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{\f310\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}{\f311\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f312\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f684\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\f685\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f687\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f688\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f689\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}
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{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
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{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
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{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
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{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf17 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority19 \styrsid862997 Subtle Emphasis;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority21 \styrsid862997 Intense Emphasis;}{\*\cs38 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority31 \styrsid862997 Subtle Reference;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid862997 Intense Reference;}{\*\cs40 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f42\fs24 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority33 \styrsid862997 Book Title;}{\s41\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f42\fs32\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon1 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid862997 TOC Heading;}{\s42\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f41\fs18\cf18\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority35 \styrsid862997 caption;}
{\s43\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx8931\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\snext43 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid2711040 Title Case;}{\s44\qc \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext44 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid15730171 Waistband;}{\s45\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 AlignRight;}{
\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext46 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Appearances1;}{\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext47 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Party Name Criminal;}{\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext48 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Versus;}{\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext49 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 Number;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid3742035 Hyperlink;}{\s51\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext51 \slink52 \ssemihidden \styrsid7737947 footnote text;}{\*
\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink51 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid12672166 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs53 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super 
\sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \styrsid7737947 footnote reference;}{\s54\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext54 \slink55 \sunhideused \styrsid5446590 header;}{\*\cs55 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink54 \slocked \styrsid5446590 Header Char;}{\s56\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext56 \slink57 \sunhideused \styrsid5446590 footer;}{\*\cs57 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink56 \slocked \styrsid5446590 Footer Char;}{\s58\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs18\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext58 \slink59 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid12129177 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs59 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af43\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs18\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 
\sbasedon10 \slink58 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid12129177 Balloon Text Char;}{\*\cs60 \additive \f0\fs22\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Party ref;}{\*\cs61 \additive 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe0\langnp5129\langfenp0 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Party name;}{\*\cs62 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 page number;}{\*\cs63 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 line number;}{\*\cs64 \additive \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 Numbering Symbols;}{\*\cs65 \additive \f40 
\slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 Bullets;}{\s66\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f1\fs24\cf6\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning24\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon67 \snext66 \slocked \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 JDI DRAFT DATE;}{
\s67\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs24\cf6\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning24\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext67 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Draft;}{\s68\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext68 \slink69 \ssemihidden \styrsid12672166 Body Text;}{\*\cs69 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\kerning1 
\sbasedon10 \slink68 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid12672166 Body Text Char;}{\s70\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af44\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon68 \snext70 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 List;}{
\s71\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af44\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext71 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 Index;}{\s72\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext72 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Normal;}{\s73\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext73 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Appearances;}{\s74\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240\brdrcf1 \brdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240\brdrcf1 \tx5103\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext74 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Waistband;}{\s75\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext88 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDS FileNo;}{\s76\ql \li0\ri0\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext76 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Solicitors;}{\s77\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar
\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\fs24\ul\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext72 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Heading;}{\s78\ql \fi-709\li1418\ri686\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext78 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI First Indent;}{\s79\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext79 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 
JDI Title Case;}{\s80\ql \fi-3969\li5387\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5387\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon79 \snext80 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Matter;}{\s81\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext81 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Body;}{\s82\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon79 \snext82 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Suppression;}{\s83\ql \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx720\tx1418\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext83 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Bullets;}{\s84\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar\tx5103\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext84 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Justice;}{\s85\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext85 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Name Suppression;}{
\s86\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext86 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Role;}{\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext98 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Subheading;}{\s88\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\widctlpar
\tx15879\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext88 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 
JDI Matter1;}{\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext89 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Quotations;}{\s90\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx15879\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon88 \snext90 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Matter2;}{\s91\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext91 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Party Name Criminal;}{\s92\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext92 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Versus;}{
\s93\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\snext93 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Party Type Criminal;}{\s94\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext94 \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 Table Contents;}{
\s95\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\noline\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon94 \snext95 \slocked \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 Table Heading;}{\s96\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 
\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
\sbasedon77 \snext72 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Heading 1;}{\s97\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon77 \snext72 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 JDI Heading 2;}{\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext98 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12672166 
JDI Number;}{\s99\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \sbasedon87 \snext98 \slocked \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid12672166 JDI Subheading 2;}{\s100\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 
