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{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author Kym Freriks}{\operator Kym Freriks}{\creatim\yr2023\mo6\dy17\hr15\min41}{\revtim\yr2023\mo6\dy17\hr15\min49}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages20}{\nofwords6547}
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\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\noline\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid16258589 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS
\par HELD AT RAROTONGA
\par (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\insrsid12196653 LAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146  DIVISION)\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
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\qr \fi-2070\li5490\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5490\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\cgrid0\insrsid12196653\charrsid9250064 {\*\bkmkstart nam}{\*\bkmkstart nam2}
{\*\bkmkstart nam3}{\*\bkmkend nam}{\*\bkmkend nam2}{\*\bkmkend nam3}APPLICATION NO. 3/17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid9250064 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-2127\li5529\ri-130\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-130\lin5529\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12137189 IN THE MATTER\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 of Section 390A of the Cook Islands Act 1915
\par AND
\par IN THE MATTER\tab of the lands known as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid291866 TIRAONGO 117, ENUAKURA 4, NGATI TIARE 91 & 92, TE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid291866 KOU 126A, AUMARU 180A4, TAKAREU }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12678003 186B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid291866 
, PAKIMATO 203, AVARUA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\b\fs22\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid7807675 Sed vide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 , at [7],[8] hereof.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-2109\li5529\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5529\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 AND
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-2109\li5529\ri0\sa180\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5529\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12137189 IN THE MATTER\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 of an application to rehear a Succession Order made on 19 August 1970 to the interest of Aitu
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-2127\li5529\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5529\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12137189 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\insrsid12196653 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9638755 DANIEL NGAWAKA MITCHELL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\b\fs22\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Also known, according to Ms Houra, as Teaea Mitchell Ngawaka.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9638755 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qr \fi-2127\li4678\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4678\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid7957159 Applicant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-2127\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3969\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \fi-2127\li5529\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5529\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12137189 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653 MATA MEREANA AITU and MAVIS AITU PARI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12530122 as successors to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653 AITU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs22\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
Mata being adopted on 5 May 1909 and Mavis, her daughter, being adopted on 6 August 1952, per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
Coxhead J report, at [13].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12530122 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qr \fi-1984\li4678\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4678\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid7957159 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid7957159 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3969\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-2520\li2520\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2520\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 Date}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653  of Application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 8 June 2017
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid9250064 Date of Land Division}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
\par    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid9250064  Report:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 \tab 25 June 2020 (NZT)
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Appearances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Ms M Houra for Applicant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2520\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2520\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid13699853 Mrs T Browne for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid13699853 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2520\li2520\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2520\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2520\li2520\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2520\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Minute  (No\rquote 
s 1-3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
14 February 2018;  27 March 2018;  29 June 2020
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Date of Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 \tab 9 September 2020
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs14\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 JUDGMENT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid16467146 OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid4199906 HUGH WILLIAMS, CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs12\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid12549553 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-450\li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 For the reasons set out herein, this application is dismissed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}Costs are to be dealt with in accordance with the timetable in [49].
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid8149428 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1080\li1080\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid8333414 Solicitors}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid12549553 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Rasmussen Law PC (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 sed vide fn 8)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid13184054 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1080\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 \tab 
Browne Harvey & Associates, Rarotonga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid12549553 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653\charrsid15284341 Application
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 On 8 June 2017 Mr Mitchell, the applicant, acting pursuant to a suggestion from 
Isaac, J made on 25 May 2017, issued this application under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 390A of the Cook Islands Act 1915 (NZ)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
\'93The Act\'94.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  seeking an order cancelling the Succession Order made on 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 August 1970 \'93to Aitu\'94 
\endash  not her successors \endash  in the lands listed in the intituling on the grounds, first, that the order was made in error and that the \'93adopted children who succeeded to Aitu\'94
 on that day were not related by blood to the source of the land, Te Ora, and, secondly, that the Court erred in that hearing as it did not consider the Native custom applicable to the succession rights of non-blood related adopted children.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653\charrsid7807675 Procedural
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 By minute (No.2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Issued on 27 March 2018.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653  the application was referred to the Land Division for inquiry and a report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Confirmed on 29 October 2018.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
, but, although that reference was directed to be inoperative, for some reason the reference proceeded, Coxhead J heard the inquiry on 18 July 2019 and reported to the Chief Justice on 25 June 2020 (NZT), recommending, for the
 reasons later discussed, that the application be dismissed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}Minute (No.3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Issued on 29 June 2020.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653  circulated the report, advised the parties the Chief Justice was minded to accept Coxhead J\rquote s recommendation and sought submissions on the limited issues described in the minute.  Ms Houra, counsel for the applicant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
The application was filed by Mrs Tere Carr but without any notice of address for service.  Ms Henry took over acting for the applicant in 2018 though filed no notice of change of solicit
or or any address for service.  She withdrew as counsel for the applicant on 20 March 2019.  Ms Houra appeared for the applicant at the hearing on 18 July 2019 \endash  she having been admitted that day for that purpose \endash 
 and, in her submissions, named Mr Rasmussen as her instructing solicitor.  No notice of change of solicitor or any up to date address for service has been filed by Mr Rasmussen.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
, filed full submissions on 4 August 2020.  Included was a request that an opinion Ms Houra obtained from Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Peter McKe
nzie, QC, of Wellington, New Zealand be read as part of her submissions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}
Mrs Browne, counsel for the respondents, did not avail herself of the opportunity to respond by filing further submissions.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653\charrsid7151906 Coxhead J\rquote s report
