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{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f53\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f54\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}
{\f56\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f58\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f59\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}
{\f60\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f61\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f63\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f70\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f71\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f433\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f434\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\f436\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f438\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\f439\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}
{\f440\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f441\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f443\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f444\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}
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{\f453\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f454\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f456\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f457\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}
{\f458\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f459\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f460\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}{\f461\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}
{\f462\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}
{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;
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\s41\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af1\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \snext41 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5513826 
Heading 2 - no TOC;}{\*\ts42\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
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\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext43 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid9199480 JDS Quotations;}{\s44\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext44 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid6492302 List Paragraph;}{
\s45\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af41\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs16\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext45 \slink46 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5266923 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs46 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f41\fs16 \sbasedon10 \slink45 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid5266923 Balloon Text Char;}{
\s47\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid3625033 AlignRight;}
{\*\cs48 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid1075045 Emphasis;}{\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext49 \slink50 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5312821 footnote text;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink49 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid5312821 
Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs51 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid5312821 footnote reference;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-1\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
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{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-357\li2517\jclisttab\tx2517\lin2517 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
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\levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid2117495522\'01\'95;}{\levelnumbers;}\fbias0 \fi-340\li5514\lin5514 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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;}\listid211621718}{\list\listtemplateid-1\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1938652078\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1647\lin1647 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li2367\lin2367 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3087\lin3087 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3807\lin3807 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4527\lin4527 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5247\lin5247 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5967\lin5967 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6687\lin6687 }{\listname ;}\listid503399749}{\list\listtemplateid-1\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid519052561}{\list\listtemplateid-1\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3978 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-720\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listname ;}\listid648632142}{\list\listtemplateid-1{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \ai0\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0 \jclisttab\tx360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'02];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}
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\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listname ;}\listid1558854151}{\list\listtemplateid-1{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \jclisttab\tx360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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\fi-363\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-357\li1797
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\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-363\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
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\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs32\insrsid14422036 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs32\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1253039 3}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs32\insrsid14422036 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14422036 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs32\insrsid14422036 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs32\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8526269 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs32\insrsid14422036 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14422036 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 IN THE HIGH COURT OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039 THE COOK ISLANDS}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039 HELD AT RAROTONGA
\par (CRIMINAL DIVISION)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8526269 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039 CRN  777/22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6571185\charrsid7431910 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid7431910 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4796431 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par v
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039 OSWELL METUA TUNUPOPO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tqc\tx4320\tqc\tx5850\tqc\tx7380\tx9990\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1253039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tqc\tx4320\tqc\tx5850\tqc\tx7380\tx9990\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1253039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 Hearing:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6717120 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14562123 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5725245 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039  March 2023}{\field{\*\fldinst }{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid3625033\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx1620\tx2268\tqc\tx4320\tqc\tx5850\tqc\tx7380\tx9990\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1253039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4720260 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2268\tqc\tx4320\tqc\tx5850\tqc\tx7380\tx9990\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1253039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4204157 Counsel:
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10179673 L Annandale and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039 M Pittman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4204157 for the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4204157 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039 T Clee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4204157 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10179673 defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039 

\par }{\field{\*\fldinst }{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid3625033\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039\charrsid4204157 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2268\li2268\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2268\itap0\pararsid1253039 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5725245 Ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2301658\charrsid14488205 : }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5131308 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14562123 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5725245  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5131308 March 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1210725 
 (orally)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14562123 
\par 
\par Reasons for ruling:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1253039 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6717120 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14562123 March 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6253289\charrsid14488205 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12671050 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid12671050\charrsid14488205 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12671050 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671050\charrsid14488205 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14562123\charrsid7431910 REASONS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2301658\charrsid7431910 
OF TOOGOOD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241357\charrsid7431910 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2301658\charrsid7431910  J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241357\charrsid7431910  FOR RULING}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3554846\charrsid7431910  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241357\charrsid7431910 N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3554846\charrsid7431910 O.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13241357\charrsid7431910  2}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3554846\charrsid7431910 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12671050\charrsid7431910 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5131308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5131308\charrsid5131308 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12543384 Withdrawal of d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5131308\charrsid5131308 efence of self-defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid12543384  from the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid5131308\charrsid5131308 ]
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12671050 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12671050\charrsid6571185 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid8787096 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1075045 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 
In foreshadowing the defences available to Mr Tunupopo upon his trial by jury on a charge of injuring with intent to injure, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3625033\charrsid6571185 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5131308 r Clee }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 indicated that he intend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812  to argue that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 Tunupopo should be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 acquitted on the grounds that he was acting in self}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 defence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096   He cross-examined the complainant Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 Mataroa and the other}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 eyewitness, her father Mataroa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096\charrsid8787096  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7089101 (Mat) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 Mataroa, with that defence in mind.  Mr Tunupopo also gave evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid8787096 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}The essence of the factual background to the defence was that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 Tunupopo punched Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 Mataroa }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 mid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 a physical confrontation in what was a family dispute over whether one of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 Tunupopo\rquote s stepchildren should be allowed to visit his grandparents.  There was evidence that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 