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\f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7108894 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7108894 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7108894 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7108894 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5976355\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s54\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7501540 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6427871\charrsid14821167  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16265568 21}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11626790\charrsid14821167 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6427871 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s54\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6427871 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s45\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5007818\charrsid13784427 IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513929\charrsid13784427 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s43\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx8931\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14513929\charrsid13784427 HELD AT RAROTONGA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid15534518\charrsid1989957 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15534518\charrsid13784427 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2706457 civil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15534518\charrsid13784427  DIVISION)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16265568 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 MISC NO. 737/2022}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16124459 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14821167 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid4471988 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14834160\charrsid4471988 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid196763\charrsid12672166 BETWEEN\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid16265568 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid12672166\charrsid12672166 FRIENDS OF FIJI INC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid196763\charrsid12672166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166\charrsid12672166 Applicant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid196763 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16265568\charrsid12672166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid196763\charrsid12672166 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid196763\charrsid4471988 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16265568 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid12672166 ATTORNEY-GENERAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid96934 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid96934\charrsid4471988 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid4471988 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid4471988 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid196763 Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid196763\charrsid13784427 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9968603 8 May 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid196763\charrsid13784427 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5007818\charrsid13784427 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2652692 Appearances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5007818\charrsid13784427 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166 Ms L Rokoika for Applicant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11020013 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid96934 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166 Ms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1137461 G }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166 Rood and Ms }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1137461 M }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166 Pittman for Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10297911 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8334175\charrsid13784427 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1590548 Date}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid881618\charrsid13784427 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9968603 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166 
 March 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid881618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16265568 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16265568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16265568\charrsid16265568 JUDGMENT OF KEANE, CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12672166\charrsid13784427 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs16\insrsid9115729\charrsid5976355 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16516907 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3742035\charrsid13784427 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 On 6 December 2021 the Cook Islands Immigration Act 2021 \lquote An Act to reform the law of immigration\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
CIIA 2021, long title.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 , received the Queens Representative\rquote s assent, and came largely into effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  \tab CIIA 2021, s 2(2); other parts came into effect on 18 April 2023 by Order in Council,  S 2(1), Commencement \tab 
Order 2023.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}On 14 April 2022 the Cook Islands Immigration Regulations 2022 came into effect by Order in Council}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  \tab O
rder in Council, 14 April 2022.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 ; and on 18 April 2023, by further Order in Council, the Cook Islands Immigration Regulations 2023 replaced them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568   \tab 
Order in Council, 18 April 2023.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}
On 26 May 2022 Friends of Fiji brought this application challenging the residency threshold for permanent residence set by the 2022 Regulations \endash  in the case of New Zealand citizens, five years; as to anyone not a New Zealand citizen, 10 years.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 CIIR 2022, r 12(1)(c), r 22 (c).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}
Friends of Fiji contends this threshold is unlawful and without effect. First the distinction it makes between New Zealand citizens and others is neither contemplated, nor 
authorised, by the CIIA. It is indeed beyond the scope of that Act. Second, it discriminates against everyone not a New Zealand citizen, contravening Art 64(1)(b) of the Cook Islands Constitution. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}On  14 July 2022 the Attorney-General, in his notice o
pposing the application, contended the distinction lay within the CIIA\rquote s wide regulation making power; and is proportionate and within Art 64(2). It is not new policy, and reflects the Cook Islands\rquote 
 special constitutional relationship of free association with New Zealand.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}
On 8 May 2023 I heard this case by AVL; and I asked for supplementary submissions as to the principles governing the legislative delegation of power to make secondary legislation, especially where that intersects with guaranteed rights
. Those submissions were filed within a month.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}
On 12 August 2023 I issued a minute pointing out that on 18 April 2023 the 2022 Regulations had been replaced by the 2023 Regulations;  and that, while the 2023 Regulations maintained the residency distinc
tion under challenge, it was expressed in a new way. I also asked for submissions on two issues not earlier canvassed; 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}The first was as to the status of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 the \lquote Joint Centenary Declaration Of The Principles Of The Relationship Between The Cook Islands And New Zealand\rquote , executed on 11 of June 2001 by the two Prime Ministers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}I aske}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16450936 d whether it had the status of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 a treaty and whether, if it did, it could be given effect in secondary legislation without first being ratified by the Cook Islands Parliament 
in primary legislation. This went especially to whether the distinction between residents, who are New Zealand citizens and those who are not, could lie within the scope of the CIIA 2021, unless concretely expressed there.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}The second was as to the ext
ent to which New Zealand had already given preference to Cook Islands citizens, making them New Zealand citizens with equal rights; legislative acts still having the force of Cook Island law after independence. This went especially to whether the distinct
ion could be unlawfully discriminatory.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}I now see this application as raising three primary issues, those arising from the applicant
\rquote s two initial grounds, preceded by a third. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Unfortunately, this minute did not reach counsel until 11 October 2023 and I received the second of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 further submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9441529\charrsid16265568 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
 in late November 2023.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  What is the status of the Joint Declaration? Is it a treaty? Must it be expressed legislatively by the Cook Islands Parliament? At the date of the declaration had that happene
d already as to permanent residency? What is the position now? 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}
I begin by setting these three primary issues against the relationship between the Cook Islands and New Zealand as to citizenship and residency as it has evolved thus far.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\insrsid12672166 CI-NZ CITIZENSHIP AND RESIDENCY
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
In 1901 the United Kingdom declared the Cook Islands to lie within the colony of New Zealand; the United Kingdom having itself assumed sovereignty the year before.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}In 1948 Cook Islanders, who were British citizens, became New Zealand citizens under the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid10293467  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 (NZ).  \lquote 
New Zealand\rquote  was defined to include the Cook Islands and, therefore, Cook Islanders enjoyed all the rights and privileges the Act conferred. Section 33 stated the Act itself was to have effect in the Cook Islands. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}
In 1965 the Cook Islands became independent.  The Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964 (NZ) declared the islands to be \lquote self-governing\rquote , except for external affairs and defence. The \lquote supreme law\rquote 
 was to be the constitution annexed to the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
Cook Islands Constitution, Art 4.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
; the Constitution as it now is, though these days extensively amended. The status of Cook Islanders as New Zealand citizens under the 1948 Act was expressly preserved.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}