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Coxhead J began his report by saying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [1].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri720\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1339617 In many Polynesian societies, adoption in accordance with the law or on a customary basis is common.  Issues of contention often arise where adopted children, either legal or customary, make application to
 succeed to land interests of their adopted parent.  These types of applications frequently raise questions of law and applicable Native custom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1339617 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 The Judge then reviewed the procedural history of the matter, recounted his refusal of Ms Houra\rquote s applicat
ion for adjournment on the grounds that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [9].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri720\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9796550 \'93\'85
 the House of Ariki were contemplating lobbying the government for legislative change, which would affect the present case and other similar cases where the Native custom concerning adopted children not related by blood was at issue\'94.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 and then passed to a consideration of the factual background.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
The report then noted that, of the seven parcels of land listed in the intituling, Aitu was still an owner in Te Kou 126A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Though, in Application 8131, the respondents succeeded to Aitu\rquote 
s interest in Te Kou 126A on 19 August 1970.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  and the applicant and his family were not owners in Enuakura 4, Aumaru 180A4 and Pakimato 203}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 
In Applications 8111 & 8113, the respondents succeeded to Aitu\rquote s interests in Kaititera 195F and Kauarikirangi 62 on 19 August 1970, but these parcels were not included in Mr Mitchell\rquote s application.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}In view of the applicant\rquote 
s concession, those parcels require removal from this application.  To lessen the chances of possible futur
e complications, that will be accomplished by deleting them from the application   It therefore concerns only Ngati Tiare 91 & 92, Tiraongo 117, and Takareu 186B.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}The Judge then reviewed the parties\rquote 
 cases, the reference by Mrs Browne to the leading authorities \endash  later considered \endash  and the relevant provisions of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
390A before posing as the first issue for consideration:  \'93Are the respondents adopted children related by blood?\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}The Judge further reviewed the evidence, including Mr Mitchell\rquote s acknowl
edgment that the respondents had a blood connection to some, but not all, of the lands in the 1970 orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [33].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  and the respondents\rquote 
 contention that the application was barred by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 390A(10),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [39].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
 before passing to consider the full submissions filed for the applicant by Ms Henry.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}At the conclusion of his review of the evidence on the first issue, the Judge said}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [46].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri720\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8268147 \'93
Based on the evidence provided, I accept that the source of these l
ands is either Ngati Te Ora or Aitu on her Ngati Tiare side.  To be considered as adopted children related by blood in the present case, the respondents would need to show they are related by blood to Aitu through her Ngati Tiare side.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 and then passed to 
the evidence bearing on that question to conclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [49].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri720\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8268147 \'93
The respondents have not claimed a connection to Ngati Tiare, only to Aitu.  It is clear to me from the evidence that the respondents do not have any blood connection to Ngati Tiare and there
fore no connection to the source of the relevant lands.  Accordingly, in the context of this application, the respondents could not be considered adopted children related by blood.\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Then, after considering, almost as an aside, whether what Mr Mitchell sought was legally possible, the Judge said}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [51], [52].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri677\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin677\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9796550 I agree with the respondents on this point.  Aitu was an original owner wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9796550 
n title was determined and the freehold order made on 29 March 1949.  S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9796550  390A(10) provides that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9796550 390A shall not apply to any order made upon investigation of title and the Chief Justice w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 ould}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9796550  be unable to unwind that order.  However, if necessary, the Court would still be able to determine the next of kin of Aitu for succession purposes.
\par If the respondents cannot be considered adopted children related by blood, the next question to determine is whether they will nevertheless be entitled to succeed as adopted children not related by blood.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 and then proceeded to consider that question.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 The report recounted the parties\rquote  respective submissions on that point, including Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Mitchell\rquote s evidence that \'93adopted children not related by blood cannot ever succeed to ancestral lands\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
At [53], Transcript, p10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 .  The report reviewed the authorities on whether an adoption has \'93matured\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [54].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
 and the impact of custom, Mrs Browne\rquote s legal submissions, ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
446 and 465 of the Act making Native custom determinative and then passed to a consideration of that question, principally by citing the leading decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid15939864 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid7364470 Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
Succession to Tuokura Maeva}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653   29 May 1968; MB 28/156-162, Morgan, CJ. & AMB 215/75-8, usually referred to as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 decisions.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 both at first instance and as upheld on appeal.  The Judge then passed to a consideration of the Privy Council\rquote s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid15939864 Browne v. Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid15939864 Browne v. Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  [2018]; UKPC 18.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
, including the Board noting the parties in that case relied on decisions of the Land Court and Court of Appeal and House of Ariki papers as the main sources of evidence of custom.  The report cited the tabulation as to the points of customary law in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid2584563 Browne v. Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [28], ff.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 , adopted the principles in those decisions and concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [68]-[70].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri677\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin677\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 [68]\tab 
Both counsel referred to leading authorities regarding 
the Native custom of succession and particularly succession by adopted children not related by blood.  Both counsel agreed that those decisions provided that adopted children who were not related by blood could in fact succeed to their adopted parents but
 
that this depended on whether the adoption had matured.  While at hearing the applicant suggested the Native custom for these lands was that adopted children without a blood connection could never succeed to ancestral lands, no evidence was provided of th
at custom in practice.  In the absence of such evidence, I rely on the general principles which were accepted by both counsel.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2962400 [69]\tab In the present case therefore, the respondents could have succeeded to Aitu as adopte
d children if the Court accepted that their adoptions had matured.  As noted, maturity would have involved acceptance, not only by Aitu but also her near family, that the respondents were to be treated in the same way as natural children for the purposes 
o
f succession.  The near family comprises those who would be entitled to succeed in the absence of the adoptions, however the view of more distant family members could be more or less significant depending of several factors, including how closely related 
they are to Aitu and how closely they were involved in the family\rquote s life.  I note that neither party provided specific evidence regarding whether the adoptions had matured.  In particular, the applicant did not argue that the respondents\rquote 
 adoptions had not matured and did not point to any evidence showing they were not accepted by the near family or that they had been cast out.  I also note that documents contained in the respondents\rquote 
 bundle show that Mata was actively involved in proceedings concerning the Te Ora Rangatira title, and that the adoptions and lack of blood relationship were raised as issues on appeal against the respondents\rquote 
 succession to Aitu in other lands and were ultimately dismissed.  No objections were raised regarding the present land interests at the succession hearing on 19 August 1970.