Tunupopo pushed Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 Mataroa during the argument, that she pushed him back and that he then punched her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2640229  in the face
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15748954 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 After the defence case was closed at around 2:30pm }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8787096 on the second day of the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 , I\~released the jury for the day and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2640229 heard from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15748954 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 ounsel in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 hambers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2640229 , with Mr Tunupopo present}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 .  I said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 that I had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 
a duty not to allow self-defence to be put to the jury if I considered there was no proper evidential foundation for it.  I told counsel I considered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 
it was doubtful on the evidence that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 Tunupopo could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 reasonably argue that he was acting in defence of himself
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954  when he punched Ms Mataroa.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15748954 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}Without having had an opportunity to consider the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936 
relevant portions of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 transcript of evidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 Clee }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 did not concede the point, but he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 submitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 as an alternative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 at it was open on the evidence for Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 Tunupopo to argue that he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 was defending }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 his seven-year-old stepson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11146361 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793  Max.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7150812 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid469478 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 At that point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 the issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301973 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 raised }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 on the assumption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 by counsel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6561022 and me }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7150812 that the law of self-defence in the Cook Islands was that set out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 
 in ss 50-53 of the Crimes Act 1969, as previously advised by counsel for the Crown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763   That view was based on the provisions of the Crimes Act set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12276763\charrsid10751035 the 199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10751035\charrsid10751035 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10751035  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 consolidation of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793\charrsid5074793 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1075045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 Following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 
my request for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 counsel for the Crown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 to conduct further research into the point and provide a memorandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 to Mr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 Clee and the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5074793 
I received }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 a mem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 orandum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 n which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 Annandale and Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 Pittman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301973 submit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4473994 ted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15301973  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 that the statutory provision providing the law of self}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 defence is that found in a new s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1520254  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 , enacted by 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 rimes Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 ct 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9264446 , in place of ss 50-53 as originally enacted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1075045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 In proposing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 , they rel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 ied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045  on the apparent acceptance of that proposition by the High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050809 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9050809\charrsid9050809 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9050809\charrsid9050809 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9050809\charrsid9050809 
Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\i\super\insrsid3554846 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid3554846 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3554846\charrsid9050809 R v Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846  CRN 93/18, 136-137/18, Keane J, 23\~November 2018.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050809\charrsid1075045  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050809 subsequently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 
the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9050809\charrsid9050809 Goodwin v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid3554846 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid3554846 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3554846\charrsid9050809 Goodwin v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 
 CA 11/2018, 3 May 2019.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4132068 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4132068 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1062936 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4132068 Mr Clee did not dispute the Crown\rquote s reasoning and I, too, accepted it.  I gratefully adop
t the argument as reflecting my reasoned views.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd8\expndtw40\insrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid1062936 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 appropriate to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936 explain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 
the confusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936  of counsel and to affirm the application of s 50 as enacted in 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid338807 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1062936 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 The Laws of the Cook Islands were last consolidated form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936 al}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 ly in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-2\insrsid338807 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-2\cf18\insrsid338807 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936   T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid338807 he Crimes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid1062936\charrsid338807 Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid338807 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid1062936  was included i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 n that consolidation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 ss 50}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-11\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936  (labelled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 respectively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid1062936 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  self-defence against unprovoked assault and self}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf18\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 defence against provoked assault}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid11936296\charrsid1062936 appeared}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid11936296  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936 despite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1062936  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid1062936 repeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936  of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid1062936 ss 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid1062936  53}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-7\cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936\charrsid1062936 of the Crimes Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid1062936 by s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-2\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-3\expndtw-15\cf17\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 Crimes Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-3\expndtw-15\cf17\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid1062936 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid11936296 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 replac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid11936296 ement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 those sections with the following}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf18\insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807\charrsid1062936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li709\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin709\itap0\pararsid1062936 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 50.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\expnd4\expndtw20\cf19\insrsid338807   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 Every}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd1\expndtw9\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd1\expndtw7\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-4\expndtw-22\cf17\insrsid338807  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 justified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd3\expndtw17\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-6\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 using}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf18\insrsid338807 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd2\expndtw11\cf18\insrsid338807  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-9\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd2\expndtw12\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 
of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd2\expndtw12\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-6\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 another,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd1\expndtw5\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\cf19\insrsid338807 force }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 as,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw4\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 
in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-1\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-6\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd3\expndtw15\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd6\expndtw33\cf17\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 
