895328 }{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 As I see it my function in this matter is not to decide whether there are any Courts in Wallis Island capable of hearing an action between the Plaintiff and Defendants but rather whether this Court is the proper forum for such action. \par \par For the reasons which I have given above I consider it is not and I propose therefore to dissolve the Injunction granted on the 31st of May 1991. \par \par Because of this it is unnecessary for me to consider the submissions made to me by Mr. Parshotam and Mr. Singh on the law as to Interlocutory Injunctions as stated by Lord Diplock in }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 American}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Cyanamid}{\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 }{ \b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 Co. v. Ethichon Co. Ltd.}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 (1975) A.C. 396; suffice it for me to say that generally I accept Mr. Parshotam's submissions on this question and would hold that the balance of convenience in my judgment lies in dissolving the Injunction. \par \par The orders of the Court are that the Mareva Injunction granted in favour of the Plaintiff against the First Defendant on the 31st of May 1991 is dissolved, and the Plaintiff is to pay the Defendants' costs. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\b\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 John E. Byrne \par }{\b\f0\ul\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 J U D G E}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-720\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9452948 {\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid9452948 HBC0277J.91S}{\f0\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid148937\charrsid6895328 \par }}