\par [70]\tab Based on these circumstances, it seems likely that the respondents would be entitled to succeed to Aitu as her adopted children.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri43\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin43\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 The report then discussed the remaining question as to whether there was an error, as required by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 390A, in that the 1970 Court did not expressly apply Native custom, concluding:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri680\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin680\lin720\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 [77]\tab 
The Court minutes from the succession to Aitu on 19 August 1970 are very brief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs22\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 A copy of the Court\rquote s actu
al minute of the succession order made on 19 August 1970 was included as part of the report}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 .  They list the relevant land interests and show a short papa\rquote 
anga for Aitu, which records that she had no issue but legally adopted the respondents.  The minutes conclude by noting that there were no objections and awarding the lands to the respondents as Aitu\rquote 
s successors.  The minutes contain no reference to the relevant legislation or Native custom and do not record whether any such evidence was put before the C
ourt.  If any case authority was relied upon, that too was not recorded.  Although there is much attraction in the argument that it is inconceivable that the Judge would not have been aware of the principles set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111  decision given it had be
en so recently released, on the face of the minutes there is nothing to indicate whether the Judge directed his mind to the relevant principles and applied those in coming to his decision.
\par 
\par [78]\tab However, the issue for the applicant is that he has failed to demonstrate that the succession orders were erroneous.  As I have noted above, the only factor likely to have affected the respondents\rquote 
 ability to succeed to Aitu would be if the Court considered the adoptions had not matured.  The applicant made no sugge
stion that the adoptions had not matured and has not pointed to any evidence in support of such a proposition.  There were also no objections recorded at the succession hearing.  In my view, given that the respondents could receive Aitu\rquote 
s interests as adopted children not related by blood under Native custom and did in fact receive those interests, it is not clear that the orders were in fact in error.
\par 
\par [79]\tab In addition, I note that the applicant\rquote s family appears to be some distance removed from Aitu and it is not clear how closely involved they would have been with Aitu\rquote 
s family and whether they would be the next of kin entitled to receive Aitu\rquote s interests if it was determined that the adopted children could not succeed.  It is also relevant that their objections are being made now, well after Aitu\rquote 
s death and therefore would not affect whether the adoptions had mature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111  prior to Aitu\rquote s death.
\par 
\par [80]\tab Finally, I refer to the report of Justice Isaac, adopted by the Chief Justice in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2962400 Tuake v Toeta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 
, which set out the principles that are applied by the Chief Judge of the Maori Land Court of New Zealand in exercising a similar jurisdiction to that of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 390}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 
.  Included in those principles are two presumptions that are relevant in the present case.  Firstly, that in the
 absence of a patent defect in the order, there is a presumption that the order made was correct and, secondly, that evidence given at the time the order was made, by persons more closely related to the subject matter in both time and knowledge, is deemed
 to have been correct.  On those points, it is significant that the succession orders have rema}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 ined unchallenged for 50 years.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 Conclusion and recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 [81]\tab On the balance of probabilities, I find that, while it is not entirely clear whether the Court
 in 1970 considered or applied the relevant Native custom, the applicant has not provided sufficient evidence to conclude that the session orders were erroneous, such as to attract an amendment under s 390A of the Cook Islands Act 1915.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid8326111 
\par [82]\tab I therefore recommend that the application be dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2962400 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653\charrsid2584563 ubmissions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 In accordance with now established practice, Coxhead J\rquote 
s report was circulated to the parties.  They were given the opportunity to make submissions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}Ms Houra\rquote s submissions summarised the issues she desired to address as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [5].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4412835 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4412835 These reply submissions address the treatment of legal issues raised in Coxhead J\rquote s Report dated 25 June 2020, and in particular address the questions:

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-450\li1800\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin1800\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4412835 (a)\tab whether there was s
ufficient basis for concluding that the adoptions had matured?
\par (b)\tab whether presumptions formed in the Report and relied upon by the Court were appropriate to fill an evidential gap?