believes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd2\expndtw12\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd1\expndtw8\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf20\insrsid338807 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd2\expndtw14\cf20\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-6\cf19\insrsid338807  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-3\expndtw-15\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 reasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd3\expndtw19\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid338807 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-2\expndtw-11\cf19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\cf19\insrsid338807 use.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid11936296 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid338807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 In 1989, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 he Crimes Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd7\expndtw38\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 Act 1981 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 had apparently been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 consequentially repealed in its entirety }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-11\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 virtue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-2\expndtw-10\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-10\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 the}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-4\expndtw-22\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 Marine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-2\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\charscalex105\insrsid338807 Resources}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-5\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-6\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 1989}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\charscalex105\insrsid338807 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd6\expndtw30\cf17\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-8\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-8\charscalex105\insrsid11936296 stated, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid338807 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-3\expndtw-16\charscalex105\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\charscalex105\insrsid338807 s\~62:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li709\ri567\sb120\sa240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin709\itap0\pararsid11936296 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 62. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\ulth\ulc19\insrsid338807 Repeals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807  - The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 enactments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 specified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 schedule }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-8\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-4\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 hereby repealed to the extent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 specified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 in that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid338807 Schedule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid338807 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid338807 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid338807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-9\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid338807 Schedule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-9\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-13\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-13\insrsid11936296 Marine Resources }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd0\expndtw-4\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 includes the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-13\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 Crimes Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf17\insrsid338807 Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd4\expndtw21\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 with}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-1\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 the extent of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-4\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 the repeal noted as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid338807 \lquote the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid338807 whole }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 Act\rquote  (emphasis added).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9983293 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid338807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9983293 Mr Annandale, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 he Acting Solicitor-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9983293 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 submit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 that, while the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 egislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd4\expndtw21\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd3\expndtw19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 entitled to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd3\expndtw19\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 make}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd0\expndtw-1\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid338807 laws }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 it}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-9\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 sees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-8\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 fit,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-13\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 extent of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-7\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-3\expndtw-15\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 repeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-4\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 listed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-9\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-14\insrsid338807  \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 whole\rquote  is likely to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \expnd2\expndtw14\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-4\insrsid338807  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 been the result of the inadvertence of officials}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11936296 .  I am inclined to think that it is highly probable that the purported repeal was the result of an oversight, for the reasons advanced by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9983293 counsel for the Crown}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12522565 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl4\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid14953608 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12522565 Two of the three operative sections in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565 Crimes
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-6\cf19\insrsid12522565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565 Amend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12522565\charrsid12522565 ment Act 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-2\expndtw-14\insrsid12522565\charrsid12522565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807\charrsid12522565 related to fisheries management and development,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid338807\charrsid12522565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid12522565\charrsid12522565 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid7747054 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid12522565\charrsid12522565 2 inserting into the Crimes Act a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-5\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 definition of \'93Cook Islands waters\'94
 and s 4 creating an offence for the use of explosive or toxic or poisonous substances in fishing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 Those }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 provisions correctly fell within the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd-1\expndtw-8\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 ambit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \expnd0\expndtw-3\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 fisheries management and development and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 consequentially amended by the Marine Resources }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf17\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 1989.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 When that Act was passed, it was appropriate to repeal the fisheries-related provisions of the Crimes Act and to move them into the
 new comprehensive marine and fisheries legislation, the long title of the Marine Resources Act 1989 being:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb9\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14953608 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-13\li1927\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1927\itap0\pararsid14953608 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 An }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-1\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd-2\expndtw-11\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 management}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd5\expndtw27\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-1\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 development }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd-1\expndtw-5\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 fisheries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf17\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 related }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\cf19\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\expnd0\expndtw-2\cf21\insrsid14953608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14953608\charrsid14953608 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-567\li1276\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl4\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid14953608 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 other section in the 1981 amendment Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 
was the provision that revised the law of self-defence.  It seems clear that Parliament }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 intended to use }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 
the amending legislation in 1981 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 an omnibus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid9983293\charrsid14953608 vehicle for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid12725545\charrsid14953608 amending the law of self-defence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid12522565\charrsid14953608 along with making the fisheries-related changes to the principal Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf19\insrsid12725545\charrsid14953608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\cf19\super\insrsid4787353 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid4787353 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4787353  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf19\insrsid4787353\charrsid12522565 The Marine Resources Act 1989 has since been repealed and replaced by the Marine Resources Act 2005
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf21\insrsid4787353\charrsid12522565 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807\charrsid14953608 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid14953608 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14953608 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14953608 Notwithstanding the apparent repeal, I accept the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid338807\charrsid11996293 Crown\rquote s submission that the law on self-defence remains as stated in the Crimes Amendment Act 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14953608 
 by virtue of s 20(g) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1924 which provides materially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \charscalex105\insrsid14953608 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14953608 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li720\ri567\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid8283670 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8283670 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid14953608 ny enactment, notwithstanding repeal, shall continue to be in force for the purpose of continuing and perfecting under such repealed enactment any act, if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8283670  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14953608 there be no substituted enactment adapted to the completion thereof, except where the context manifests that a different construction is intended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8283670 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14953608 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid8283670 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid338807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283670 I am content, therefore, to apply s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 
50 of the Crimes Act 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283670  which, I repeat,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15728913 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li709\ri708\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin708\lin709\itap0\pararsid3554846 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1075045\charrsid1075045 Ev
ery one is justified in using, in the defence of himself or another, such force as, in the circumstances as he believes them to be, it is reasonable to use.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12276763 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3554846 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 The wording of the section replicates that in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid338807 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 48 of the Crimes Act 1961 (New Zealand)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5649960  which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922 substituted by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922  1980 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763 amendment to the Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922 for more complex provisions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12673205 .  They }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922 