Article 77 of the Constitution itself preserved all law then in force in the Cook Islands until repealed or amended, confirming that Cook Islanders remained New Zealand citizens under Cook Islands law, as well as New Zealand law. (This aspect of the
 Constitution has since been amended, as I will say later.)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}
Article 39 conferred on the Cook Islands Parliament the power, subject to the Constitution, to \lquote make laws (to be known as Acts) for the peace, order, and good government of the Cook Islands\rquote .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
In the Entry, Residence and Departure Act 1971-72 the Cook Islands Parliament set the threshold for permanent residence for non-Cook Islanders. The Minister responsible became able to issue such a certificate to those of good character and standing, 
who had made their home in the Cook Islands, and resided continuously there for a qualifying period.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}For a New Zealand citizen that was, \lquote 
a period of three years, or such shorter period (being not less than one year) as the Minister may accept\rquote .  For 
a non-New Zealand citizen it was 10 years, or not less than five years if the Minister allowed. (Reasonable periods away for holiday or business purposes were not disqualifying.)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}On 4 May 1973 the New Zealand Prime Minister, the Rt Hon Norman Kirk, wr
ote to the Cook Islands Premier, the Hon A R Henry,  confirming that New Zealand recognised the independent status of the Cook Islands; and saw the relationship as one of free association, depending upon \lquote shared interests and shared sympathies
\rquote .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}In that letter the Rt Hon Norman Kirk identified what he saw to be \lquote 
the central feature of the constitutional relationship between [the] two countries\rquote :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  By their own express wish, the people of the Cook Islands remain New Zealand citizens. Like other New Zeala
nd citizens, they owe allegiance to Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand, and they acknowledge the Queen in her New Zealand capacity as their Head of State. In this way the Cook Islands people retain the right to regard New Zealand as their own c
ountry, even while they enjoy self-government within the Cook Islands.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 His only expectation, in response, was that the Cook Islands would \lquote uphold, in their laws and policies, a standard of values generally acceptable to New Zealanders\rquote , respecting, as 
he said a little later, \lquote New Zealand\rquote s determination to safeguard the values on which its citizenship is based\rquote .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}He ended his letter, suggesting that their exchange  of letters:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  \'85 be tabled by our respective Governments in the Cook Islands Legislativ
e Assembly and in the New Zealand Parliament, as an indication to all who are interested [in] the true nature of the ties between our two countries.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 In his letter in response, dated 9 May 1973, the Hon Albert Henry confirmed the Cook Islands Government shared the views expressed, and agreed the exchange of letters should be tabled formally.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}
Cook Islanders retained their New Zealand citizenship under the Citizenship Act 1977 (NZ), which also defines \lquote New Zealand\rquote  to include the Cook Islands. Section 29(1), furthermore, states this:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 Whereas in accordance with Article 46 of the Constitution of the Cook Islands (as set out in the Second Schedule to the Cook Islands Constitution Amendment Act 1965) the Government of the Cook Islands has requested and c
onsented to the enactment of a provision extending all of the provisions of this Act to the Cook Islands as part of the law of the Cook Islands: Be it therefore enacted as follows: The provisions of this Act shall extend to the Cook Islands as part of the
 law of the Cook Islands.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 Article 46, as it then was, titled \lquote Power}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  of New Zealand Parliament to legislate for the Cook Islands\rquote 
, underpinned s 29(1) and confirmed Cook Islanders were to have New Zealand citizenship under Cook Islands as well as New Zealand law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s98\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  Article 46, \lquote Power of New Zealand Parliament to legislate for the Cook Islands\rquote  said this:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 No Act, and no provision of any Act, of the Parliament of New Zealand passed on or after Constitution Day shall extend or be deemed to extend to t
he Cook Islands as part of the law of the Cook Islands, unless \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid16265568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
The passing of that Act or the making of that provision, so far as it extends to the Cook Islands, has been requested and consented to by the Government of the Cook Islands; and 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}It i
s expressly declared in that Act that the Government of the Cook Islands has requested and consented to the enactment of that Act or of that provision.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16265568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
Every such request and consent shall be made and given by resolution of the Legislative Assembly or, if the Assembly is not sitting at the time when the request and consent are made and given, by the High Commissioner, acting on the advice of Cabinet.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
On 5 June 1981 the Constitution Amendment Act 1980-81 amended Art 46 to say \lquote New Zealand Parliament not to legislate for the Cook Islands\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 .\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
Article 46, as it became under the Constitution Amendment Act 1980-81 (CI), 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\widctlpar\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Except as provid
ed by Act of Parliament of the Cook Islands, no Act, and no provision of any Act, of the Parliament of New Zealand passed after the commencement of this Article shall extend or be deemed to extend to the Cook Islands as part of the law of the Cook Islands
.
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166    It is not retrospective and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  Cook Islanders continue under Cook Islands law to have New Zealand citizenship under s 29(1).

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
 Constitution Amendment Act 1980-81 also introduced, highly materially, Art 76A, titled \lquote Persons entitled to permanent residence\rquote . T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
he Entry, Residence and Departure Act 1971-72 then remained in force, securing as I have described qualifying preference for New Zealand citizens. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}On 11 June 2001 the Prime Ministers of the Cook Islands and New Zealand executed the 
\lquote Joint Centenary Declaration Of The Principles Of The Relationship Between The Cook Islands And New Zealand\rquote . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}
The final phase of this evolution is CIIA 2021 and CIIR 2023, giving rise to the three primary questions I am to resolve; the first is as to the status and effect of the 2001 joint declaration.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}
 Does it require that New Zealand citizens seeking permanent residence in the Cook Islands be accorded legislative preference; and must that be by primary legislation or may it be by secondary legislation?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li720\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
1: DOES THE 2001 DECLARATION REQUIRE PREFERENCE BY STATUTE?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
The Joint Centenary Declaration, dated 11 June 2000, signed by  the Prime Ministers of the Cook Islands and New Zealand, on behalf of their respective Governments, sets out as its title says, \lquote the principles of [their] relationship\rquote .
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The preamble records the two countries had been in a formal relationship since 1901; and, after the Cook Islands became independent in 1965, entered into a free association on fundamental principles confirmed in the 1973 exchange of letters. 
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The preamble records that this relationship had evolved, and was unique; and that the declaration\rquote s purpose was to strengthen it by restating the principles underpinning their \lquote partnership and free association \'85 
as equal States independent in the conduct of their own affairs\rquote .
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Two questions arise, as I said at the outset. Does the declaration have the status of the treaty? If it does, did it when entered into require any legislative response? If it did not require such a response then, does it require such a response now?

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Declaration status
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 A treaty, as Lord Atkin said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid9916895 Attorney-General for Canada v Attorney-General for Ontario}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the Cook Islands\rquote 
 ultimate appeal tribunal, is quite simply: \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 any agreement between two or more sovereign States\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Attorney-General for Canada v Attorney-General for Ontario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
 [1937] AC 326, 347-348.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
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Nothing turns on the title. As the NZ Law Commission says in its related report.  There may be a treaty by exchange of letters, or by way of bilateral declaration, or under a variety of other titles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \lquote A New Zealand Guide to International Law and its Sources\rquote , Report 34, May 1996, paras 18-21.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Nor does anything turn on the subject matter. As  the report also says:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Ibid, para 25.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
  .. there is no limit to the matters which states may wish to bring under an international agreement, and over recent decades there has been an explosion of areas of international concern.