\par (c)\tab the significance of the absence of any consideration of the Principles in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid12196653 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4412835 
 in 1970 and Finality in litigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4412835 \endash  general considerations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 and then proceeded to discuss each.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 As to whether there was a basis for concluding the adoptions had matured, Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Houra submitted the passages in the report on that topic failed to provide a proper basis for the conclusion that the \'93
applicant has failed to demonstrate that the succession orders were erroneous\'94, in particular the conclusion that there was no evidence in 1970 to show the Court took steps to inquire into relative Native custom or that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12196653\charrsid1584591 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  was before the Court, or its principles applied, when the succession orders were made, going on to submit that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
At [9].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \'93it is further doubtful whether the principle of Maturity meets the intention of the provisions set out in the legislation\'94
, suggesting the view as to whether an adoption had matured was a new interpretation of Native custom and that Coxhead J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [11].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \'93
departed from a full investigation of historic ancestral law and custom, follows a view that rests more on European views of human rights\'94 and that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [12].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \'93
an incorrect interpretation of the Native Custom is sacrilege\'94.  It is to be observed that aspects of those submissions appear to run counter to the law as enunciated in the authorities.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}
Ms Houra then passed to the question whether the presumptions relied on by Coxhead, J were appropriate to fill what she described as a \'93big gap in his judgment\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [13].  Both Ms Houra and Mr McKenzie described Coxhead, J\rquote 
s report as a judgment.  Such reports are not judgments.  They are reports to the Chief Justice, who issues the judgment in any s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 390A application, dealing with such reports as considered appropriate and in accordance with the requirements of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 390A.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  and said she \'93
would not have agreed that those principles should be applied in the present case or as to the application of any presumptions.\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}She then turned to what she submitted was th
e absence of any consideration of the principles of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid1584591 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
 in the 19 August 1970 decision having regard to the desirability of finality of litigation, suggesting the respondents\rquote  stance was an attempt to introduce new material as to maturity of an adoption under customary law.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}After drawing attention to what she submitted were a number of factual and legal errors}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [18].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  she concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [19].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li709\ri806\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin806\lin709\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2129690 [18]\tab 
There are a number of difficulties with the Report of Coxhead J, such that Williams CJ, with respect, erred by adopting that Report as being correct:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-1080\li1800\ri806\sb120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin806\lin1800\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2129690 \tab a)\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2129690 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
learned Judge held at paragraph [78] that it is not clear that the succession orders were in fact in error, but at para [81] finds that the Applicant has not provided sufficient evidence to conclude that the succession orders were erroneous.
\par \tab b)\tab At para [7
5] Coxhead J disputes whether the court was aware in 1970 or directed its mind to the principles on maturity of adoptions, but the learned Judge nonetheless concluded in paragraph [81], as pointed out above, that the succession order were not erroneous so
 as to attract an amendment under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 390A of the Cook Islands Act.
\par \tab c)\tab The learned Judge holds at paragraph [72] that there is no evidence recorded to show that the Court took the necessary steps to inquire into the relevant native custom.  In the context of
 this case that is a very serious omission, which it is submitted which the Court should not have attempted to redress in the Report.
\par \tab d)\tab At paragraph [80] the learned Judge considers that there are presumptions that operate in favour of the Applicant and 
the application of these presumptions in that way enabled him to hold at paragraph [81] that the Applicant had not provided sufficient evidence to conclude that the succession orders were erroneous.  It should be noted that the implicit reason behind this
 finding is that the Applicant had not provided sufficient evidence to support the contention that the adoptions in this case had not matured.  Surely that burden fell on the Respondent, who had raised this doctrine and not on the Applicant.  The Report
\rquote s conclusion accordingly is that the adopted children succeeded to the relevant estates, so that the orders could not be challenged as being erroneous.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri806\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin806\lin720\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 [19]\tab 
The absence of any consideration in 1970 of the maturity of adoptions principle or the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2129690 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
 in 1970 is significant for the determination of this case.  It means that the Respondents are seeking to introduce a new issue which determines the case, and the new facts to support it, into their opposition to the Applicant\rquote 
s application.  To allow that material to be now advanced is contrary to the principle of the finality of judgments.  To fail to recognise this, it is submitted with respect, taints the learned Judge\rquote s Report.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid2129690 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 As mentioned, Ms Houra also relied on an opinion from Mr Peter McKenzie, QC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-450\li450\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin450\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
As far as is known, Mr McKenzie has not been admitted to practice in the Cook Islands, but his views are deserving of consideration nonetheless.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 .  It is unnecessary to detail Mr McKenzie\rquote 
s opinion to any great extent because Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Houra repeated most of Mr McKenzie\rquote s views in her submissions but the following is relevant:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li709\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin709\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4412835 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653 .\tab The respects in which the judgment is thin and contradictory in relation to these findings is set out in the following paragraphs:
\par Para [72].  The Court holds that there is no evidence recorded to show that the Court took the necessary steps to inquire into the relevant native custom.
\par Paras [74] and [75] Coxhead J disputes that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid12723025 Emma Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
 case was before the Court or that the Court was aware in 1970, or directed its min
d then, to the principles enunciated in that case [ maturing of an adoption ].  In para [77] Coxhead J goes so far as to say that the Minutes from the succession of Aitu in 1970 are very brief, and on the face of the minutes there is nothing to indicate w
hether the Judge directed his mind to the relevant principles and applied those in coming to his decision.  It must follow that the same principles put forward in the Privy Council decision were not before the Court in 1970 either.
\par 5.\tab Coxhead J tries to plug the big gap in his judgment by referring to what he called \'93general principles\'94
 relied on by both counsel.  These are the presumptions he refers to paragraphs [69] and [70].  Is Coxhead J correct in asserting that both counsel agreed in this respect?  It
 would be surprising if there was agreement on the way the presumptions should be applied in this case so as to override contrary factual findings.  The learned judge has used the presumptions to create a presumption in favour of the one party whose case 
he has already found is not supported by the evidence!  Presumptions are always displaced by evidence.