required different considerations to be applied depending on whether the defendant claimed to be defending against a provoked or an unprovoked assault. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12276763  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16658922 Special provision was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12673205 previously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922 made for the defence of another under the defendant\rquote s protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457   In the Cook Islands legislation, ss 50-53 of the Crimes Act 1969 contained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457\charrsid14965780 similar provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16658922\charrsid14965780   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid16658922\charrsid14965780 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14965780 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922\charrsid14965780 It was common ground between counsel that decisions of the New Zealand cour
ts applying the New Zealand law may be referred to in determining the self-defence principles to be applied in the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457\charrsid14965780  following the 1981 amendment to the 1969 Crimes Act}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16658922\charrsid14965780 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14965780 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1447119 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1447119\charrsid1447119 The factual background
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5529502\charrsid14965780 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14965780 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502\charrsid14965780 The immediate circumstances giving rise to the 
charge of injuring with intent to injure were a scuffle between Jessica Mataroa and Mr Tunupopo while they were standing closely together beside the driver\rquote s door to his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9961790 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502\charrsid14965780 eep motor vehicle, immediately after Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9961790 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502\charrsid14965780 
Tunupopo had placed his stepson Max, aged 7 years, into the driver\rquote s seat.  There was no material disagreement between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1515519 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5529502\charrsid14965780 rown and defence that the background to the altercation was a family dispute over whether Max should be permitted to spend time with his grandparents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1515519 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502\charrsid14965780  despite Mr Tunupopo having determined that he should not do so as a punishment for having broken a window some time before that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3554846\charrsid14965780 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5529502\charrsid5529502 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5529502 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502\charrsid5529502 Mr Tunupopo }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 
is the partner of Jessica Mataroa\rquote s elder sister, Stephanie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1515519 , and he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 is the biological father to three of Stephanie\rquote 
s five children:  Remy aged 3, Kalei aged 2, and Hazel who is 9 months old.  He is also stepfather of Max and Max\rquote s younger brother Eliesa (or Eli) aged 6 years.  Max and Eli\rquote s father passed away due to illness when Max was one and Eli was }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13311557 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 newborn.  Following the death of their father, the boys and Stephanie lived with Stephanie\rquote s parents, Mat and Vanessa}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165736 , for a period}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 .  The boys continued to live with their mother after she developed a relationship with Mr Tunupopo about four years ago.  As a result, the
 boys have a close relationship with Jessica, Mat and Vanessa.  Frequently, they stay over with the grandparents at weekends}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165736  and at other times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2622854 , although it was suggested by members of Stephanie\rquote s family that their contact with the boys had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3107348  limited by Mr Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5529502 .  It seemed to be clear that Jessica had a particularly close relationship with Max.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5529502\charrsid5529502 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5529502\charrsid5529502 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502\charrsid5529502 Mataroa and Van}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 essa own the Village Eatery, a caf\'e9 and restaurant near Cooks Bay on Rarotonga, directly opposite Wigmore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9961790 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 s Superstore.  It appeared to be common for the family members to meet on a Sunday and for the boys and occasionally the other children }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3107348 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 leave with their grandparents for a visit.  After Mat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4865925  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 
had a stroke, Stephanie and Mr Tunupopo assumed principal responsibility for running the restaurant.  On Sunday 3 July 2022, a disagreement developed between the grandparents and Jessica on the one hand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14686382 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502  and Mr Tunupopo on the other about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686382 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 
whether Max would be permitted to go with his grandparents or whether he should be prevented from doing so consistently with Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16190068 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 Tunupopo
\rquote s decision that he was \'93grounded\'94.  It was Mr Tunupopo\rquote s view that Max\rquote s punishment involved being required to stay at home for a week whereas, it seems, Stephanie considered that the penalty applied only for one night}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16190068  and that the punishment was over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5529502 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}
According to Jessica, the argument between her parents and Mr Tunupopo became quite heated, although she denied in cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16190068 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 
examination that her father had become aggressive.  Nevertheless, there was evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16149697 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 Mat was gesturing
 to Max to get out of the back of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16149697 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 eep, where he had been standing, and go with his grandparents.  At that time}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1572887 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502  Mr Tunupopo approached the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1572887 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 
eep, lifted Max down from it and placed him in the driver\rquote s seat of the vehicle.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1572887 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5529502 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 Jessica, who had been standing by the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13056082 Jeep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502  talking to Max, moved towards Max.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5529502  was her evidence that the child had become upset because of the argument and was crying and she wished to console him.  The driver\rquote s door of the vehicle was open and Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11999164 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 Tunupopo was standing with his back against the door closest to the driver\rquote s seat; Jessica reached out for Max when Mr Tunupopo pushed her.  She }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7895986 pushed Mr Tunupopo back, then he punched her in the face.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5529502 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7895986 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 
The evidence of Jessica, her father Mat and Mr Tunupopo about what occurred minutes before and at the time of, the punch, was supplemented by footage obtained from the closed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12864931 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 circuit TV camera attached to the Wigmore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5649156 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 
s Superstore across the road.  The view of what occurred was partially obscured by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13056082 Jeep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 
 and, occasionally, by some pedestrians or traffic.  The Crown produced as evidence a segment of the recorded footage close to the time of the punch;  in cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7747054 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 examination of Jessica, Mr Clee produced footage which immediately proceeded the footage produced by the Crown.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11996293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16476498\charrsid16476498 
The applicable legal principles
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1075045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5131308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 It follows that for Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 Tunupopo to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 succeed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045  in his claim of self-defence on the grounds of acting in the defence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824327 himself or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7490457 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 would have to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 be satisfied that the Crown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476498 either:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid16476498 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16476498 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476498 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 proved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 beyond reasonable doubt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824327 that, in the circumstances as he believed them to be,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476498  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11824327\charrsid16476498 he was not defending himself or Max Mataroa against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457\charrsid16476498 an assault or threatened assault }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11824327\charrsid16476498 by Jessica Mataroa; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid16476498 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11824327 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476498 proved beyond reasonable doubt that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 
the force used was more than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824327 that which would have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 reasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 
 in the circumstances as the jury found he believed them to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1075045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5131308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1970574 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045 ourt is under a duty to decline to allow self-defence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 put to a jury if it would be \'93impossible for the jury to entertain a r