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\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 
 The more important question is what does the accord, whatever its name, do. The 1973 exchange of letters looks unlikely to be a treaty. It simply affirmed the fundamental principles then underpinning the CI-NZ relationship, as they do still. It did n
ot require anything more specific.
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 The 2001 Joint Declaration, by contrast, covers seven topics: partnership, citizenship, head of state, foreign affairs, treaties, diplomatic and consular relations, defence and security.  Some, like the 1973 exchang
e, simply affirm shared principles. Clause 2, \lquote Citizenship\rquote , imposes specific obligations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
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I conclude that the 2001 Joint Declaration, in contrast to the 1973 letter exchange, to the extent that it does impose mutual obligations between two sovereign states, must be deemed to be a treaty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Formation and performance
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Treaties are entered into by the Executive but, to be performed, may require primary legislation, the sole province of Parliament. This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \lquote 
basic constitutional principle\rquote  as the NZ Law Commission describes it, is this:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  \'85
  the executive cannot, by entering into a treaty, change the law. In addition to the prerogative steps taken by the executive to become party to the treaty, legislation is in general needed if the treaty is to change the r
ights and obligations of individuals or to enhance the powers of the state.
\par  The reason lies in the concept of the separation of powers: if the treaty affects rights and duties under national law, then the treaty becomes the concern of the legislature and not merely the executive (which will have negotiated the treaty).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \lquote A New Zealand Guide to International Law and its Sources\rquote , NZ Law Commission, Report 34, May 1996, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 paras 43-44.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 

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\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 As Lord Atkin said in the Canadian case, in a passage I have divided into four:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Attorney-General for Canada v Attorney-General for Ontario}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
 [1937] AC 326, 347-348.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  \'85
 there is a well-established rule that the making of a treaty is an executive act, while the performance of its obligations, if they entail alteration of the existing domestic law, requires legislative action.
\par  \'85  the stipulations of a treaty duly ratified do not \'85 by virtue of the treaty alone, have the force of law. If the national executive, the government of the day, decide to incur the obligations of the
 treaty which involve alteration of law they have to run the risk of obtaining the assent of Parliament to the necessary statute or statutes. 
\par Parliament, no doubt, \'85 has a constitutional control over the executive; but it cannot be disputed that the creation of the obligations undertaken in treaties and the assent to their form and quality are the function of the executive alone. 
\par Once they are created, while they bind the State as against the other contracting parties, Parliament may refuse to perform them and so leave the State in default. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Primary and secondary legislation
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The NZ Law Commission then comments in its report on the question central to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid2783261 this application: when and how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
, especially where a treaty is technical and regulatory,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid2783261  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid2783261 Parliament}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid2783261 delegate legislative power to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  Executive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \lquote A New Zealand Guide to International Law and its Sources\rquote 
, NZ Law Commission, Report 34, May 1996, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 paras 62 \endash  63.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166   The Commission  endorses this comment by the Legislation Advisory Committee:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Legislation Advisory Committee, \lquote Legislative Change: guidelines on process and content\rquote  (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\super\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  ed, Report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 No 6, 1991, para 113.) }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The line 
between the primary and the delegated lawmaker should in general be that between principle and detail, between policy and its implementation. Parliament \'85
  should address and endorse (or not) the policies presented to it by the executive, while recognising that matters of less significance or of a technical character \'85  might be left to subordinate law making.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 In 2016, in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid9260990 Public Law Project}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 R (The Public Law Project) v Lord Chancellor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  [2016] UKSC 39, [2016] AC 1531, paras 20-23.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  the UK Supreme Court stated the  fundamental constitutional principles engaged:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 \'85
 Primary legislation is initiated by a Bill which is placed before Parliament.  To the extent that Parliament considers it appropriate, all or any of the provisions of a Bill can be sub
ject to detailed scrutiny, discussion, and amendment in Parliament before being formally enacted as primary legislation; \'85 [20]
\par  Subordinate legislation consists of legislation made by members of the Executive (often\'85 by Government ministers), almost always pursuant to an authority given by Parliament in primary legislation. \'85 [21]
\par  Although they can be said to have been approved by Parliament [by various means in the UK], draft statutory instruments \'85
 are not subject to the same legislative scrutiny as bills; and, unlike bills, they cannot be amended by Parliament. Accordingly, it is well established that, unlike statutes, the lawfulness of statutory instruments (like other subordinate legislation) ca
n be challenged in court. \'85 [22]
\par  Subordinate legislation will be held by a court to be invalid if it has an effect, or is made for a purpose, which is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid15885822  ultra vires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
, that is,  outside the scope of the statutory power pursuant to which it was purportedly made. In declaring subordinate legislation to be invalid in such a case, the court is upholding the supremacy of Parliament over the Executive. \'85 [23]
\par That is because the court is preventing a member of the Executive from making an order which is outside the scope of the power which Parliament has given him or her by means of the statute concerned. Accordingly, when, it is contended that \'85
 subordinate legislation is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid15885822  ultra vires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 it is necessary for a court to determine the scope of the statutorily conferred power to make that legislation. [23]
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 This distinction between primary and secondary legislation may well explain, I consider, why in the past the Cook Islands Parliament has given direct and explicit effect by primary legislation to bilateral and multil
ateral treaties entered into by the Executive.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12672166\charrsid9260990 Cook Islands Statutes
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The Chemical Weapons (Prohibition) Act 2007 (CI) is one example of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14049059 this intersection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  in the Cook Islands between the Executive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 and Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
.  The long title to that Act is:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 An Act 
to give effect to the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction and for related matters.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 A closer example may the Civil Aviation Agreement Act 1968 \endash  69 (CI), though there the agreement itself, in contrast to the Joint Declaration, required the agreement be tabled in Parliament. Its long title is this:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  An Act to provide for the confirmation of a Civil Aviation Agreement between the Government of the 
Cook Islands and the Government of New Zealand.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s72\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 A more comprehensive example is the Civil Aviation Act 2002 (CI), s 2 of which states its purpose:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The purpose of this Act is to \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl1\adjustright\rin686\lin1417\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 Establish rules of operation and divisions of responsibility within the civil aviation system in order to promote aviation safety and security; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
 Ensure that the Cook Islands obligations under international aviation agreements are implemented.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166  Central to that Act is a \lquote Convention\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
Civil Aviation Act 2001, s 3, \lquote Convention\rquote .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 :  \lquote the Convention on International Civil Aviation ratified by the Cook Islands through the Cook Islands\rquote 
 Instrument of Adherence effective 19 September 1986\rquote ;  as well as any ratified amendment or annex, and:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The international standards
 and recommended practices from time to time accepted and amended by the International Civil Aviation Organisation pursuant to article 37 of the Convention.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 So too section 6(1) defines the  \lquote primary function\rquote  of the Minister responsible to be this:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166   \'85 to promote safety and security in civil aviation at a reasonable cost, and to ensure that the Cook Islands\rquote 