\par Unfortunately, and with great respect, Williams CJ did not in his judgment appreciate the very limited extent to which Coxhead J had found that there was evidence to support the respondents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid4920890 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653\charrsid10096067 Discussion and decision
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
As an introduction to a consideration of the issues in this case some general observations as to adoption in the Cook Islands and the wording of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
390A are pertinent.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}As Coxhead J\rquote s int
roduction said, adoption in Polynesia, generally and in the Cook Islands specifically, is a familiar feature of family life.  Adoptions may be informal or, less frequently, formal.  They may involve adoptive parents and children of the blood and not of th
e
 blood.  Succession or inheritance by adopted children to the land interests of both their natural parents and their adoptive parents not infrequently gives rise to contention and litigation, often raising disputed factual issues, differing questions of l
aw and contrasting views as to the applicable Native custom in the individual case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}
Those issues have, not infrequently, involved the Courts, particularly relying on the often-cited decisions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653 Browne v. Munukoa.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid4524810 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
As a number of decisions have noted \endash  and as is one of Mr Mitchell\rquote s grounds of application \endash  ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 456-459 of the Act deal with the issue of adoption and succession, each requiring matters to be determined by Native custom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid5066577 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
In this case, Ms Houra sought an adjournment on behalf of the Koutu Nui for it to consider the possibility of legislative intervention in light of the 16 July 2018 decision of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Browne v. Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 , a decision delivered almost exactly a year before the hearing of Mr Mitchell\rquote 
s application.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid4524810 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
What custom was, and might be, has been, as noted in a number of decisions, discussed in, amongst other sources, the Koutu Nui report on Lands and Traditional Titles issued in April 1977 and the Marc
h 1997 Special Select Committee Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Land but, again as noted in a number of cases, no legislative initiative has resulted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid4524810 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
Some of the decisions dealing with the issue include }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Short v. Whitaker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid4524810 Short v. Whitaker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid4524810  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 CA 3/2003, 2 October 2003.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 , 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Teariki v. Strickland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Teariki v. Strickland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  CA 7/06, 13 November 2007.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  as well as the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Emma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  decisions, but the customary law on the topic was summarized by the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Browne v. Munokoa}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [28].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  and the relevant provisions, both of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12723025 Emma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  Moetaua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  decisions and }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Browne v. Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  appear in Coxhead J\rquote s report.  It is to be adopted and incorporated as part of this judgment so further recitation is unnecessary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
Importantly as far as this case is concerned, and as the statutory provisions provide, custom, not being universal, requires to be proved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Lack of the requisite proof was a reason for the decisions in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 MB 28/159, AMB p2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 .  As the Privy Council said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11799145 Browne v. Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 At [16] and [17].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  in a general passage before it focused more directly on adoptions:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653\charrsid11435614 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li709\ri770\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin709\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11435614 \'85
 In England, custom is a derogation from the ordinary law of the land.  But Native custom concerning land tenure and succession to land in the Cook Islands is not a derogation from the law of the land.  Subject to statute, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11435614 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11435614 
 the law of the land.  Courts in principle take judicial notice of their own law.  The need for evidence in these circumstances is not conceptual or legal, but purely practical.  The custom has no
t been codified.  It is not necessarily uniform across the different islands and tribes.  Judges are not indigenous.  For all these reasons, the court may find it difficult to take judicial notice of some points of customary law.  But it is clear from the
 
material before the Board that while custom may be and sometimes is proved by evidence, the judges of the Land Court and the Court of Appeal have acquired considerable experience of Native custom.  That experience is partly personal; and it is partly vica
r
ious, through the records of the Land Court itself, which contain a substantial body of information about land holdings and successions derived from both contested and uncontested applications.  This has enabled the court to treat customs as notorious in 
circumstances where it would not have been appropriate to do so in England.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11435614 
17.\tab There is a further consideration to which the Board attaches importance.  Whereas in England custom is a body of special rules deemed by a legal fiction to be of immemorial anti
quity, the customary land law of the Cook Islands is not immutable.  In particular, custom regarding land tenure is bound to develop with changing norms of social life regarding the composition and social role of the family.  These norms have plainly unde
r
gone considerable change in the islands since the first arrival of Christian missionaries in the Cook Islands in the 1820s and colonial administrators and judges in the 1890s.  The role of the courts has been particularly significant.  The New Zealand leg
i
slation of 1901 and 1915 conferred on the Land Court the right to create absolute freehold titles over land which had previously been conceived to be owned for collective purposes and subject to more limited rights of occupation.  The persons in whose fav
our these titles were created were those found to be the owners under customary law.  As Chief Judge Morgan observed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12723025 
In re Succession to Edward Goodman, Timoteo Marokaa and Ta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  (1955) [Minute Book 22/385], this in practice has generally meant the persons 
found to be entitled by custom to occupy and use the land.  The relevant customary law was, however, often obscure, locally variable, changeable over time, and open to dispute.  In theory, the Land Court merely ascertained the custom.  It did not create i
t
.  In practice, however, the position has been more complex.  By statute, the owner of a parcel of land is whoever the Land Court declares it to be, subject to the possibility of judicial revocation.  The rights which the declared owner possesses as owner
 
are those provided for by statute.  The decisions of the court on disputable points of customary law, especially when they follow a broadly consistent pattern, are bound to influence perceptions of what the custom is, and therefore what applications are c
o
ntested and on what grounds.  For these reasons, the Board considers that the starting point must be the decisions of the Land Court over the period of rather more than a century during which it has existed.  They are fortified in this view by the conside
r
ation that some stability and consistency in the matter of land title and inheritance is indispensable, and this cannot be achieved if the decisions of the courts on the relevant law are treated as if they were mere one-off findings of fact, apt to be reo
pened every time that the same issue arises in another case.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11435614 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Turning to statute, while s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 390A is not unique \endash 
 the Chief Judge of the New Zealand Maori Land Court, a Court working with a similar system of land tenure, has similar powers under the Te Ture Whenua Maori/Maori Land Act 1993 \endash 
 but it is, in the true sense of the word, an extraordinary jurisdiction:  one \'93out of the usual or regular course or order \'85 additional to, over and above what is usual\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid13986082 Oxford English Dictionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 , 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid3829779 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653  Ed., Well V5, p614.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid16407985 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