easonable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid10831671 doubt that the defendant had acted in defence of himself [or herself] or another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045\charrsid10831671  within the terms of s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1970574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid10831671 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid6958290 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid6958290 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290  \tab Relying on the New Zealand authorities, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs48\i\insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 {\*\bkmkstart _Hlk130206382}R v Wang }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 [1990] 2 NZLR 529}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671  at 534 (CA){\*\bkmkend _Hlk130206382}; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs48\i\insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 R v Winterburn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 CA30/98}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid870285 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671  8 October 1998.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid10831671   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671\charrsid10831671 In addressing that issue, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671 the Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954\charrsid10831671 
must consider the matter on the view of the evidence most favourable to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid6958290 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid6958290 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs48\i\insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 {\*\bkmkstart _Hlk130206449}R v Kerr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671  [1976] 1 NZLR 335\~(CA)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 {\*\bkmkend _Hlk130206449},}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671  at 340; and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs48\i\insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 {\*\bkmkstart _Hlk130206470}Theobald v R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671 [2018] NZCA 409}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 {\*\bkmkend _Hlk130206470},}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290\charrsid10831671  at [58].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid10831671 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1075045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 I considered the evidence given by both }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671 Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  Mataroa and Mr Tunupopo on the circumstances leading up to the punch to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671 Ms Mataroa\rquote s face}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 , concentrating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 as the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 
would have been required to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 concentrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  on the altercation between them from the time }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671 Mr Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045  placed Max }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 the driver}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3554846 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 s seat of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 Mr Tunupopo\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 
vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290  after lifting him down from the back of the vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996293  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 The other eyewitness who gave evidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2052882 Mat }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10831671 ataroa}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 , did not give any relevant evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8479878 The relevant evidence also included the CCTV footage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid6958290 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7341380 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 I concluded that n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 
othing in the evidence of Jessica Mataroa could even arguably support the proposition that it was reasonably possible that Mr Tunupopo was defending himself or Max from any attack or threatened attack by Jessica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1970574  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7341380 , if so, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1970574 that it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7341380 reasonably }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1970574 possible he used reasonable force}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476498   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 
Ms Mataroa maintained consistently in her evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7614729 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7614729 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7895986 chief and under cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7614729 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7895986 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 xamination that her purpose in moving towards the driver
\rquote s seat and reaching out to Max was to console him.  She did not acknowledge at any time that she was attempting to remove the child from the vehicle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7341380 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15084617 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 The most favourable view of the issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6958290 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 s to be found in the evidence of Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7341380 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 Tunupopo himself
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7616811 .  The relevant passages, it seem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16476498 ed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7616811 to me, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16476498 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7616811 re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 at:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045\charrsid15084617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li709\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid7341380 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15748954\charrsid15748954 Evidence-in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid3554846 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15748954\charrsid15748954 chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 
\par Page 87 lines 23 to 52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1075045 
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\par Page 90 lines to 24
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15748954\charrsid15748954 Cross-examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 
\par Page 97 lines 8 to 32 
\par Page 98 lines 1 to 32 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li709\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid8479878 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15748954 Page 99 lines 1 to 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1075045 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8520139 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8520139\charrsid8520139 Submissions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1854178\charrsid1854178 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5131308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178\charrsid1854178 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 essence of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7614729 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7614729 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
spective defence of self-defence advanced by Mr Clee was that Mr Tunupopo was acting in Max\rquote s defence.  Counsel had earlier accepted that there was no evidential foundation for a proposition that Mr Tunupopo was defe
nding himself from Jessica when he punched her, it having been accepted that the physical exchanges amounted solely to Mr Tunupopo putting out his hand to stop Jessica advancing towards Max any further (what Jessica described as a push) and Jessica pushin
g Mr Tunupopo.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8520139\charrsid1854178 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1854178\charrsid1854178 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178\charrsid1854178 
Mr Clee argued, however, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
there was evidence to support the proposition that Mr Tunupopo was acting to protect the child from being forcibly removed in circumstances where Jessica had no authority to take him.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1854178 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}The evide
ntial foundation for that proposition was that the argument that had developed between the family members and Mr Tunupopo concerned his authority, as Max\rquote s stepfather, to insist that Max would not leave the caf\'e9
 in the company of his grandparents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3830263 .  Mr Tunupopo was determined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667594 that Max}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
 would return to his home }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667594 with his mother and stepfather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 as part of the punishment for breaking the window.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667594 Mat }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 Mataroa had given evidence that he did not consider Mr Tunupopo had such authority, because the blood relationship which he had with the child }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11667594 as his grandfather }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 was the stronger }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251852 bond, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
and his daughter Stephanie had said that Max could leave with her parents.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251852 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1854178 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
It was not suggested by Mr Tunupopo that Max was in any physical danger of an assault by Jessica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251852 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178  but he considered the child\rquote 
s interests would be harmed by Jessica removing the child from the car and taking or leading him away contrary to Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6584933 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 Tunupopo\rquote 
s wishes when the child was clearly very upset by the loud arguing and physical confrontation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1854178 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}For the Crown, Ms Pittman doubted that s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7747054 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 50 was intended to apply in such circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6584933 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178  but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6584933 she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 was prepared to accept }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1008969 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 the purposes of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1008969 legal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 argument that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1008969 the section could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1854178 be available.  She argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1008969 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178  however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1008969 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 that there was no evidential basis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10967247 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 putting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10967247 
to the jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 the proposition that Mr Tunupopo was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10967247 de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 fending Max}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10967247 ; counsel sub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454261 mitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
he was simply endeavouring to assert his own authority over the child.  She also argued that, even if the jury was entitled to conclude on the evidence that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6454261 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 Tunupopo hone
stly believed that he was defending Max as he was entitled to do, there was no evidential foundation for a finding that the force used in punching Jessica was reasonable in the circumstances as Mr Tunupopo believed them to be.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1854178 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}The evidence led by the 
Crown as the basis of its proposition that Mr Tunupopo intended to injure Jessica when he punched her was founded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16208983 in part }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