 obligations under international civil aviation agreements are implemented.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The Minister, and the Director of Civil Aviation, have extensive rule-making powers. Section 106 enables the Queen\rquote s Representative to make general regulations for specific purposes,  and for:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Such other matters as are contemplated by or necessary for giving full effect to the provisions of this Act and for its due admin
istration.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 In that Act the issues on this application do not begin to arise. The purpose of the wide rule making power }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 conferred is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  clear.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 It is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  to ensure the Executive is able to comply with treaty obligations Parliament has endorsed. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Article 2: \lquote Citizenship\rquote 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The issue on this application is, therefore, this: at the date of the Joint Declaration did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 Clause 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 require any legislative act on the part of New Zealand or the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 ; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  what is the position now?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
Article 2.1 imposed on New Zealand an obligation to ensure  Cook Islanders retained New Zealand citizenship, on terms consistent with the 1973 exchange:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The people of the Cook Islands will retain New Zealand citizenship respecting and upholding the fundame
ntal values on which that citizenship is based. The Cook }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 Islands and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 New Zealand share a mutually acceptable standard of values in their laws and policies, founded on respect for human rights, for the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, and for the rule of law.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 At that date no legislative act was required on New Zealand\rquote s part.  Nor has any been required since. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
In 2021 the Citizenship Act 1977 (NZ) directly secured for Cook Islanders New Zealand citizenship under New Zealand and Cook Islands law. It does so still.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
Article 2.2 imposed on the Cook Islands, for the first time, an obligation to grant New Zealanders preference as to entry and residence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
The Government of the Cook Islands will accord New Zealand citizens preferential consideration in respect of entry into and residence in the Cook Islands.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3439893 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 At that date no legislative act was required on the Cook Islands\rquote  part as to residence.  In 2001 the Entry, Residence and Departure Act 1971-72 (CI) directly accorded New Zealanders very significant preference.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}On 6 December 2021, however, CIIA 2021 repealed ERDA 1971-72,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 CIIA 2021, s 232.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 and does not directly confer on New Zealanders any such preference. Nor does it state that in principle. Instead, that preference is accorded by CIIR 2023; an act of the Executive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 The Order in Council, dated 18 April 2023, states, \lquote Pursuant to section 227 \'85 His Excellency the King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid10573197\charrsid16265568 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Representative, acting on the advice and with the consent of the Executive Council, makes the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 regulations \'85\rquote .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The Crown contends that by CIIA 2021 Parliament delegated that abili}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9441529 ty to the Executive, and so the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  answer to this first primary issue depends on the answer to the second to which I am about to come 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}
What is the effect of Art 76A of the Constitution, which stipulates how permanent residence is to be conferred? To be within the scope of CIIA 2021 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 must that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 Act explicitly identify and endorse the New Zealand preference?  Does any related delegation depend on that? 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}For reasons I am about to give, I do not consider CIIA 2021 and CIIR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 2023 incompatible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  with Art 76A.  I do consider the obligation to accord the New Zealand residence and entry preference, assumed in the 2001 joint declaration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441529 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  should have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9441529 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 endorsed explicitly by Parliament in CIIA 2021.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\insrsid12672166 2: IS THE PRESENT PREFERENCE VALIDLY CONFERRED?}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\insrsid12672166\charrsid3949477 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
Article 76A(1) confirms that anyone born in the Cook Islands has that status, subject to three contingencies, which need not concern us. Article 76A(2), which is in point, says:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
Any person may apply, pursuant to the provisions of an Act of Parliament, for a certificate granting to him the status of a permanent resident of the Cook Islands.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Article 76A(3) prescribes what the Act envisaged may do:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 An Act may \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl1\adjustright\rin686\lin1417\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
Prescribe the qualifications to be held by a person to whom subclause (2) of this article applies who is an applicant for such a certificate, and the circumstances in which such an applicant is disqualified from being granted such a certificate; and

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
Prescribe the conditions subject to which such a certificate may be granted to a person to whom subclause (2) of this article applies; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}Confer on a Minister a discretion to gran
t or refuse such a certificate to a person to whom subclause (2) of this article applies; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}Prescribe the circumstances in which such a cer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10573197 tificate granted may be revoked; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}Prescribe the number of permanent residence certificates that may for 
the time being, be in effect.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \li1417\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1417\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 \'85

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Article 76A(5) concludes:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
Nothing in this Article shall affect the status as a permanent resident of the Cook Islands of any person holding that status pursuant to the Entry, Residence, and Departure Act 1971-72, immediately before the commencement of this Article.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Entry, Residence and Departure Act 1971-72
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid14049059 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14049059 When Art}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  76A took effect in 1980,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Constitution Amendment (No.9) Act 1980-81, s 13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 ERDA 1971-72 prescribed, essentially, what Art 76A (3) contemplates, as Art 76A(5) confirms. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}As I said earlier  s 5 , as enacted in
 1971-72, enabled the Minister responsible for immigration to grant by certificate permanent residence to applicants satisfying four criteria, the last of which, s 5 (1)(d)(i)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10573197 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166  directly conferred the New Zealand preference:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Being a New Zealand citizen, has
 resided continuously in the Cook Islands for a period of three years, or such shorter period (being not less than one year) as the Minister may accept, immediately preceding the date of his application (which period shall be deemed not to have been inter
rupted by a reasonable period or periods of absence from the Cook Islands for holiday or business purposes):
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 That this constituted a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid14035102 preference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 is evident the moment it is compared with the  qualifying period applying to every other applicant, under s 5 (1) (d)(ii):
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
Not being a New Zealand citizen, has resided continuously in the Cook Islands for a period of 10 years, or such shorter period (being not less than five years) as the Minister may accept, immediately preceding the date of his application (wh
ich period shall be deemed not to have been interrupted by a reasonable period or periods of absence from the Cook Islands for holiday business purposes).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 In 2001, when the Joint Declaration was entered into, as I have said, these contrasting qualifying periods continued to apply and fully satisfied the obligation the Cook Islands assumed under Art 2.2. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69]\tab}CIIA 2021, and the regulations it contemplates, as I have said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10573197 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  is to a different scheme. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 It does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 
not prescribe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  the principles governing permanent residence and entry. By and large it delegates that power to the Executive. Does that, to begin with, accord with Art 76A?