That was the view of the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid11478039 Teariki v. Sanderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
, reached after an analysis of, among other matters, the wording of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 390A:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid11478039 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li709\ri860\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin860\lin709\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900 
\'93Section 390A is a very distinctive and important provision fashioned especially to provide an inexpensive and expeditious way to address alleged judicial error in land matters.  It is obvious from the wide scope of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900 390A that it is designed to allow for reconsideration and reversal if found appropriate of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900 any order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900  of the Land Division\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900 Teariki v. Sanderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 , at [45], p20.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid8730900 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 Though the Court of Appeal\rquote s description of the s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 390A jurisdiction as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \'93in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 expensive and expeditious\'94 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 longer be accurate in an area where applications are usually preceded by lengthy investigation of}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001  often inadequate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001  records and s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 390A applications frequently take years to conclude \endash  the jurisdiction is certainly \'93very distinctive\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 The terms of the section relevant to this application which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 demonstrate its breadth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 read:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid12141001 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
390A  Amendment of orders after title ascertained
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-540\li1260\ri770\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\adjustright\rin770\lin1260\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
Where through any mistake, error, or omission whether of fact or of law however arising, and whether of the party applying to amend or not, the Land Court or the Land Appellate Court by its order has in
 effect done or left undone something which it did not actually intend to do or leave undone, or something which it would not but for that mistake, error, or omission have done or left undone, or where the Land Court or the Land Appellate Court has decide
d
 any point of law erroneously, the Chief Judge may, upon the application in writing of any person alleging that he is affected by the mistake, error, omission, or erroneous decision in point of law, make such order in the matter for the purpose of remedyi
ng the same or the effect of the same respectively as the nature of the case may require\u894\'3b
 and for any such purpose may, if he deems it necessary or expedient, amend, vary, or cancel any order made by the Land Court or the Land Appellate Court, or revoke any decision or intended decision of either of those Courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-540\li1260\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\adjustright\rin770\lin1260\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
Any order made by the Chief Judge upon any such proceedings amending, varying, or cancelling any prior order shall be subject to appeal in the same manner as any final order of the Land Court bu
t there shall be no appeal against the refusal to make any such order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 The Chief Judge may refer any such application to the Land Court for inquiry and report, and he may act upon that report or otherwise deal with the application without holding forma
l sittings or hearing the parties in open Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri770\sb120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin720\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 \'85
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-450\li1170\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin1170\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 (8)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 This section shall extend and apply (with the exception hereinafter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
mentioned) to orders, whether made before or after the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 commencement of this section, save that in all cases where an}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 order is dated more than 5 years previously to the receipt of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 the application under this section the Chief Judge shall first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
obtain the consent of the High Commissioner before making}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 any order hereunder. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 The Chief Judge shall nevertheless have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
full power without that consent to dismiss any such application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 or to refer it to the Land Court for inquiry and report.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri770\sb120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin720\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 \'85
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-450\li1170\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin1170\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 (10)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 This section shall not apply to any order made upon investigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 of title or partition save with regard to the relative interests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
defined thereunder, but the provisions of this subsection shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 not prevent the making of any necessary consequential amendments}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 with regard to partition orders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid11812404 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 Despite the fact that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 390A was enacted by the Cook Islands Amendment Act 1950 (NZ),
 over the 70 years of its existence there has been little intensive analysis of its provisions and the procedure applicable to determination of applications under it, though, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12133959 Teariki v. Sanderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653\charrsid12133959 Teariki v. Sanderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
 CA 1/11;  19 October 2011, at [31].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653   the Court of Appeal described the \'93established process adopted by successive Chief Justices in dealing with s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 390A applications\'94 as involving the following steps}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 The cited passage is as appears in a detailed analysis of the problems the section posed in a Discussion Paper prepared for a November 2019 meeting with land practitioners and has been slightly amended from 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Teariki v. Sanderson.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Not all of the Paper is relevant to this application.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid15081198 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-630\li1350\ri770\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin770\lin1350\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 (a)\tab 
The application is considered by the Chief Justice immediately on filing.  Some of the matters which the Chief Justice requires the Applicant to address include:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li1890\ri770\sb120\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl1\adjustright\rin770\lin1890\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 There must be an arguable case, or the Applicant must est
ablish a prima facie case, that there was a mistake, error or omission in the judgment complained of which requires the Court to remedy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii.\tab}
If there is any delay in filing the application, an explanation as to the delay.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii.\tab}If there is an application to
 introduce new evidence, the Applicant must satisfy the Chief Justice why it was not tendered at the hearing that gave rise to the judgment.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iv.\tab}
The Respondent is given an opportunity to respond to the application, and the Chief Justice considers any further evidence supplied.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 v.\tab}
if the Applicant fails to provide a satisfactory excuse for the delay in filing the application and if the Chief Justice is satisfied that the Applicant has failed to establish a prima facie case the application is dismissed at the
 outset.  To avoid possible intrusion on persons\rquote  property rights this is an unusual result at this stage.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-634\li1354\ri770\sb120\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin770\lin1354\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
If the Applicant is able to establish a prima facie case, and the Chief Justice is satisfied with the explanation as to the delay in filing the a