on the appearance of a rapid and apparently forceful punch as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16208983 recorded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 in the CCTV footage, but principally upon the nature of the inj
uries sustained by Jessica as a result of the blow.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid13924087 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 
The medical practitioner who attended Jessica at the hospital not long after the alleged offending, Dr Vakaloa Mafi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16208983 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087  described the injury as 
\'93a 6cm laceration through the right eyebrow and extending into the forehead\'94 as shown in photograph 8 in the Crown\rquote 
s booklet, exhibit 3.  It also included, as described by the doctor, the bruise on the lower eyelid with a small graze injury, as shown in photograph 9.  It was the doctor\rquote s opinion that the lacerati
on was a deep wound that cut through not only the skin layer but went down through the fat tissue as well to the connective tissue underneath it.  While it went that far, the blow did not actually injure Jessica\rquote s skull.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1854178 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid13924087 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 Dr Mafi accepted in cross-exam
ination by Mr Clee, however, that if a punch was inflicted onto a person\rquote s bicep with the same force as a punch striking the area of the eyebrow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13110461  that was injured}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 , it would be more likely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9266029 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 the punch above eye }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9266029 
would cause a laceration }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 than a punch to an arm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11684617 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 because of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11684617 bone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 underlying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11684617 above the eye }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 
and the tightness of the skin in that part of the body.  Dr Mafi also accepted that the blow did not cause any injury to Jessica\rquote s eye; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7298827 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13924087 left side of her face was not affected; and the x-ray of her skull showed no bone injury.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7298827 Nevertheless, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 
Dr Mafi described the likely force of the blow }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7298827 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 caused the observed injuries as \'93still significant force\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4790018 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4790018 
Mr Clee submitted that the jury would be entitled to infer that the blow was of such force that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7298827 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4790018 
would not take it outside the bounds of force that was reasonable in the circumstances Mr Tunupopo believed them to be.  He emphasised in that regard that the punch was thrown immediately after the pushing and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12654732 that he just }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4790018 react}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6894857 ed after his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4790018 
attempt at preventing Jessica from removing Max had failed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13000625 Counsel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4790018 noted that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13924087 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid13000625 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4790018 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13000625 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4790018 
t had been accepted by Jessica that Mr Tunupopo did not want her there;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4790018 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}his push, as she described it, made that clear;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid16390696 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16390696 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4790018 he had the physical ability to move away but did not; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid16390696 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16390696 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4790018 he remained in a position close enough to touch Max.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8520139 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8520139\charrsid8520139 Decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8520139\charrsid8520139 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9331671 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7490457 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9331671 After hearing from counsel, I gave an oral decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid870285 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9331671  holding that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7490457 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9331671 would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid870285 
direct the jury that I had ruled as a matter of law that self-defence was not available to Mr\~Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15429651 .  These are my reasons for that decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15429651\charrsid8609982 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8609982 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8609982 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982 
After hearing from counsel, I doubted that there was an adequate foundation for the proposition that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid10054595  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982 Tunupopo honestly believed that he was entitled to punch Jessica on the grounds that he had authority to prevent her from taking the child from the car }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid9253498 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982 hand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid3031205 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982  him to her parents to take him home to their place.  The only evidence given by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid4596192 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982 Tunupopo about his purpose in punching Jessica app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid4608811 ears in the following passage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982 , as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\lang1033\langfe5129\super\langnp1033\insrsid4608811 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid4608811 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4608811  \tab Transcript, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid4608811 p88, lines 17-24.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7490457\charrsid8609982 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid4608811 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid8609982\charrsid4608811 
Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid4608811\charrsid4608811 .\tab So once you lifted Max down, what did you do next?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4608811\charrsid4608811 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb240\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid4608811 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid4608811\charrsid4608811 I know I was walking to the front of the driver\rquote 
s door to open it.  I don\rquote t know if I still had [Kalei] in my hand at the same time and Max in my hand [sic].
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid4608811 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe5129\langnp1033\insrsid4608811\charrsid4608811 
Q.\tab And what did you do when you got to the front driver door?
\par A.\tab I opened it and I put Max inside.
\par Q.\tab Why would you put Max inside the vehicle?
\par A.\tab A lot was going on at the time.  Everyone yelling, screaming, mainly taking the kids.  I was protecting my kids, putting them away.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4608811 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7747054 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4608811 After saying that he was not sure whether it was Jessica or her mother Vanessa trying to grab Max }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6180781 and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4608811 they were just coming towards him, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1926564 Mr Tunupopo gave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11348893 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4608811 following evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1926564 -in-chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4608811 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid12388798 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid12388798 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798  \tab Transcript,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 
 p89, lines 27-32.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4608811\charrsid12388798 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid12388798 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 Q.\tab 
You said they were trying to grab Max.  Can you just explain, why did you think they were trying to grab Max?
\par A.\tab Coz when I grabbed Max off the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13056082 Jeep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798  they were already going for him before I even got to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13056082 Jeep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 , coz they were taking the kids.  So I\rquote m assuming when I grabbed Max straight away, walked to the driver\rquote 
s seat they came straight for him.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12388798 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7747054 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 Mr Tunupopo then said he had put out his hand to stop Jess coming towards him and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11868911 accepted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 that Jess had described him pushing her and her pushing him back}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2579333 .  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 he following exchange }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2579333 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 occurred between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1926564 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5649156 Clee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1926564  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 and Mr Tunupopo:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid12388798 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid12388798 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798  \tab Transcript, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 
p90, line 34 \endash  p91, line 2.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4608811\charrsid12388798 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid12388798 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 Q.\tab 
So what can you tell us about what you recall now about when you hit Jess?
\par A.\tab I know I reacted \endash  she either hit me or pushed me, I don\rquote t know which one it was.  That\rquote s when I reacted with the punch.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12388798 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12388798 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 Later in his evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2110504 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2110504 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 
chief, Mr Tunupopo said that when Mr Mataroa had said that they would be taking the children with them, he felt undermined in his role as a father.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12388798 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8609982 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 In cross-examination, there was the following exchange between Ms Pittman and Mr Tunupopo:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid12388798 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid12388798 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798  \tab Transcript, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 
p97, lines 8-32.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid12388798 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 Q.\tab 
So why is it that you grabbed Max off the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13056082 Jeep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798  when you did, if no one else is moving to grab him at that time?

\par A.\tab As dad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14119672 [Mr Mataroa] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 said they were taking the kids.