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Three step analysis
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 To decide the validity of the New Zealand preference in CIIR 2023, challenged on this application, I must, as Lord Diplock stated in  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid15626536 McEldowney v Forde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 McEldowney v Forde }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 [1971] AC 632 (HL), 648.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  \'85 determine the meaning of the words used in the Act itself to describe the subordinate legislation \'85 authorised \'85
 , secondly, \'85  determine the meaning of the subordinate legislation itself and finally \'85 decide whether the subordinate legislation complies with that description.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [71]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The first step, then, is to identify the scope of CIIA 2021, as an earlier NZ decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14049059\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Carroll v Attorney-General for New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
 [1933] NZLR 1461 (CA), 1478.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 , by such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  \lquote 
fair, large and liberal interpretation as will best attain its objects\rquote . For as the Court there said of the regulatory provision challenged:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 If it is within the objects and i
ntention of the Act, it is valid. If not, however reasonable it may appear, or however necessary it may be considered, it is ultra vires and void.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [72]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The precise \lquote objects and intention\rquote  of CIIA 2021 are therefore critical; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 and,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  if they cannot be readily 
discerned, a widely stated delegation to the Executive to make whatever regulations may seem called for is no answer. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [73]\tab}In the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid10125019 Public Law Project}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  case, the power delegated to the Executive was to amend a schedule to the empowering Act (a Henry VIII pow
er); a delegation calling for the closest scrutiny. But the UK Supreme Court approached it as it would any other delegation, endorsing the following statement from a leading text:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 R (The Public Law Project) v Lord Chancellor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  [2016] UKSC 39, [2016] AC 1531, para 26.}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166   \'85
 as with all delegated powers the only rule for construction is to test each proposed exercise by reference to whether or not it is within  the class of action that Parliament must have contemplated when delega
ting. Although Henry VIII  powers are often cast in very wide terms, the more general the words by Parliament to delegate a power, the more likely it is that an exercise within the literal meaning of the words will nevertheless be outside the legislature
\rquote s contemplation. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [74]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The short point is that a widely expressed delegation is not to be taken literally. If the empowering statute is indefinite as to its own purposes and scope, a wide delegation cannot be a cure all. It can even be a trap.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [75]\tab}The thre
e Cook Islands statutes, to which I have referred, especially the Civil Aviation Act 2002, are definite enough to identify the purpose and scope of Parliament\rquote 
s delegation to the Executive; and  thus to foreshadow the purpose and scope of any secondary legislation they call for.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [76]\tab}
CIIA 2021, as I have said, is to a different scheme. It sets a framework for the grant of permanent residence and entry. But not, by and large, any governing principles. It delegates to the Executive, almost wholesale, the power to create that regime by s
econdary legislation. Hence the present debate.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 CIIA 2021
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [77]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 The single declared purpose of CIIA 2021 is,  as s  3 states it, very abstract :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 \'85  to manage immigration to the Cook Islands in a way that balances the national interest, as determined by the C
rown, and the rights of individuals. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [78]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 Parts 3-5 identify those with a right of residence: Cook Islanders, honorary residents and permanent residents. Part 5, ss 34-52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 , govern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  the last of these categories, permanent residents. According to s 34 a permanent resident may be so \lquote 
by descent\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 , or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  by grant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 ; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
, according to s 37, the number at any one time is limited to 500 persons, excluding those by descent and other limited exceptions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [79]\tab}Section 38, which prescribes \lquote Eligibility for grant of permanent 
residence by certificate\rquote , is central to this application; and depends for its efficacy largely on regulation,  as I now emphasise:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The following are the 3 categories of persons who are granted permanent residence by certificate on application, as a co
nsequence of being eligible for permanent residence:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 a person who is a permanent resident in their own right:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
 a person who is a permanent resident as a consequence of being a spouse of a Cook Islander or permanent resident:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab} a person who is a
 permanent resident as a consequence of being an eligible child.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid6702054 criteria}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  that a person must satisfy in order to be eligible for the grant of permanent residence in any of the categories set out in subsection (1) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid6702054 are prescribed in the regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab} The Minister must \endash  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 decide whether a person is eligible for the grant of permanent residence by certificate in accordance with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid6702054 procedures and criteria prescribed in the regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 ; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid6702054 
if the person is eligible under the regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  for the grant of permanent residence by a certificate, decide that they are so eligible; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab} grant the person permanent residence by a certificate }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid6702054 in accordance with the procedure set out in the regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 , and subject to the provisions of this Act.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [80]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Section 39, \lquote Process to be followed to apply for permanent residence (other than by descent)\rquote , is equally material:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  The process that must be followed to apply for permanent residence (other than through descent) is the process set out in 1 or more
 of the following:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  this Act;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12672166\charrsid6702054 
the regulations;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  immigration policy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 The process referred to in subsection (1) may, without limitation, include \endash  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 providing for the lodging of expressions of interest by persons wishing to apply for permanent residence:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
 providing mechanisms for assessing the number of expressions of interest against criteria to allow applications for permanent residence to be invited:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}
 providing mechanisms for consulting on applications for permanent residence with Ministers of the Crown, government agencies, traditional chiefs, or other relevant persons or groups:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}
 providing mechanisms to enable applications for permanent residence to be ranked to enable the available number of positions to be filled:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab} providing for the lapse of applications.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [81]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 The Minister has power under s 42 to grant permanent residence within his or her absolute discretion subject to a duty to consult and other safeguards; and, conversely,  under s 51, the power to revoke permanent resident status.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [82]\tab}