pplication, the Chief Justice normally refers the application to a Justice of the Land Division for inquiry and report pursuant to 390A(3).  On such references [full] hearings are often held \'93
involving new evidence, additional argument and another considered appraisal of all aspects of the case\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-630\li1350\ri770\sb120\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin770\lin1350\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
Thereafter, on considering the report, the Chief Justice decides whether to adopt the report and recommendation of the Land Division or what other order may be appropriate.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653\charrsid335588 390A gives little direction as to how applications under the section should be processed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
 procedurally.  Though not prescribed, the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure are followed to the extent applicable, but it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  mainly}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588  by dint of the presumptions and procedural safeguards engrafted onto the section by precedent that a form of code for processing applications under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653  the section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588  has emerged.  The approach which should be \endash  and is \endash  applied to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653\charrsid335588 390A applications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  is cited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588  repeatedly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \endash 
 almost invariably \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588 judgments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653 such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid6033381 Teariki v. Sanderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  and since}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Tuake v. Toeta \endash  Raupa Section 87E3B Arorangi }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 cited by Coxhead, J at [80] is only one example among many.  This citation is from the latest iteration of the principles appearing in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 Hosking v. Marearai (No.3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 390A 7/2016,  8 July 2020.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  and in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588 submissions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653 .  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid335588 t is sufficient for present purposes to re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 gard the following as governing all applications under the section:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid16407985 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-547\li1267\ri677\sb120\sa240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin677\lin1267\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \tab 
A limitation on the jurisdiction is that the approach to adjudicating on each stage of a s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 390A app
lication is that they are not to be regarded as applications for rehearing, the equivalent of an appeal or justified because the losing party disagrees with the recommendation in a Land Division report.  They are to be dealt with in accordance with the fo
llowing principles:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1710\ri680\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin680\lin1710\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
The burden of proof rests on the applicant to prove that there was a mistake, error or omission in relation to the order in question which satisfies the grounds in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 390A.  It is well-established from previous cases that this burden is not easily satisfied. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
Discharging that burden must also satisfy the following criteria.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1714\ri677\sb120\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin677\lin1714\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
The approach to be taken to applications pursuant to s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 390A is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\super\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-450\li2160\ri680\sb120\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin680\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 The Chief Justice needs to re
view the evidence given at the original hearing and weigh it against the evidence produced by the applicant (and any evidence in opposition) at any s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 390A hearing;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}The principle of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 Ommia Praesumuntur Rite Esse Acta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681  (everything is presumed to have been done lawfully unless there is evidence to the contrary)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653  applies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 .  Therefore, in the absence of a patent defect in the order, there is a presumption that the order made was correct;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}
Evidence given at the time the order was made, by persons more closely related to the subject matter in both time and knowledge, is deemed to have been correct;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iv)\tab}
Evidence given at the time the order was made, by persons more closely related to the subject matter in both time and knowledge, is deemed to have been correct;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (v)\tab}
The burden of proof is on the applicant to rebut the two presumptions abov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1714\ri677\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin677\lin1714\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 It is also worth noting that s
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
390A stands in direct contrast to the well-established principle of finality and certainty of decisions.  As such, the power to amend orders should only be exercised in exceptional circumstances such as:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-709\li2127\ri680\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin680\lin2127\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 These principles in my view make it clear that the general intent of the legislation is that orders of the Court should be binding and conclusive on all parties and that the applications to the
 Chief Justice are made only in exceptional circumstances where the applicant can show a clear mistake or error in the original order which the Chief Judge deems necessary or expedient to remedy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \li1710\ri680\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin680\lin1710\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 Also, the Cook Islands\rquote  jurisdiction s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 390A(8) requires the consent of  the [Queen\rquote 
s Representative] before making an order when the application has been filed over five years after the order complained of.  This reinforces the need for certainty and the conclusive nature of orders, especially those affecting title.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s22\qj \li720\ri540\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin540\lin720\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid1254681 \'85
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li709\ri746\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin746\lin709\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 \tab 
To those principles needs to be added consideration as to what Parliament intended to achieve by enacting the referral and report provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628  s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 390A(3).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri749\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin749\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 \tab Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 e answer appears to be twofold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri749\sb240\sl276\slmult1\keep\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin749\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 \tab 
The first purpose must have been to free Chief Justices from the necessity to hold the frequently lengthy and complex hearings the numerous s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 390A applications require, delegate that power to Land Division judges steeped in the intricacies of Cook Islands and Maori land law, and thus gain the double advantage of one person not having to hear every s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 390A application and obtain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628  access to the expertise of the Land Division Judges.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li706\ri749\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin749\lin706\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 \tab 
The second purpose, and consequent on the first, is that, although the ultimate decision on any s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 
390A application is for the Chief Justice alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid9397628 
appropriate weight should be accorded the reports of such experienced Judges \endash  particularly where they have reached views on credibility after hearing witnesses \endash  so their conclusions 
and recommendations are likely to be adopted by Chief Justices unless parties can point to errors in their reports which vitiat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12196653 e their findings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12196653\charrsid16407985 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Turning to Coxhead J\rquote s report against that background, the passages earlier cited show that the Judge, aft