\par Q.\tab Were you worried about them taking the kids?
\par A.\tab I would say yes.
\par Q.\tab Why is that?
\par A.\tab Coz we came to the caf\'e9 altogether and then all of a sudden they\rquote re going to take the kids.
\par Q.\tab But they go with them quite often, don\rquote t they?
\par A.\tab Every Sunday but Max was grounded from the start. 
\par Q.\tab But you know, you said earlier they enjoy going to their papa and nana\rquote s.
\par A.\tab Yes, they do.
\par Q.\tab So they\rquote re find }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11023652 [sic \'93fine\'94?] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 there, right?
\par A.\tab Yes.
\par Q.\tab There\rquote s nothing to worry about if they go with their nana and papa, that\rquote s their grandparents.
\par A.\tab No.
\par Q.\tab So why were you worried?
\par A.\tab I wasn\rquote t worried, it\rquote s just they were grounded.  There\rquote s a difference between being worried at the time and then being grounded.
\par Q.\tab So it was about you setting disciplinary rules as a father and those rules were being undermined.  That\rquote s what it was about, right?
\par A.\tab Yeah.
\par Q.\tab You weren\rquote t worried about them.
\par A.\tab No.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid12388798 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7747054 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 And later the following evidence was given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8325811 
 in cross-examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12388798 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid9509775 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid9509775 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775  \tab Transcript, p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 98, line 7 to p99, line 3.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12388798\charrsid12388798 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid9509775 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 Q.\tab 
But did Jess do anything to make you feel worried for Max?
\par A.\tab Jess was trying to grab Max at the same time while I was holding him.
\par Q.\tab Jess said that she was there to console him.
\par A.\tab Yeah, that\rquote s not what happened on that day.  There was definitely no consoling there.
\par Q.\tab Do you have any reason to be worried for Max because his aunty was trying to hold him which I put to you she wasn\rquote t?
\par A.\tab No.  I have no worries if Jess was to come but just the way it went on the day, you know, it\rquote s like everybody\rquote s grabbing the kids and I\rquote m bringing everything out in the caf\'e9.
\par Q.\tab So it was overwhelming?
\par A.\tab Everyone was heated up, yeah.
\par Q.\tab So everyone was heated up, you were feeling pretty frustrated, Jessica came near you, and at that point you pushed her, right?
\par A.\tab I think I stopped her from coming near me coz she was coming to grab Max.
\par Q.\tab Did you stop her from coming near you by pushing her?
\par A.\tab No, I think it was like my hand, but I don\rquote t know if I had Carly at the same time.  And I tried to stop her from keep coming towards me.
\par Q.\tab I suggest that you pushed her to keep her from coming towards you.
\par A.\tab No, a push is different between stopping someone and then pushing them.
\par Q.\tab You\rquote ve already said that you were frustrated.  You were overwhelmed, and at the point where Jessica came towards you, you were still feeling all those emotions, right?
\par A.\tab No.
\par Q.\tab No?  You were feeling pretty angry surely by that point, right?
\par A.\tab No I think everyone was, not just me.
\par Q.\tab Everyone was feeling angry including you.  And that was the point that you threw the punch.
\par A.\tab I did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 did throw a punch, I\rquote m not denying that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12388798\charrsid9509775 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9509775 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7747054 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 Finally, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9702396 there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 was the following exchange}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9702396  between counsel for the Crown and Mr\~Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid9509775 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid9509775 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775  \tab Transcript, p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 
99, lines 17-23.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12388798\charrsid9509775 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb60\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid7747054 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 Q.\tab 
I put to you Mr Tunupopo that you intentionally punched Jessica in the face, not because you\rquote re worried for anyone\rquote s safety, as you\rquote ve said just before.  Not because you\rquote 
re worried about the kids or yourself, but because you were overwhelmed and frustrated and angry and you took it out on Jess.
\par A.\tab That\rquote s wrong.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri567\sb120\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1276\itap0\pararsid9509775 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 Q.\tab 
I suggest that it\rquote s right.