Section 227 (1)  confers the power to make regulations; and  it, too, is central to this application:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li720\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin720\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 The Queen\rquote s Representative may, by order in Executive Council, make regulations \endash  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \li1077\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1077\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 (a) prescribing anything required or authorised to be prescribed under this Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 ; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par (b) for anything that is necessary or desirable for carrying this Act into effect.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [83]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Section 227(2)(b) begins by authorising regulations relating to permanent residence and every permit class and type, which may include \lquote without limitation\rquote :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-709\li2126\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\jclisttab\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl2\adjustright\rin686\lin2126\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 information requirements for applications to support immigration decision-making:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}
the ranking of any application, or any class or type of person without continuing rights, for permanent residence or a visa or permit of a particular class or type:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}
the process for deciding applications for permanent residence, or any visa or permit of a particular class of type:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Section 227 (2)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 (v) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
authorises regulations prescribing:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 the general or specific health and character req
uirements applying to an applicant for permanent residence or for any visa or permit class or type or any visa or permit waiver, and in respect of any class of person without continuing rights:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \fi709\li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 So too, s 227 (2) (b) (vii) regulations prescribing:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 any indic
ators, attributes, or other relevant information on matters that may or must be considered in making a decision about the grant of permanent residence, or a visa or permit waiver:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [84]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Finally, s 227 (3) authorises regulations particular to Rarotonga and to the Pa Enua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 , and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 in relation to different islands within the Cook Islands.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3439893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12672166\charrsid3439893 CIIR 2023
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [85]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3439893 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 Permanent residence is governed by Part 1 of the 2023 Regulations;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 CIIR 2023, Part 1 Subparts:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  1. \lquote Invitations for expressions of interest for p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid3439893\charrsid16265568 ermanent residence\rquote ; }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \lquote Applications for grant of permanent residence in own right\rquote ; 5. \lquote Applications for recognition as permanent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 resident by descent\rquote ; 6. \lquote 
Other requirements regarding permanent residence\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
  And those seeking permanent residence must pass through a two phase process: seek and obtain approval to apply, and apply and succeed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [86]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 The residence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  qualification under challenge, five years for a New Zealand citizen, 10 years for everyone else, is essential for first phase approval; a phase only the Minister can trigger }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 by inviting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  expressions of interest from those wishing to apply for permanent residence in their own right.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 
Subpart 1, Reg 4, which gives effect to s 40 (1) of CIIA 2021, governs invitations by the Minister.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  See also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 CIIA 2021, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 section 38 (1)(a)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [87]\tab}Once the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 Minister does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  that, reg 7 triggers Subpart 2, \lquote Applications for grant of permanent residence in own right\rquote 
; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 reg 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  is central to this application. It governs \lquote expression
 of interest for grant of permanent residence in own right\rquote :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 A person expresses an interest in becoming a permanent resident in their own right by \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 Lodging an expression of interest under this regulation; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab} Paying the prescribed fee.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  
An expression of interest must be in the form approved by the principal immigration officer and must \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  state the person\rquote 
s intention to become a permanent resident; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
 state that the person satisfies the criteria for the grant of permanent residence in their own right; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab} enclose an evidence of identity document for the person; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}
 enclose evidence, if required by the principal immigration officer, of the person having lived continuously in the Cook islands, -
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li2160\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx2126\jclisttab\tx2160\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl5\adjustright\rin686\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 in the case of a perso
n who is not a New Zealand citizen, for at least 10 years; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab} in the case of a person who is a New Zealand citizen, for at least 5 years

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \li2160\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 \'85 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [88]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Regulation 9, which is also central, governs \lquote Invitation to apply for grant of permanent residence in own right\rquote :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 The principal immigration officer must, within 10 working days after the due date for lodging an expression of interest under regulation 8 (4), contact the person who lodged the expression of interest and, if \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl1\adjustright\rin686\lin1417\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
The expression of interest meets the requirements in regulation 8, invite the person to apply for permanent residence; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}The expression of interest does not meet }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16450936 the requirements of regulation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 8, inform the person of that fact.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [89]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 A person invited to apply must do so, regulation 10 then requires, by completing an application for approval, paying a fee, and satisfying the regulation 12 criteria \lquote for grant of permanent residence in own right\rquote :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl3\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  A person applying for permanent residence under regulation 10 must \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 Be aged 18 years or older and be living in the Cook Islands at the time the application is made; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
 Provide evidence, acceptable to the principal immigration officer, that the person has a valid permit or is otherwise lawfully entitled to live in the Cook Islands; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab} Provide evidence, \'85
 , of having completed a values or language programme; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}
 Provide at least 4 statutory declarations in support of the application including at least 1 from each of the following persons:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-363\li2160\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\tx2126\jclisttab\tx2160\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl5\adjustright\rin686\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
An Aronga-mana in the persons village of primary residence:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}
 An official from a community organisation for which the applicant has completed voluntary service:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab} A member of the Cook Islands community who is not an immediate
 family member or a business associate of the applicant; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-357\li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\tx1418\jclisttab\tx1797\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\ilvl4\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  Provide evidence, \'85
 , of having completed at least 312 hours of community service in the 5 year period before lodging the application for permanent residence;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \li1797\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1797\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 \'85
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [90]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 Where all accepted applications result in a total number of permanent residents in their own right of 500 or less,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 the application must under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166 reg }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid14049059 14 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14049059 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  referred to the Minister for final decision.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [91]\tab}Where that number is exceeded the applicatio