er hearing the evidence, reached his conclusion that the respondents were not adopted children related by blood.  In relation to whether they were nonetheless entitled to succeed as adopted children not related by blood, the Judge considered the relevant 
statutory provisions, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid16660005 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 cases and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid16660005 Browne v. Munokoa}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  to reach the view, earlier cited, that the respondents were entitled to succeed to Aitu as her adopted children, though not blood-related.  Having correctly identified the legal principles r
elevant to the decision, the major case law and evaluating those against the evidence heard and the recognised procedure, there is no justifiable basis to depart from the Judge\rquote s conclusion.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}He then turned to the question of whether there was an error sufficient to engage s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 390A in that the Court did not expressly apply Native custom in 1970, again discussed the evidence and the relevant case law \endash  in particular the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 cases and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653 Browne v. Munukoa \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
to reach his conclusion, also earlier cited.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}
While Coxhead J concluded that the records did not clearly record whether the 1970 Court applied the relevant Native custom, he concluded that Mr Mitchell had not provided evidence to the contrary, thus invoking the presumptions in the established pr
ocedure set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid3541919 Teariki v. Sanderson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 , and many decisions delivered since.  These were quoted previously.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}
Although the recommendation is sound as a matter of fact, law and procedure, it is open to the inference that Coxhead J was more cautious than necessary in saying \'93
there is much attraction in the argument that it is inconceivable that the Judge would not have been aware of the principles set out in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid3541919 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12196653 decision given it had been so recently released\'94 mainly because no mention of the case is in the minute.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}A firmer conclusion may have been available.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12196653\charrsid3541919 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
was a major decision by the highly-experienced Chief Judge of the day dealing with the vexed, and often litigated, issue of the law on adoptions in the Cook Islands; the
 decision had been delivered only about two years before the orders now under challenge and had been upheld on appeal thus binding the Court on 19 August 1970.  Further, the application for the succession order of 19 August 1970 was unopposed, so a minute
 of the order was necessary but no reasoned judgment was called for.  As the Privy Council observed, \'93the Judges of the Land Court \'85 have acquired considerable experience of Native custom\'94
 so, in those circumstances, the fact that the principles derivable from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12196653\charrsid3541919 Emma Moetaua }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
decisions were not expressly set out would seem much more likely to be merely a matter of convenience or contemporary procedure, not that they were absent from the Judge\rquote s mind, entirely overlooked and not applied.  In addition, at the
 time, the only records of hearings were in shorthand, later converted into the Minute Books, so it is not difficult to take the view that what now remains available records the result but not necessarily the route by which it was arrived at.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}So, on t
he first of the two grounds on which his application was based, Mr Mitchell was successful in showing the respondents were not related by blood, but unsuccessful on the evidence on the question as to whether they were entitled to succeed as non-blood rela
ted adopted children.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}
In relation to the second pleaded ground that the Court in 1970 did not consider Native custom, not only does Coxhead J\rquote s report conclude, on the balance of probabilities, that the Court likely did apply Native custom as then form
ulated, though not expressed as such, but, more cogently, that Mr Mitchell failed to discharge the onus on him to adduce evidence of the applicable Native custom when, as the authorities make plain, there was an onus on him to adduce evidence of such cust
om \endash \'93obscure, locally variable and changeable over time\'94 as the Privy Council held custom to be \endash  on which Coxhead J could act.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}In that regard, Mr Mitchell\rquote 
s affidavits set out his belief as to Native custom, namely that adoptees not of the blood can never succeed to ancestral lands, a belief he formed \'93
through a series of discussions with my Aronga Mana and the wider family and based on the knowledge that I had acquired from my parents\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 ranscript, p9.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
.  He adhered to that view despite being referred to precedent which contradicted it, saying \'93I disagree with the understanding that I\rquote ve been taught and led to believe\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid12196653 
Transcript, p10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 .  That makes clear that his view of custom was mistaken, but he adhered to it and he, the sole witness, gave no additional evidence as to the applicable Native custom in 1970.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keep\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 That notwithstanding, the Judge carefully traversed the evidence, including Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Mitchell\rquote s acceptance that the adoptions were not shown not to have matured, and the submissions before him, including the full submissions filed on the applicant\rquote 
s behalf by Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Henry.  That founded his conclusion that there was no evidence adduced of the applicable Native custom and thus Mr Mitchell\rquote 
s second ground of his application was not made out.
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\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 Ms Houra\rquote 
s submissions were to the effect that the applicant was not bound by the presumptions to which Coxhead J referred and suggested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s19\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid12196653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\super\insrsid12196653 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 [18](d) of her submissions, at [21] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1033\langnp5129\insrsid12196653 supra.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653  there was an evidential onus on the respondents to put evidence of Native custom before the Court.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}
The former contention gives no weight to the procedure and presumptions now accepted as prescribing the correct approach to the determination of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
390A applications.  As to the latter, the authorities make plain that there is no onus such as that for which Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1513776  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 
Houra contended.  The reverse is the case.  How to prove issues applicants need to prove which are wholly or largely within the knowledge of an opposite party is a well-known difficulty in litigation, but, equally, well-kn
own procedural means are available to overcome that hurdle.
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The short point is that, if Mr Mitchell wished, as his application said he did, to rely on appropriate Native custom to support his application, or to show that such custom was not complied w
ith on 19 August 1970, it was for him to ensure evidence of the then applicable Native custom was before the Court conducting the inquiry, and, in circumstances where broad evidence of Native custom was absent and the only evidence of Native custom before
 Coxhead J was erroneous, it is no surprise that the Judge reached the conclusions he did and made the recommendation included in his report.  He was left with no evidence of substance as to the applicable custom, or its non-application \endash 
 on which he might have found for the applicant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653\charrsid1145672 Conclusion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12196653 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 In all of those circumstances, Coxhead J\rquote 
s recommendations are accepted, his report is adopted and is to form part of this judgment.  The application is dismissed.
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\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 If costs are sought, memoranda may be filed with that from the respondents being due in \endash 
 having regard to the present pandemic \endash  30 working days from delivery of this judgment and with those from the applicant being due within a further 10 working days.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs40\insrsid12196653\charrsid2247775 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs40\insrsid12196653\charrsid2247775 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12196653 _________________________
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653 Hugh Williams, CJ
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qr \li0\ri0\sb120\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12196653 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12196653 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 

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