\par A.\tab No to that.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9509775 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4142651 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 
On the basis of the evidence, I was doubtful that it could be reasonably concluded that Mr Tunupopo had an honest belief that he was entitled to act as he did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid591792 .  I considered it to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11290688 far more likely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2109257 that he acted to assert his authority over the situation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 
not to defend Max from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2109257 threatened }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 infliction of any unlawful application of force to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15794991 Max }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 by Jessica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15794991 .  I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11290688 decided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15794991 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775  that to remove the defence from the jury on that ground would risk overstepping the proper bounds of my role as trial Judge and intrude upon the jury\rquote s province as 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2185953 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9175787 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 
makers on questions of fact.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9509775 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8609982 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 On the issue of whether there was 
a proper basis to leave to the jury the question of whether the force used by Mr Tunupopo, if they found he was acting in Max\rquote 
s defence, was reasonable in the circumstances as he believed them to be, I applied the New Zealand authorities.  I had regard first to the observations of the New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 R v Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8606938 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid9509775 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid9509775 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 R v Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 
 [1990] 2 NZLR 529, particularly at 533-534.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729828\charrsid932061  following the Court\rquote s earlier judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9729828 R v Kerr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\i\super\insrsid932061 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid932061 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid932061  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2907455 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid989591\charrsid2907455 R v Kerr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid989591\charrsid989591 [1976] 1 NZLR 335.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid932061 \tab }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid932061   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid740818 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9509775 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9713721 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 I t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11538102 oo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 k }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid989591 the following principles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 from the Court of Appeal\rquote s judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid989591 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9509775 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775\charrsid9509775 When a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9713721 trial j}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651 udge has to rule whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a defence of self-defence being submitted to a jury, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9713721 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651 udge must consider the matter on the view of the evidence most favourable to the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4142651 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651 
There is no onus on a defendant to establish such a defence affirmatively, but the defendant must be able to point to material in the evidence which could induce a reasonable doubt.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4142651 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}When deciding whether there is evidence fit to be left to a jury, a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9713721 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651 udge is entitled to have regard to the fact that \'93it is not every facile mouthing of some easy phrases of excuse that can amount to an ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14823730 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651 la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14823730 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651 ation\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid4142651 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid4142651 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651   \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4142651\charrsid4142651 R v Grice}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651  [1975] 1 NZLR 760, 765, adopting the quoted statement of Lord Morris in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4142651\charrsid4142651 Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651  [1963] AC 386; [1961] 3 ALL ER 523.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4142651   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15684285 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15417065 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8607628 
it is a question of law for the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14774409 , looking at all of the evidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15346441 whether there is a credible or plausible narrative}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14774409  which might }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8524176 lead the jury to entertain the reasonable possibility of self-defence.  If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 
 there really is material in the evidence which suggests a defence such as self-defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14823730 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 
 that defence ought to be left to the jury unless the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14823730 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 udge is satisfied that it would be impossible for a jury to entertain a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285\charrsid8606938  reasonable doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9509775\charrsid15417065 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15684285\charrsid8606938 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8609982 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285\charrsid8606938 Although}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027199  the Court in}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285\charrsid8606938  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid8606938 R v Ker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid15684285 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285  addressed the more complicated provisions of the Crimes Act that were replaced by the new s 48 in the 1980 Amendment, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8027199  approach was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 adopted by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid15684285 R v Wang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 
, a decision in respect of the new defence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid15684285 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15684285 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8329927 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 
I was mindful that removing the defence from the jury would render it inevitable that Mr Tunupopo would be convicted of some offence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8855195 I accepted that whether Mr\~
Tunupopo intended to injure Ms Mataroa }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 was a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8855195 n important }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 question for }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8855195 decision by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 the jury.  It was apparent from the evidence, both of Ms Mataroa and Mr Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131257 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285  that the punch was a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6898544 n instant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285  reaction to the pushing or relatively }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131257 innocuous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285  contact between them immediately pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131257 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15684285 ceding the punch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873767 .  Also, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 that the force of the blow may not have been as strong as might have been inferred from the doctor
\rquote s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11873767 , the CCTV footage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 and the photographs.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8329927 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Hlk130377344}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15684285\charrsid8329927 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15684285\charrsid8329927 But, as I indicated to counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15104094\charrsid8329927  (for reasons set out in a separate minute),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid6717120 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid6717120 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6717120  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6717120\charrsid6717120 R v Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6717120  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1668186 CR No }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6717120 777/22, Reasons for ruling No 3, Toogood J, 22 March 2023.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15104094\charrsid8329927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285\charrsid8329927 
even if the jury was not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that Mr Tunupopo had the specific intent required to convict him of the charge under s 209(2) of the Crimes Act 1969, the charge of injuring by an unlawful act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632812\charrsid8329927 und}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15164233\charrsid8329927 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632812\charrsid8329927 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15164233\charrsid8329927  s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996293 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12465386\charrsid8329927 210 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285\charrsid8329927 
was necessarily included in that charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs51\super\insrsid15684285 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s49\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7431910 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs51\super\insrsid15684285 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285   \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid15684285 R v Norris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285  (1988) 3 CRNZ 527 (HC), at 528; and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid15684285 Adams on Criminal Law \endash  Criminal Procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 , Thomson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13645362  Reuters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403853 Wellington, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15684285 1992, at CPA 143.02, where injuring by an unlawful act is said to be necessarily included in injuring with intent.}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16403853\charrsid8329927   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid148796\charrsid8329927 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329927 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid148796\charrsid8329927 said I would direct the jury accordingly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15684285\charrsid8329927 
\par {\*\bkmkend _Hlk130377344}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15301756 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8609982 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756 Notwithstanding the consequence that a conviction on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8329927 at least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756 the included charge
 was inevitable if self-defence was removed from the jury, I was satisfied that Mr Clee was unable to point to any evidence on which a jury properly directed as to the law could reasonably conclude that punching Jessica Mataroa to the head, the most vulne
rable part of the body, was objectively reasonable to resist her attempting to remove }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9854466 Max }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756 from the vehicle.  Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6249593 no oral }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756 evidence was given about the relative physiques of Jessica and Mr Tunupopo, the jury would have observed that the complainant was a
 slightly built woman, significantly shorter than Mr Tunupopo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6249593 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756 
 who is a tall man with a strong physique.  In those circumstances, reasonable force might have involved Mr Tunupopo pushing himself between Ms Mataroa and the child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14367330 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756  or taking hold of her and moving her away, or pushing her out of the way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6249593   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329927 
Given those available alternatives, I determined that it was impossible for a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14367330 properly directed jury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329927 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5384253 accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329927  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11605220 that it might have been reasonable for Mr Tunupopo to punch her in the head.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15301756\charrsid15301756 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s21 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid15301756 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15301756 Having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9175787 concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329927 , therefore, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9175787 that it was not possible for a jury to entertain a reasonable doubt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8329927  that the Crown had excluded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1131805 the use of reasonable force}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9175787 
, I ruled that self-defence should not be left for decision by the jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15301756\charrsid1131805 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15084617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15084617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qr \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11996293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid410502 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qr \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11996293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11996293 C H Toogood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11996293\charrsid3866749 , J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996293\charrsid15936545 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11996293 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15084617\charrsid15084617 
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