ns must be ranked, under reg 15; and priority given to those living in the Pa Enua and yet further priority to New Zealand citizens. So here too the challenged preference comes into play.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s87\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 Conclusions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [92]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 The evidence of the principal immigration officer is that CIIA 2021 and CIIR 2023 are the outcome of a 2018 review of the then unsatisfactory immigration and residence regime; and the \lquote 
overall proposal\rquote  was this:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  \'85  there should be a new Act to provide a broad legislative framework, which would be accompa
nied by a comprehensive set of regulations to prescribe clear criteria and processes for visa and permanent residence applications. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [93]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 Just as CIIA 2021 passed through the legislative process, furthermore, CIIR 2022, the precursor to CIIR 2023, passed t
hrough a parallel public process; and,  as the principal officer says, the Parliamentary select committee was given the draft regulations, \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 to show how the bill would work in practice, and \'85
  the context that the subsidiary legislation provided\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [94]\tab}In p
rinciple, it seems to me furthermore, permanent residence accorded in that way is fully compatible with Art 76A, even though, read literally, it requires primary legislation to prescribe qualifications for permanent residence and related matters; a statut
e like ERDA 1971-72. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [95]\tab}But that, of itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 , cannot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
 answer the first primary question: whether the challenged New Zealand preference, now conferred by CIIR 2023, validly gives legislative effect in Cook Islands domestic law to the 2001 Joint Centenary Declaration obligation. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [96]\tab}
In 2001, as I have said, ERDA 1971-72 already answered that obligation. Parliament did not have to consider it. But when Parliament revoked ERDA by CIIA 2021 it needed to decide, for the first time, whether and how to continue t
o give domestic legislative effect to that obligation. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [97]\tab}
This was, and is, a question of real significance. The New Zealand preference may be intelligible set, as the 2001 joint declaration says, against the unique constitutional relationship between t
he two countries and asymmetric shared citizenship. But it engages two constitutional rights: the rights to equal treatment, and not to suffer discrimination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Cook Islands Constitution, Art 64.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [98]\tab}
The select committee may have had the draft regulations. But the treaty obligation was never before Parliament and CIIA 2021says nothing about it. Thus it is open to Friends of Fiji to argue, as it does, that Parliament chose not to endorse }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 the preference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 ; that, indeed, CIIA 2021 nullifies it.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [99]\tab}
The obligation may now purport to be answered by CIIR 2023. But that is an act of the Executive. As a matter of long settled law, it cannot have effect at domestic law unless expressly authorised by Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166\charrsid1190202  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 P
arliament must enact law giving domestic effect to treaty obligations assumed by the Executive; not the Executive.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [100]\tab}
The result is, I conclude, that the NZ permanent residence preference, expressed in reg 8(2)(d), CIIR 2023, is invalid for that reason 
firstly; and secondly because, despite the wide power to delegate CIIA 2021 confers, it is beyond the scope of that Act. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 What CIIA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  2021 lacks and needs are attributes like those for which the Civil Aviation Act 200I provides a model.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\lang5129\langfe1025\super\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid10573197\charrsid16265568 Paras 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 -51.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [101]\tab}
These conclusions suffice to resolve this application and, I consider, it would be unhelpful and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid14049059 misleading if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166  I were now to attempt to answer the third question. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 
3: IS THE PRESENT PREFERENCE UNAWFULLY DISCRIMINATORY?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [102]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 Article 64 of the Constitution guarantees \lquote 
Fundamental human rights and freedoms\rquote ;  and the aspects relevant to this application are these:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-709\li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid10573197 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10573197 \tab (1)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
It is hereby recognised and declared that in the Cook Islands there exist, and shall continue to exist, without discrimination by reason of race, national origin, \'85  the following fundamental human rights and freedoms \endash  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s89 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\ilvl1\adjustright\rin686\lin1417\itap0\pararsid10573197 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
The right of the individual to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 equality before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  the law and to the protection of the law.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s89\qj \fi-709\li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0\pararsid10573197 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10573197 \tab (2)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 It is hereby recognised and declared that every person }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 has duties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 to others, and accordingly is the subject in the exercise of his rights and freedoms to such limitations as are imposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 , by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
 any enactment or rule of law for the time being in force}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 , for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  protecting the rights and freedoms of others \'85
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [103]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12672166 My immediate difficulty in answering this third question, which calls for a \lquote  balancing exercise\rquote  under Art 64(2), is that I have already held there is, quite unintentionally, no valid \lquote enactment\rquote 
 underpinning the NZ residence preference contended to be discriminatory.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [104]\tab}Any analysis I made under proportionality test,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10573197 
 therefore,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  which the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has confirmed applies in such a case as this,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\super\insrsid12672166 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs53\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 Arorangi Timberland Limited v Minister of the Cook Islands National Superannuation Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568  [2016] UKPC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid9968603\charrsid16265568 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang3081\langfe5129\langnp3081\insrsid12672166\charrsid16265568 32.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  would inevitably be skewed and could well be misleading; and I decline to make that analysis. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\insrsid12672166 CONCLUSION
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [105]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12672166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 I grant this application to the extent of the following declaration: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 the NZ permanent residence preference, expressed in reg 8(2)(d)
, CIIR 2023, is invalid because: (i) it  purports to give effect to a 2001 Joint  CI-NZ Centenary Declaration  obligation only able to be given }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid16475056 domestic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe1025\langfenp1025\insrsid12672166 legislative effect by Parliament; (ii) it is beyond the scope of CIIA 2021.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s98 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning1\langnp5129\insrsid12672166 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [106]\tab}Counsel are to file a joint memorandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14049059 
identifying any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12672166  consequent remaining issue within 14 days of the issue of this decision.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9968603 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9968603 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3439893 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s98\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16265568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3439893 \line ____________________________\line P J Keane, CJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9968603 
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